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                <text>Dr. Simon Baruch was an influential advocate of hydrotherapy as treatment for various illnesses such as arthritis and injury. He worked in Saratoga Springs for many years and wanted to build a spa facilities that could compete with those in Europe. </text>
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                    <text>Interview with Virginia Saba '48 by Mohini Shrivastava '20, COMPASSIONATE
HANDS: Skidmore’s Nursing Program, March 15, 2019.
STEPHEN RIBE [00:00:01]: All right. I think we are good to go.
VIRGINIA SABA [00:00:04]: Yes. Please.
SR [00:00:07]: Great, So Dr. Saba Where were you from before you… Well first of all could you
just introduce yourself again.
VS [00:00:19]: This is Dr. Virginia Joseph Saba, graduated from Skidmore College as a bachelor
of science in Nursing. I graduated in 1948. Prior to that time, I lived in Adams,
Massachusetts where I graduated from high school in 1944 and entered Skidmore at that
time. Done.
SR [00:00:44]: Ok, fantastic. All right so, here's the first question… Where were you from
before you decided to attend Skidmore nursing program?
VS [00:00:58]: I just told you, I was in Adams, Massachusetts.
SR [00:00:57]: All right, but that's just in the list of questions, but I figured, well she already
answered that. All right, the second question is, did your family have a background in the
field of medicine or nursing?
VS [00:01:13]: Yes, my father was a surgeon.
SR [00:01:17]: OK and, um, OK so you mentioned that you went high school so I can skip that
third question. All right. So, the next question is, what drew you to this program, the
Skidmore program?
VS [00:01:30]: I received a scholarship to attend Skidmore.
SR [00:01:39]: OK. Was that it or was there anything else?
VS [00:01:45]: No. No. Well my sister was also a student at Skidmore, upper class.
SR [00:01:53]: OK. And she was not in the nursing program?
VS [00:01:57]: No, she was in the English program.
SR [00:01:59]: OK. And what was your sense of the program before you started?
VS [00:02:06]: I don't know. I mean you're in high school, you're asking a question that we never
considered at the time. I went to Skidmore because I received a scholarship to attend
Skidmore. When I got there, I signed up for the nursing program, period. There was no
evaluating schools from one to the other. We didn't do it at that time. I was fortunate to

�get a scholarship and that was good enough for me. I didn't look at any other school or
even any other program. I just went to Skidmore and signed up in the nursing or in their
science classes.
SR [00:02:47]: Oh. Yeah that's definitely different from today where there's a whole big deal
about you know which school you applied to and all that.
VS [00:02:58]: No, I didn’t do any of that.
SR [00:03:00]: OK.
VS [00:03:03]: That’s what you do today, not what we did in those days. You have to remember
Skidmore school of nursing at the baccalaureate level was one of the five nursing
programs in the country that were in an academic environment receiving an academic
degree. I didn't even know that at the time, but it was a new program in many new
baccalaureate programs and I just happened to go to Skidmore because I lived close to
Saratoga, I received a scholarship, and my sister was there.
SR [00:03:42]: Yeah that makes sense. OK. So, the next question is, tell me about what it was
like in the program. What was the structure of the program and what classes did you
take?
VS [00:04:00]: What classes did I take, I took classes that were required for the science program
which later became the nursing program. I would have to look at the curriculum at that
time to remember what classes I took. There was only one class you could take, they
were all the science program classes. And I received all A's in most of the classes except
one, and that was a Shakespeare class where I didn’t do so well on the exam, but all the
others I received A+ or 100’s.
And you know the Skidmore program at that time was one year in Saratoga, two years in
New York, and then one year back in Saratoga, and then they added six more months on
it. In other words, after the students graduated in June, we had to go six more months to
finish the nursing curriculum. So theoretically I finished in Fall of ’48, not June of ’48
like the other students.
SR [00:05:12]: Is there anything else you'd like to say about, you know, life at Skidmore or life
in York City, what it was like you know, training?
VS [00:05:32]: It wasn’t training, it was education, there’s a big difference. Clinical experience
is not training. That's what they used in hospital schools in nursing, not academic ones.
The program was just fine. I enjoyed whatever they offered, we moved from hospital to
hospital to get different clinical specialties, and that was really interesting and exciting. I
was with one group that kept moving around and our group moved around from New
York to New Haven, Connecticut for public health to, I think it’s Syracuse, NY for
tuberculosis. And the rest were in New York City, from New York Hospital for obstetric,
we had something called Communicable Disease, it's a hospital that no longer exists. And

�then we went up to Columbia Presbyterian, I can't remember why we were there. It was
the program as established, an exciting program with only one like it in the country and it
was very challenging and I enjoyed it completely. I had great marks, I pride on the whole
program and because of our academics… The one thing we had that other schools didn't
have. We never had night duty because most other schools made students work at night.
We didn't work anywhere any time. We were always a student in the environment, there
to learn, not to use our hands to provide service. And for that reason, we graduated with a
little elite-ness in our background.
SR [00:07:20]: OK. So, the next question is, how would you compare the campus portion of the
program to the New York City portion of the program?
VS [00:07:28]: Oh they’re two different portions. One was purely academic and the other was
purely clinical. And it still exists that way, you have two years of academic and two years
of clinical in the average baccalaureate program. Most of them are two years academic
and then the last two years are clinical. We had one-two-one, which was unusual but it
was nicer to have one-two-one because then we graduated with our class classmates and
got to really know them in our senior year a little bit, but we we wouldn’t have had we
had the two-two program.
SR [00:08:07]: OK. And so, I read about your bio that you sent me and your nursing informatics
and the work that you did after. So, could you tell us a little bit about that? What was
your path after Skidmore?
VS [00:08:23]: Well you have to realize that Skidmore gave us an excellent baccalaureate level
degree in the field of health, science, and nursing. It was a unique program. It was a small
class. I think I’d consider it small, I don't remember the number, but we had a very bright
group. First of all, we were all admitted as scholars all graduating on the academic tracks
of our high schools. So therefore, we were all sort of quite bright, knowledgeable
[unknown]. They were you could say potential leaders [unknown]. Skidmore graduates in
nursing all became very important people in the field of nursing. Then unfortunately
when Skidmore closed its doors over a weekend without any recourse, without any
consideration or discussion with the students and faculty, we were very disappointed and
very hurt. We all had formed a committee in New York City and in Washington where I
happened to be at the time, and we tried to get them to keep the program open and
because they lost the building in New York purely for money to move to the campus, we
suggested they contract with some hospitals up in New York, Saratoga, or Albany to keep
the program going, but they refused to do so and lost the nursing department completely.
And while all the other baccalaureate programs were expanding around the country; the
Skidmore program died, which is very unfair. Without any scientific basis other than
dollars and cents and money. So, because of that, I have not been very happy with what
Skidmore has done. They’re trying to say that they now teach nursing by making students
go to the whole baccalaureate program and then two years in New York somewhere to
get a nursing degree. But you can do that in any baccalaureate program throughout the
country. So, it's not novel for Skidmore and that's a false accusation. We do that at
Georgetown. We do that at George Mason. We do that in University of Maryland.

�Nothing new. Anybody that has a baccalaureate preogram degree in some science
background can get a nursing degree. Not just in two years but in one year in many cases.
And then the other program they are starting is pre-med. That's another fallacy. Why
don't they just go back and regain their reputation in the nursing field. And start the
school of nursing again or combined with another school in Troy, New York and make it
a regional nursing program.
VS [00:11:35]: My career, well it's been a fortunate one. I’ve had a very good career and I guess
it started because I was able to become an officer in the public health service which gave
me national visibility, national leadership in nursing and that just railroaded into a new
specialty as computers expanded in health care. And that's pretty much where I spent
most of my career. I was either in the Public Health Service working with technology or
teaching at Georgetown. USUHS (Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences)
University and I coached at other universities in the field of computer technology now
called nursing informatics and it was still a specialty that's been approved by our nursing
profession and academic schools around the world.
SR [00:12:41]: Great. So, then the question is, how did you integrate what you learned at
Skidmore in that career?
VS [00:12:55]: Well you know that's an interesting question… you mean, how did I integrate… I
learned nursing, that’s the only thing I knew. So, in my job I practiced my profession.
How did I practice my profession? Well in the government or in the public health service,
I was in charge of collecting the census for nursing services across the country for the
federal government, which I did. Of course, I was a key leader in the U.S. Public Health
Service, but I worked with every state nursing director in the country, I worked with
many nursing agencies in the country. So as a result of my job, I knew practically
everybody in public health nursing. And what was I doing, I was collecting the census.
So, I was developing that survey or coding the survey too, and I think it was a
combination of nursing knowledge and statistical background which I guess I just had a
natural knack for. And after that when I taught, I taught the first course in nursing
technology at Georgetown University. I worked with the clinical center of the National
Institute of Health working on nursing content into the electronic health records which
were being introduced at that time. And that's what I've been doing for the last 20 years. I
also developed a million dollar grant to develop a nursing terminology for documenting
nursing practice which is still being used right now around the world and I'm quite
fortunate to see it materialize as it took a long time because the American Nurses
Association is a professional organization. The government won’t implement anything
unless a professional organization approves of it, and they have approved of more than
one nursing terminology which had been a little difficult at the time. But right now, this
year, 2019, the Veterans Administration has ordered that the terminology be implemented
in every V.A. hospital across the country and it will also expand to every DOD hospital
across the country because they have to talk to each other too. It is required that the DOD
soldiers alumni talks to the V.A. and the V.A. is still learning how they're going to talk to
[unknown]. So that’s a multi-million-dollar project going on in this is its first year. I don't
know who's doing that but I can't answer it right now, it’ll stop.

�VS [00:16:20]: And so, here I am still. I mean I'm semi-retired but I really am still involved in
the promotion of nursing content in the electronic health record and the legislation that
impacts on the electronic health record and in the professional organizations that impact
on electronic health records nationally and internationally as well.
So, I've been pretty active, right now my co-author and I are preparing the seventh edition
of the Essentials of Nursing Informatics. We previously called it the Essentials of
Computer Technology in Nursing. Our first edition was in 1986. And so, this is the
seventh edition. So, we've been doing this for 20 years. The two of us and Dr. Kathleen
McCormick who was also a public health nursing officer and worked at the clinical
center of the National Institutes of Health. It becomes a lifetime profession. You just
don't stop when you retire. You continue to teach, write, get involved, help the new
students or new nurses become experts in the field. And I don't know if that was because
of Skidmore or just because of my own personal drive. I can't really say, but I did have a
good foundation at Skidmore. It was one of the best in the country and it was sad when it
stopped.
VS [00:17:44]: Well, I guess I was working at the U.S. Public Health Service at the time, I
happened to be in Washington and in my office one day, another Skidmore graduate, who
was either on the board, or influential at another level with Skidmore. She was a
nursing… she was an English major and she was working in the library and she was a
librarian. But she was in the U.S. Public Health Service as a writer for the legislation. We
both heard of it at the same time and she just, um Gretchen, I can't remember her name, I
wish I could. If I find it, I'll send it to you. She took the lead and we formed a committee,
a group of us interested in the program and filed a petition against the Skidmore board to
reopen or reconsider just relocating the School of Nursing clinical area to someplace up
in Saratoga or Troy or someplace in upper New York State so they wouldn't have to close
the program because that was where, New York City is only where we did our clinical. It
wasn't where we did our academic work, so since we went to Skidmore in Saratoga for
our academic work. They could have found another place to house the clinical
experiences around Saratoga somewhere.
VS [00:19:19]: So, we filed a petition and got a lot of alumni to respond to it and she handled the
submission, but I don’t even know if we ever got an answer or anything. It was just not
accepted and with that we just sort of all felt very rejected, we felt very not considered
important to Skidmore as an academic institution. And when you drop a whole program,
it's says well we don't respect the students, we don't respect the faculty, we don't respect
the program, so it didn't matter. We had one of the best deans in the country, Agnes
Gelinas, running that school, now considered a folklore for one of the best pioneers in
nursing in the country; academically teaching nursing in the country. So, they goofed. So,
I stopped going to alumni association meetings. I stopped donating money. I just give ten
dollars a year so the class will have 100 percent participation, but I'm giving my money
elsewhere.
SR [00:20:30]: Mm hmm. Yeah.

�VS [00:20:32]: They have done nothing for me once I graduated. It’s kind of too bad.
SR [00:20:44]: Yea, we were looking at some of the photos of the protests they had on campus
from the students. [VS: Really?] Yeah. They had, they had protests on campus. Yeah.
According to what we read, it was really just a money decision, basically. [VS: Yeah I
know.] Yeah, very financial.
VS [00:21:09]: Which is ok, but they could have moved the clinical up to Troy, Albany, there's
plenty of hospitals up in that area that could have taken students who didn’t have a
program. They could've taken the clinical content, doesn't matter what hospital you're
learning clinical content. It could have been done very easily. All it would take is for the
faculty to go take a look at some of those hospitals and take their curriculum north. It
wasn’t an impossible business and I'm sure at that time the hospitals would have been
glad to have baccalaureate students working or learning in their hospitals. That's what
they’re doing now. The baccalaureate students are going to their local hospital and
getting their clinical that way. It hasn't changed. Unfortunately, nursing hasn’t changed in
the last 40 years since the 1940s when Dr. Virginia “Ginny” Henderson claimed it was a
professional profession, so what can I say. One of my deans, well not one of my deans,
but the dean at the University of Maryland, Jane Allen was a Skidmore graduate and I
guest lecture up there and teach in the summer institute. And we would talk about the
Skidmore program I don't know where my yearbook is either. I guess they’re looking for
yearbooks from my year, I don't even know what happened to my yearbook. When you
have too many moves, things get lost.
VS [00:23:01]: So, I'm glad you're doing this survey. I'm glad you're going to get information
from all of us. They’re probably all going to be about the same, please open the school of
nursing. I don't know if it's too late or not. But it's never too late to start with a small
program and see what happens.
SR [00:23:30]: Mhmm. Yeah. OK. Well that concludes the interview. That's all I've got for you.

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            <description>A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7990">
                <text>Saratoga Springs</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7991">
                <text>Urban Renewal</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7993">
                <text>James Tarantino, the 37-year proprietor of the central bus terminal which is designated for Urban Renewal demolition, is currently negotiating a lease with the Saratoga Springs Youth Commission for temporary occupancy in Drink Hall, although settlement remains indefinite.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="42">
            <name>Format</name>
            <description>The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="7994">
                <text>text</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="784">
        <name>EnvironmentalJustice</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="782">
        <name>SaratogaSprings</name>
      </tag>
      <tag tagId="783">
        <name>UrbanRenewal</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="116" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="261">
        <src>https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/2063890c05295b641de511b6e862b518.jpg</src>
        <authentication>a69073cf1eeaaca8444a22a2d686fed7</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="34">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="5030">
                  <text>Mapping Saratoga Springs</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="40">
              <name>Date</name>
              <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="5031">
                  <text>1700-</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="18">
      <name>Map</name>
      <description>Cartographic document</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="107">
          <name>Related Item</name>
          <description>If the item is a part of a book or a manuscript or archival collection, that should be noted here. Think of this field as the "parent item" or "parent collection". Entries in this field should generally be written as full citations.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1920">
              <text>Ellen H. Walworth, &lt;em&gt;Saratoga : the battle-- battle ground-- visitors' guide, with maps&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;(New York: American News. Co, 1877)</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="101">
          <name>Date Depicted (Display)</name>
          <description>Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1921">
              <text>1877 ca</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="100">
          <name>Date Depicted (Numeric)</name>
          <description>Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date."</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1922">
              <text>1877</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="99">
          <name>Date Published (Display)</name>
          <description>Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1923">
              <text>1877</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Date Published (Numeric)</name>
          <description>Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1924">
              <text>1877</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="121">
          <name>Abstract (&amp; Historical Note)</name>
          <description>Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. &#13;
&#13;
This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given.&#13;
&#13;
Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1925">
              <text>This map shows the area around Saratoga Springs, from south to north --Round Lake to Glens Falls, and east to the Saratoga Battleground and West to Mount Pleasant and Ballston.  Roads radiate out from Saratoga Springs to each destination, and the railroad lines and canals are also shown.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="117">
          <name>Scope</name>
          <description>Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park).  This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1926">
              <text>Other</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Type</name>
          <description>For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1927">
              <text>Railroad map</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="1928">
              <text>Road maps</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Theme</name>
          <description>For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1929">
              <text>Travel and Tourism</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="111">
          <name>Subject - Details</name>
          <description>This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map.&#13;
&#13;
For maps:  (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. &#13;
&#13;
Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1930">
              <text>Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Maps&#13;
Adirondack R.R. (N.Y.)&#13;
Saratoga Battlefield (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.)&#13;
White Sulphur Springs &amp; Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.)&#13;
Saratoga &amp; Troy R.R.&#13;
Saratoga &amp; Schenectady R.R.&#13;
Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad Company&#13;
Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Corporation Line</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="112">
          <name>Subject - Geographic</name>
          <description>Library of Congress subject headings.&#13;
&#13;
For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1931">
              <text>Kayaderosseras Creek (Saratoga County, N.Y.)&#13;
Round Lake (N.Y. : Lake)&#13;
Ballston Lake (N.Y.: Lake)&#13;
Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)&#13;
Saratoga Lake (N.Y. : Lake)&#13;
Saratoga County (N.Y.)&#13;
Saratoga (N.Y.)&#13;
Loughberry Lake (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.)&#13;
Lake Lonely (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.)&#13;
Hudson River (N.Y.)&#13;
Greenfield (N.Y.)&#13;
Schuylerville N.Y.)&#13;
Stillwater (N.Y.)&#13;
Glens Falls (N.Y.)&#13;
Malta (N.Y.)&#13;
Champlain Canal (N.Y.)&#13;
Quaker Springs (N.Y.)&#13;
Malta Ridge (N.Y.)&#13;
Coveville (N.Y.)&#13;
Mt. Pleasant (Saratoga County, N.Y.)&#13;
North Greenfield (N.Y.)&#13;
Ballston (N.Y.)&#13;
Sacandaga River (N.Y)</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="97">
          <name>Publisher</name>
          <description>Publisher of the item, or of the book or atlas in which it appears.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1932">
              <text>American News Co.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="53">
          <name>Place of Publication</name>
          <description>The city (and if necessary) state or country of publication.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1933">
              <text>New York City</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="52">
          <name>Scale</name>
          <description>The scale of the item (if known)</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1934">
              <text>3 miles to the inch</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="119">
          <name>Record Contributor</name>
          <description>Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1935">
              <text>Jordana Dym</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="120">
          <name>Record Creation Date</name>
          <description>Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1936">
              <text>8/17/2014</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="28">
          <name>URL</name>
          <description/>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="1937">
              <text>Available at &lt;a title="Walworth Battle of Saratoga" href="https://archive.org/details/saratogabattleba01walw"&gt;archive.org&lt;/a&gt;</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1915">
                <text>Drives in the Vicinity of Saratoga Springs</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1916">
                <text>1877</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="73">
            <name>Is Part Of</name>
            <description>A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1917">
                <text>Saratoga : the battle-- battle ground-- visitors' guide, with maps</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1918">
                <text>American News Corp.</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="44">
            <name>Language</name>
            <description>A language of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="1919">
                <text>eng</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
    <tagContainer>
      <tag tagId="245">
        <name>map</name>
      </tag>
    </tagContainer>
  </item>
  <item itemId="19" public="1" featured="0">
    <fileContainer>
      <file fileId="24">
        <src>https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/c1d377679f8543b153f1dc8862f2264e.jpg</src>
        <authentication>d3e27f7322cc830e113177611549b449</authentication>
      </file>
    </fileContainer>
    <collection collectionId="34">
      <elementSetContainer>
        <elementSet elementSetId="1">
          <name>Dublin Core</name>
          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
          <elementContainer>
            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="5030">
                  <text>Mapping Saratoga Springs</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="40">
              <name>Date</name>
              <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="5031">
                  <text>1700-</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="18">
      <name>Map</name>
      <description>Cartographic document</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="97">
          <name>Publisher</name>
          <description>Publisher of the item, or of the book or atlas in which it appears.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="199">
              <text>Lester Brothers</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="118">
          <name>Repository</name>
          <description>Name of the repository that holds the original item.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="200">
              <text>Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="98">
          <name>Date Published (Numeric)</name>
          <description>Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="201">
              <text>1887</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="99">
          <name>Date Published (Display)</name>
          <description>Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="202">
              <text>July 16, 1887</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="101">
          <name>Date Depicted (Display)</name>
          <description>Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="203">
              <text>ca. 1887</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="102">
          <name>Caption</name>
          <description>This field will include transcriptions of text that appears on or around the item, at the discretion of the cataloger. It should include relevant bibliographic information that is not given in the title, for example, "Top of map: 'EXAMPLE NEEDED' Publisher and printer information might also be included in this field: "EXAMPLE NEEDED.'" Note that the location of the printed text is given in the field itself and that the caption information is always included in quotes.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="204">
              <text>"Top right of Map: '18366'"</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="121">
          <name>Abstract (&amp; Historical Note)</name>
          <description>Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. &#13;
&#13;
This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given.&#13;
&#13;
Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="205">
              <text>Map that depicts an overview of the city of Saratoga Springs and the surrounding areas. This includes rings of circles moving by one mile per ring. Also depicts water routes and geographical landmarks in the area (e.g. Saratoga Lake, Kayaderosseras Creek, Lake Lonely, Mt. Pleasant, etc.) Some railroad lines depicted.</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="111">
          <name>Subject - Details</name>
          <description>This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map.&#13;
&#13;
For maps:  (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. &#13;
&#13;
Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="207">
              <text>Yaddo (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.)&#13;
Woodlawn Park (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.)&#13;
Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Maps&#13;
Adirondack R.R. (N.Y.)&#13;
Snake Hill (Saratoga Springs,N.Y.)&#13;
Saratoga Battlefield (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.)&#13;
Grove Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.)&#13;
Orchard Lawn Grove (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.)&#13;
Excelsior Springs (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.)&#13;
Mt. McGregor R.R. (N.Y.)</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="119">
          <name>Record Contributor</name>
          <description>Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="209">
              <text>Allie Smith &#13;
Allie Smith </text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="117">
          <name>Scope</name>
          <description>Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park).  This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="436">
              <text>County</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="110">
          <name>Type</name>
          <description>For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="437">
              <text>Outline maps</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="438">
              <text>Physical maps</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="439">
              <text>County maps</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="109">
          <name>Theme</name>
          <description>For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="440">
              <text>Travel and Tourism</text>
            </elementText>
            <elementText elementTextId="441">
              <text>County Maps</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="112">
          <name>Subject - Geographic</name>
          <description>Library of Congress subject headings.&#13;
&#13;
For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs.</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="442">
              <text>Kayaderosseras Creek (Saratoga County, N.Y.)&#13;
Lake Lonely (N.Y. : Lake)&#13;
Round Lake (N.Y. : Lake)&#13;
Lake Desolation (N.Y.: Lake)&#13;
Victory Mills (N.Y.)&#13;
Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)&#13;
Saratoga Lake (N.Y. : Lake)&#13;
Saratoga County (N.Y.)&#13;
Saratoga (N.Y.)&#13;
Loughberry Lake (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.)&#13;
Hudson River (N.Y.)&#13;
Fish Creek (N.Y.: Creek)&#13;
Middle Grove (N.Y.)&#13;
Greenfield (N.Y.)&#13;
Ballston Lake (N.Y.: Lake)&#13;
Charlton (N.Y.)&#13;
Stillwater (N.Y.)&#13;
Wilton (N.Y.)&#13;
Malta (N.Y.)&#13;
Champlain Canal (N.Y.)&#13;
Quaker Springs (N.Y.)&#13;
Malta Ridge (N.Y.)&#13;
Porter Corners (N.Y.)&#13;
Mt. Pleasant (Saratoga County, N.Y.)&#13;
Milton (N.Y.)</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
        <element elementId="113">
          <name>Subject - Name</name>
          <description>Names of individuals associated with the item.  Last name first.&#13;
&#13;
For Maps: People represented on the map itself. In nearly every case, this field will be used when people are pictured on the map (several maps in this project are decorated with photographs or engravings in the margins). Use authorized versions of the name from the Library of Congress Name Authority File where possible.</description>
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              <text>Hilton, Henry. Landowner. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)</text>
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          <name>Scale</name>
          <description>The scale of the item (if known)</description>
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              <text>1 Ring= 1 Mile</text>
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          <name>Record Creation Date</name>
          <description>Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit</description>
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              <text>6/2/2014&#13;
3/21/2015</text>
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        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Drives in the Vicinity of Saratoga Springs published by the Lester Bros Real Estate Dealers Saratoga Springs, N.Y.</text>
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          <element elementId="38">
            <name>Coverage</name>
            <description>The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant</description>
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                <text>POLYGON((-8198635.6527268 5303228.1476308,-8191068.3869276205 5314999.449985059,-8188698.8390511 5329522.4853572,-8199858.645179135 5342516.780163847,-8209795.45885485 5342440.343135599,-8217744.90979542 5341140.913654957,-8232115.071111 5332121.3443185,-8226305.85696219 5293902.830181328,-8202151.7560274 5297571.8075385,-8200928.763575 5299559.1702736,-8198635.6527268 5303228.1476308))|10|-8209948.3329115|5317904.0570595|osm&#13;
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          <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
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            <element elementId="50">
              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>Saratoga County</text>
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      <name>Physical Object</name>
      <description>An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types.</description>
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        <element elementId="119">
          <name>Record Contributor</name>
          <description>Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it.</description>
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              <text>Grace Beneke</text>
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          <name>Record Creation Date</name>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Dublin Historical Marker</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>1999</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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                <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="https://irishdiasporahistory.wordpress.com/2019/03/17/when-new-york-was-irish-exploring-the-irish-american-history-of-saratoga-springs/"&gt;Irish Diaspora Histories Network&lt;/a&gt; (Image 1)&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Historical Marker talking about the Dublin Neighborhood in western Saratoga Springs, explaining how Irish immigrants were drawn to the county in the early 19th century by Hotel and Railroad work and thus created an ethnic enclave in the city</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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                <text>City of Saratoga Springs</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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      <name>Still Image</name>
      <description>A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials.</description>
      <elementContainer>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
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            <elementText elementTextId="11685">
              <text>b/w photos and etching</text>
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        <element elementId="119">
          <name>Record Contributor</name>
          <description>Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it.</description>
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              <text>Miles Herman</text>
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          <name>Record Creation Date</name>
          <description>Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit</description>
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          <name>Date Depicted (Display)</name>
          <description>Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display.</description>
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              <text>Late 1800s and early 1900s</text>
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          <name>Abstract (&amp; Historical Note)</name>
          <description>Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. &#13;
&#13;
This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given.&#13;
&#13;
Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field.</description>
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          <name>URL</name>
          <description/>
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              <text>https://www.thelagroup.com/2015/10/16/saratoga-waterfront-park/</text>
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            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>Early Saratoga Lake Activities</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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            <name>Is Part Of</name>
            <description>A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.</description>
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                <text>Lista Tonneston-McCorkell, "The Story and Strategy Behind the Saratoga Waterfront Park," The LA Group, 16 Oct 2015. </text>
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            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>This is a collection of images of activities on Saratoga Lake that took place during the late 1800s and early 1900s.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
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              <text>Zack Kouli</text>
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          <description>For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project.</description>
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&#13;
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Edinburg (N.Y.)</text>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;New York State's second Constitution (1821) required a state census starting in 1825 and every ten years after that. Censuses were then taken ever ten years until 1875. The State's copy of these census records were destroyed in a 1911 fire, so books such as this one, recording the residents, origins, activities and religious and educational institutions of the town of Edinburgh (now Edinburg), Saratoga County, are rare and valuable records which offer insight into many aspects of everyday and community life.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Brookside holds the entire book, State of New-York, Census of the State for the Year 1845. Town of Edinburgh, Election Dist. No. (blank), County of Saratoga, Book. No. 1, for 1845.&amp;nbsp; Shown here are the first set of household entries (in 6 pages, to reveal all 50 questions) as well as the community questions about industry, religion, education, people with disabilities, and businesses (hotels, restaurants, professions) asked of the census taker at the end.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While such censues are incredibly informative -- and reveal (for example) expectations that most cloth was made at home, and the principal crops census takrs expected farmers to produce -- they are also challenging.&amp;nbsp; For example, this census only asked the name of the head of household (usually an adult male) and "persons of color" in the household or family. In terms of place of birth, the census asked how many family members (but not whom) were born in New York state, New England, other US states, Mexico and South America, Great Britain, France, Germany and other parts of Europe.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;QUESTIONS:&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;The 1845 New York State Census asked questions about households with information about race, class, gender, manufacturing, nationality, education, and more in a family or home, with additional questions in the end about &lt;br /&gt;1845&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Name of head of family; number of males in family, including its head, if male; females in family, including its head, if female; males in family subject to militia duty; persons entitled to vote; aliens, not naturalized; paupers; colored not taxed; colored taxed; colored voters; married females under 45; unmarried females between the ages of 16 and 45; unmarried females under 16;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;marriages in the family during the preceding year; male and female births in family during year; male and female deaths in family during year;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;family members born in New York State; born in New England; born in any other state of the Union; born in Mexico, or South America; born in Great Britain, or its possessions; born in France; born in Germany; born in other parts of Europe;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;children between the ages of 5 and 16; children attending common schools; children attending private or select incorporated schools; children attending academies or unincorporated seminaries of learning other than colleges; children attending colleges and universities;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;family's cloth manufactures, acres of improved land, crops ("agricultural and horticultural statistics") and animals. (List from &lt;a href="http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/genealogy/censusq.htm"&gt;New York State Library Census Questions webpage&lt;/a&gt; (2021)&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Vías que te llevan buscando un nuevo futuro, experiencias y destinos que se tornan emocionantes por descubrir, recorriendo caminos puedes descubrir lo hermoso de la vida y apreciar la maravilla que tiene el mundo para quienes pueden emprender una nueva aventura en su camino.&#13;
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Routes that lead you looking for a new future, experiences and destinations that become exciting to discover, walking ways that allow you to discover the beauty of life and appreciate the wonder that the world has for those who can embark on a new adventure along their way.&#13;
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                    <text>Interview with Elizabeth (Liz) Waxman '83 by Xiaoxuan (Shelley) Tan '20,
COMPASSIONATE HANDS: Skidmore’s Nursing Program, 2019.
SHELLEY TAN: So, hi Liz, where were you from before you decided to attend Skidmore's
nursing program?
LIZ WAXMAN: Hi Shelley. I was, I was born and bred a New Yorker. So, at the time I decided
to go to Skidmore College and its nursing program, I was in high school in Manhattan.
ST: So, did your family have a background in the field of medicine or nursing?
LW: Well, um, my family, as the question is, did my, did or does my family have a background
in medicine or nursing? Um, the simplest answer to that is no. My father owned a retail
business. Ironically, my late uncle was a physician and my two older siblings are
physicians. Um, I had an interest in nursing because I knew I wanted to be in the
healthcare field.
ST: So, what was your educational background before you joined the program--the nursing
program?
LW: Well, my background was, uh, a high school graduate. I applied to Skidmore College and so
my background was the mandatory freshman year courses for the nursing program. Um,
and I passed all of those courses and was entered into the nursing program.
ST: So, what drew you to the program? It's actually, you just go on this, the background thing.
You can probably say a little bit more about that?
LW: Okay. A very simply, uh, the training in New York drew me to the program. That was
probably the, the key to my applying to Skidmore in all honesty. Um, it's not that I went
home every week because I certainly didn't, I had a lot of studying to do, but it was nice
being close to my family. I was able to see my newborn nephew more frequently than if I
had gone anywhere else. And when I look back at my nursing training from Skidmore,
it’s helped me every step of the way in my career. So, without a doubt it was the, uh,
Manhattan nursing program that drew me to the school.
ST: Yeah. So what parts of the program as a whole?
LW: I liked the clinical rotations, especially in the medical surgical rotations. Um, and I felt
because it was such a small program, I felt close to the instructors. I didn't feel that I was
one of a hundred students in the large lecture hall. Um, and I also felt close to my
classmates. Um, so it was a very nice feeling of, um, I don't want to say family, but it was
just a very nice feeling, and we felt we were very well educated to our career is. Um, so I
would say the clinical rotations were great. And the instructors, the instructors were great
as well.

�ST: Okay. So, what was your sense of the program before you started and also, if you can do it
like, after you get into the program?
LW: What was my sense with the program before I got in and after I finished? Um, my sense of
the program before I was accepted to it was, I think I felt intimidated by the program
because we, the nursing majors had a set required. Ah, um, the set, um, set of the required
courses, um, so the requisites, that's the word I want, uh, freshman year. And I did well. I
obviously I did well enough to get into the program. I didn't have to reapply. Um, when I
finished the program, I had a sheer sense of accomplishment. It was not an easy program.
There was a ton of work to do. Um, I probably saw less of my family when I was in the
Manhattan campus than when I was in the Saratoga Springs campus.
ST: So, what's the challenging part do you think of those?
LW: Umm. I guess the challenge was learning the clinical skills and applying them in the
hospital. Um, it's one thing to learn. How to take a blood pressure, how to give a shot in a
classroom. It's another thing to have to give an injection to a child in the pediatric rotation
and not have your hand shake.
ST: So, what do you think you liked the most? So, you already talked about, it’s the Manhattan
part. What's like the structure of it, like, what classes you'd take and you liked the most?
LW: Well, in, in the nursing program, um, it was, the classes were really structured around the
clinical semesters. So, you just started reading the chapters. I probably, with all the
respect to the psych instructors, um, psych was my least favorite part of the nursing
program and that has nothing to do with the program, and this has nothing to do with the
instructors. I just was not good at it and it was a difficult and still is a difficult area for me
in nursing. Um, I think I liked, uh, the statistics course we had to take, we certainly had
an excellent instructor, Gloria Leventhal. Um, she made statistics very easy.
ST: Okay. So, that's the part on the campus, right?
LW: Um Manhattan, yeah.
ST: The Manhattan campus. So, what do you have on, like, the Saratoga part, compared to the
Manhattan part?
LW: So, what was my favorite part of the Saratoga campus or the, uh, what was my favorite
class? What is the question that I'm not answering?
ST: Uh, it just like how you compare the two parts. There's not really need to be favorite or least
favorite.
LW: Well, the Saratoga campus is, just an extraordinarily beautiful campus and it's very nice, uh,
together, uh, Case Green and Case Center. Um, it's always nice to see the leaves
changing. I think what I liked about the Saratoga campus was being able to go outside

�and outdoors, and sit with, sit with friends, um, and enjoy just some of the weekend, um,
festivities they had up at the school. Um, we had those in Manhattan, but they were
different, it was just a lot different. And, um, I think I had, I missed my two very good
friends who were up at the Saratoga campus for all four years. I did miss them when I
was in New York.
ST: So, what's your path after Skidmore? Like how do you go on, on your career?
LW: Well, my path after Skidmore was not a path I thought I would take, but after Skidmore I
went to Israel for a year and worked as... on the program. It was kind of like the Israeli
Peace Corps. So, I was able to work as a nurse in Israel. Um, I had a stipend and a room
and board. Um, and that was really a great experience. And when I came back to the, to
the U.S., to New York, um, it was just the start of the first nursing shortage and when I
was applying to hospitals, a hospital that hired me was Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center and never in a million years did I think I would be in oncology nursing and never
in a million years did I think I would stay in oncology nursing but that is my career.
ST: So, you are still doing like, that, right now? Okay, so would you like elaborate a bit on the
Israel part?
LW: Um, I, well first I have to say that after graduation I did not immediately pass my nursing
boards for New York state so I couldn't get licensed. And so, I was able to get licensed as
a lower, in a lower level health care field and do some home health. And that allowed me
a little bit of income and a lot of time to study. So, when the nursing board was given
again, I passed it. And, at that time I still wasn't sure where or what I wanted to do, and
my sister knew of a nurse at her hospital who had been on this program and my sister
said, ‘Why don't you talk to her?’ And I spoke to this nurse and she told me about this
volunteer program, and I really had a good experience. I got a bird's eye view of some of,
uh, the Israeli healthcare system, especially their health clinics. I can speak some Hebrew
and the nurse I worked with in Israel was fluent in English, so she translated for me, but I
was able to get along, to negotiate and make my way through Israel. Um, there were
other people on the program, there were two other nurses and I'm actually in touch with
one of my friends from Israel to this day. We're actually connected on Facebook, but, um,
it, it was kind of, I'd have to say going to Israel and spending a year in Israel was my time
to grow up. My parents weren't around the corner. I had to learn to make a stipend last a
month, and with that stipend it was buying groceries and washing clothes and, you know,
being an adult basically. Great experience.
ST: Um, where do you work now? Just like, elaborated?
LW: Well, right now I work at MD Anderson Cancer Center here in Houston. Uh, I'm a nurse
practitioner, and my field is lung cancer. So, I see, uh, all of my patients have lung cancer
at this time. Um, I do physical exams, I manage side effects of treatment, um, I do a lot
of, um, edu... patient education in terms of side effects of treatment and, and again, how
to manage them. Um, I work with a one, physician three days a week in clinic.

�ST: Okay. So how do you integrate it, what you learned at Skidmore into that career and also
outside of Skidmore?
LW: Um, well it's the clinical skills that I learnt at Skidmore that have stayed with me and um, I
would say I'm a good clinician in terms of examining a patient, um, and seeing the whole
person, not just the disease aspect or what they're dealing with. And um, I would also say
that, um, I have pretty good, um, psych... psychiatrics, I'm not an expert at it, but there
are certain things I can detect and um, and help get the patients the help they need.
ST: Okay. So, because you are graduated in the ending, like in ’83?
LW: Yes.
ST: So, it's really close to the end of the program. So, could you tell me something about how
you feel about it or how's the situation?
LW: Okay. Um, so I graduated in ’83 and two years later in 1985, the program closed and that
was the final graduating class. I found out about it, I think we had a student led meeting,
no faculty. And, uh, the student body president, or the nursing student body president told
us the news. We tried so hard to save that program, it's not funny. I will be honest and
maybe the college, will edit this out, but the whole process of the closing of the program
has left and still leaves an extremely bad taste, for me. Um, as far, from my perspective,
the board of Trustees decided to close the program and it was a done deal. Um, the
student body from Saratoga was fast to react to this news and very vocal in their
opposition to it. The entire Skidmore faculty was slow, slow to respond. Um, now that's
my take on it. Some of my colleagues and friends from Skidmore may say differently.
Um, it, it was going to close no matter what we did, and I wish somebody had had the
guts to just say, it's closing, period, end of discussion.
ST: Okay. So, because they're like reopen it in some way that they are sending students to work
in the New York, but it's not really like reopening the whole department. So how do you
feel about that?
LW: Well, I've had a long time to think about it and at first, I thought, oh this is a nice way of
still having nursing. But in reality, and this is, this is lost. When you were a graduate of
the Skidmore College nursing program, that was a brand and every hospital you applied
to, knew you had good training and good clinical skills because you would not have been
in that program otherwise. The program they have now, it's great that the students get an
excellent education from Skidmore, but those who are interested in nursing, go to NYU,
and so they're an NYU nurse. And they're very good nurses, but they're not Skidmore
nurses and I really don't think Skidmore should hang their hat on this program that's fasttracking students to another college…[phone rings]. Sorry…
LW: So, as we were saying, so they're an NYU nurse and those are very good nurses as well, but
the brand of a Skidmore nurse is gone and that's not going to be replaced. And I can't
figure out how anybody is going to, want to go to a school, graduate from that school,

�and then go to another school to be a nurse. I, I, it's like I, the, the finer details of the
program need to be explained to me because I don't know if the students who come into
this very broad science major and decide to go to the nursing, do they only go the
Skidmore for two years and then they go to NYU? Or did they go to Skidmore for four
years, graduate with a bachelor's of science, or whatever their degree is and then go to
NYU and only have two years of their nursing program? I don't quite understand how
that works. Um, and I, I don't know, I mean I understand who on the Board of Trustees
came up with this, but it's, it's just not the same.
ST: Okay. So, in that sense, how do you think a full Skidmore program helped you? Like how's
that different, because you think now this is gone. What do you think they lost in that
sense?
LW: I just think they los... I, first of all, I think if they could, if the Board of Trustees or the
faculty or the administration could have held out just a little longer, there was a
resurgence in nursing applications to nursing schools and it would have been NYU and
Skidmore as the two New York, top New York nursing programs. Um, I do know that
when the nursing program closed, the building on 38th Street was sold. I know that for a
fact and nobody has ever told me otherwise, but I'm sure the money, the sale of that
building helped the school financially and I can’t argue with finances.
ST: Okay. So, because it's very different that Skidmore is a liberal arts college, and in my idea, it
is like nursing program at liberal arts college is rare. So, how do you think Skidmore as a
liberal arts college having a nursing program, how, how did it help the nursing program
and help the school...
LW: Well, I think nursing at a liberal arts college makes sense because you have a well-rounded
student who just didn't do a biology and chemistry classes. Uh, I mean my senior year I
took whatever course I wanted, including a phys-ed class, early, um, elementary
education class, um, um, fiction I took, you know, I had a broader education because I
was at a liberal arts college. I think the nursing program could have helped the school
because would, you would have had maybe an influx of students, um, going into that
specific training. I mean, you have pre-med students at Skidmore, is, is being, is going for
a career in medicine or neuroscience contradictory to a liberal arts college? No. And you
have the, you know, you have UCLA with the School of Nursing. UCLA is a liberal arts
school, is that contradictory? I don’t think so.
ST: Okay. So, how do you think the liberal arts college in that sense, like, broader your ideas
about nursing or how you work as a nurse?
LW: The liberal arts part of my education allows me in my current, in what I do today to see
things with different perspectives. Um, and I mean maybe because I took elementary
education, but I can explain very difficult things very easily to patients and families. So, I
think my liberal arts college on a day to day basis impacts what I do at MD Anderson.
ST: I think we can go onto this just like summarize a few things like…bullet points...

�LW: I mean I, Skidmore College was a perfect fit for me and I owe my introduction to Skidmore,
to, uh, the headmaster of my, of my high school. He's now deceased, the late Anthony of
Caperio the third, because he thought Skidmore would be a good fit for me. It was a
small school. I wouldn't get lost in the thousands of students that larger school has. I
would get, not necessarily a one on one education, but the faculty to student ratio would
be much smaller. And I did feel for the most part, uh, excluding the nursing instructors,
that the instructors from the main campus, maybe there are two exceptions, knew who I
was. Um. I had the, I had a very good education from Skidmore. I do support the school.
I think I'm one of the few nursing majors from the 1980s who supports the school,
although I do not have that as on the, I don't have that information as accurate, so, this is
something to edit out. Um, but there were a lot of hard feelings and to be honest with
you, at reunion when I see some of my nursing friends, we still talk about it and it still
hurts. Um, but I love going to Saratoga and I love the campus and I'm glad other students
can benefit from the education provided by Skidmore.
ST: Okay. So, would you just give like several words for us to use about how you feel about
generally your nursing career and your nursing education?
LW: I owe my nursing career to Skidmore College.
ST: Okay.
LW: Okay. Um, just a few more comments. Um, this came up at Reunion Weekend 2018 when
one of the other nursing alumni said in Skidmore Scope, there is hardly ever any items
about what Skidmore nurses have accomplished. And it seems to me that since the
closing of the program in 1985, uh, Skidmore rather intentionally or unintentionally, has
just about completely erased the history of the nursing program, uh, which leaves a bad
taste in my mouth. Now I do support the school and I do send in when they ask me for
alumni giving, uh, it's my understanding that in CIS there's supposed to be some type of
wall or history of the nursing program, and I hope to high heaven the promise is kept. I
know President Glotzbach is leaving in 2020. So, I hope that nursing tribute stays in CIS
because quite frankly, if it doesn't, I and a few other nurses whose do support the school
will probably stop supporting the school completely. [End]

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Time teaches us how to fight for a better quality of life, hard-working hands! Strong and Worn! Hands that also know how to caress and to show the bravery it takes to continue fighting every day to achieve goals and dreams that aren’t easy to reach.</text>
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