14 40 755 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/936a7ba436f7af2660e098eb824bf44e.jpg 39297d2899298cceee94b7fc675a4f60 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga County Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Grace Beneke Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 7 May, 2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource NOW: Hostesses in front of Hattie's Restaurant Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2020 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available <a href="http://hattiesrestaurant.com/about/">Hattie's Restaurant</a> Description An account of the resource Two hostesses stand in front of Hattie's Restaurant's Phila St. location. https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/9639bc76f06b37539b373d77f4b78662.jpeg da4565bfb9cad24bc19a6ecde7c8f61d Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Krystle Nowhitney Hernandez Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ricardo Ernesto Parra Vargas Title A name given to the resource Nuestro Transporte/Our Transportation Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Ricardo Ernesto Parra Vargas_2017_2.jpg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Subject The topic of the resource Saratoga Race Course, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA Description An account of the resource Calor, frio, lluvia, nuestro transporte es tan rápido o lento como queramos, siempre en movimiento, siempre dándonos la oportunidad de contemplar la belleza de nuestro Saratoga.   Hot, cold, rain, our transportation is as fast or as slow as we want, always in motion, always giving us the chance to contemplate the beauty of our Saratoga. License A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Digital Photograph, JPEG art bilingual Estamos Aqui immigration Latinx race track Saratoga Race Course Spanish Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Krystle Nowhitney Hernandez Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Luis Manuel Rentería Flores Title A name given to the resource Nunca es Tarde/It’s Never Too Late Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Luis Manuel Rentería Flores_2017_1.jpg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Subject The topic of the resource Saratoga Race Course, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA Description An account of the resource Ganas querer aprender y superarse aprendiendo un poquito más todos los días. You want to learn and excel by learning a little bit more every day. License A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Digital Photograph, JPEG art bilingual Estamos Aqui immigration Latinx race track Saratoga Race Course Spanish https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/4e76e28272950cca87fa388c1cca9a77.jpg 7a8df03b2b5791ad0b2005408706426c https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/e5485a08fdbf42fa80ef340f2957b59c.mp4 b28f140b2b7ce661d39b31623857672a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Migration Story Language A language of the resource eng https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/3abc915f9c1c10c7fd9985ccdf5bce10.mp4 5105b3866d5403d2947935d37aa5eb83 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nurianny Montilla Identity Part 1: Trujillo, Food https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/c8c845cd243d2f815c2f7fb995ceb5d4.mp4 ed6866c913cbdede2ed527ffada16022 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nurianny Montilla Identity Part 2: Hair https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/ec94d846a7569f5c561b97c8f9565c50.mp4 1a7441711c22e5f71197ea436fe24e72 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nurianny Montilla Identity Part 3: Anthro 101 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/2f59fe1037137da2f832618100ccefae.mp4 c7b088fd8410339223df9a2d57827124 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nurianny Montilla Daily Life at Skidmore https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/19beb7c4e6f29f170c36b8aba16947ba.mp4 ef7a29dcf14f3b475a288238581a6aab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nurianny Montilla Daily Life at Skidmore, Family Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Latinx Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Abby Outterson Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Nurianny Montilla Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Abby Outterson Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 04/26/2016 Location The location of the interview Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nurianny Montilla Interview Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Abby Outterson Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 03/26/2016 Description An account of the resource Nurianny Montilla is a Skidmore student living in Saratoga Springs, NY. She is a senior at Skidmore majoring in sociology, and she spoke with fellow Skidmore senior Abigail Outterson on March 26th, 2016 about her experiences being born in the Dominican Republic, growing up in New Jersey, and coming to Saratoga Springs to attend Skidmore College. Dominican identity Latina Latinx oral history Skidmore College student https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/905cf4da63c627ba19c2008bff9f4244.JPG a170f012a603a26a850b4c94c277b078 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Scope Magazine Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nursing Alums at Reunion Weekend Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 1st, 2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Scope Magazine Nursing public history https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/baeee54e168a096046145401d80ef1b8.JPG 9be870771a3b96096e4074d1bf5b71d6 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nursing Alums Reunion Weekend Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 1st, 2019 Nursing public history https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/ff7ba513404ff79fc5c744466bfdd38e.png 7386798d90ab498c58d1e4e1696e43c4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nursing Memory Project cover photo https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/33def00fe1b7d43be88e99e287da2857.png daea5eaf8125e1c0f0934d138e1d3a1c Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nursing student at work https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/a672f0e7d7e6ea560c8f928aee09272d.png 5cae8512948e45d6686e6f00498afdad Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Nursing students in NYC Nursing https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/d49b741c22e67efb755156f24977c0fb.jpg 0b7d1dcf452226103cf6f58d347e73d2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource NYC bus company adds Saratoga run Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/7/10 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Zarnowski, Tatiana Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Daily Gazette Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Saratoga Springs Subject The topic of the resource Transportation Description An account of the resource A bus line that is expanding its expres service to Saratoga Springs will pick up passengers at 6:30 a.m. in front of Congress Park at the tourist booth on Broadway, and leave from New York at 8 p.m. for a return trip each day. A ticket will cost approx. $20. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text EnvironmentalJustice SaratogaSprings transportation https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/4d7706389ef2759ebf255690287c0c3d.jpg 28b12138b85b23471cd309894579e6fc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Unitled Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March, 2018 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. NYC With My Dad Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Addy Lindley Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photograph https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/cdec43242307bffb2dcdebe43689ebe9.jpg bf7eeefb4541d0be577bc7c7e4998fa2 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/688d53c416f12032de9eea5be9e2b86f.jpg c024b139716994c29fe4487b85f2d82c Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Addie Lindley Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 19/4/2018 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource NYC with my Dad Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 2018 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Lindley, Addie Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Addie Lindley Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photograph father Lindley MDOCS Midtown NYC Principles of Documentary Spring 2018 This Place https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/c475ded80275057ba5530fdf80e7554e.PDF 2f6d1769ab84c372b95ce4b07f8c8b29 PDF Text Text li-;q 'l '?+9' fal-,'. {4*'r''-, Samuel J. Mott, Saratoga Engineersiirce 1893, Deacl CureerEn"ds Samuel J. Mot city engineer, *tlr""'""tttt""t' ins profession uPstate, died last niEirt at the Saratoga HosPital after a brief illness. Mr. Mott was village engineer with his father, the late Jesso S. Mott, from 1893 until his father's death in 1913, when he continued as village engineer and became city engineer at the tlme the pres- |1 , " J iProminent Enginegr ir I , Samuel J. Mott Blilt Hydro-ElecfricI ' Plsnt ffiffian ManufacI j i turing c'r4pany. I eni charter was adoPted.in 1916. In recent Years he had also been in charge of the citY WPA Projects. Born In Dcan's Corners IIe was born in Dean's Corners Feb. 22, 1869. He rvas educated st Yates Saratoga Institute in North Broadway, this city, and received his engineering tlaining in appren,ticeship to his father, who rvas II' the late L associated with Cramer in the flrm of Cramer & Mott. Upon the withdrawal of Mr. 'Cramer in 1892 Samuel J. Mott 'became bis father's Partner in the ffrm of J. S' Mott & Son. ' As and constructiolt designer engineer Mr. yott was connectecl \yith many pi"ojects in lilorthern Nerv York over a long term of years. In 1892 he built the Sara' He rnac and Lake Placid Bailroad. designed and constructed the Corinth sewage system and treatment rplant. in 1904 and rvas in charge ro! the constl'uction of the Saratoga disPosal sewage Plant Spfings under Snow & Barbour in 1902. IIe was resident representative of ,Nicholas S. tIill, consulting engineer, during the construction of the modern waterworks sY6te6 ilr thi! cltY tn 1e36' t)^1 q Q Surve]'ed Raccway VAI*' ' Mr. Mott surveYed the grounds and did a major Portion of the and. engineering for Llayout wolk harness Sarptog;a RacewaY tle 'tfgck bullt here two Years ego. yearb ho had -been a F6t'nrany corriultant with.ofticials of the Sary over Association Racing atoga at track and engineeling )g,olli9t the t'acecourse. I 7 Y/r, . c I over a long pef iod h0 \va.s- nSl\[anufaci neer for the American I turin8 Co. at Victory Mills and tl-J^171 a Not/, l+-S--rF seliunr, J. }IOTT built the hydro-electlic plant there. I I His advice was frequently sought l. on engineering ploblems throughout Northern Nerv York, where his integrity of chalacter and ability as an engineer were widely recogn ized. I{r. Mott was a }fason, and a the Plesbytilian member of Chul'ch, tbe Old Guard AsspciatioB of Company L and' the Tt'i-CountY Chapter of the New York State Society ef Prgfessional . Engineers. I{e .b survived bv his wife and * . -.^; sister, Mlss. Cira- E.-NelL. The funeral rvill .be.';!g_ldFetaurl day at 2 p.m. at the late lesidence, | | 157 Spling St. The Rev.. Reuben lt of Saratoga Samuel J. Mott, ''d' Via"ty*tio*tfr' engineer of ;Springsf upper New York state, and a promi,nent figure in this vicinity over a ;long period when he acted as engineer the - American Manufacturing ifor lcompany a't Victory Mills, died ThursI day night in the Saratoga hospital, I lf ollowing a brief ,illness. 'r.He was I born in Deans Corners, February 22, | 1869. I Mr. Mott was a designer and cone;rgineer. He wae connectlstruction 'manf led with brajects in northern I New York over & long term of years. lHe built the Saranaq and I,ake Placid I railroad, designed . and constructed Ithe,Corinth sewage.system and treatlment plant, and was in charge of the l.construction of thb Saratoga Springs I sewage disposal plant in 1902. I Mr. Mott sulveyed the grounds and ldid a major por,tion.ofl the layout I work and engineering for the SaraItoga Raceway harness track buil.t at lblie Spa two years ago. I As engineer for the Arnerican Manthe I ufacturing company, he built lhydro-electric plant. At bhe time of lhis death, he was city engineer of l Saratoga Springs. I The funeral took place at the late lresidence .in Saratoga'Springs Satlurday afternoon. Burial was in the Greenrid8e cemetery. I I � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Allie Smith Allie Smith Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. Obituaries dated: 10/29/1942 11/02/1942 The obituary of Samuel J. Mott as written in the Saratogian and another newspaper following his death. This article not only remembers Mott as a person but focus on his career as a prominent city engineer for Saratoga Springs (N.Y.). Information includes some of Mott's projects during his career including part of the Saratoga Raceway, as well as personal information such as his father's name and profession as an engineer. Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Church-- Presbyterian Saratoga Racecourse (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) American Manufacturing Company (Victory Mills, N.Y.) Saratoga and Lake Placid R.R. (N.Y.) Yates Saratoga Institute (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Downtown--Businesses J.S. Mott & Son (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Greenridge Cemetery (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) The Saratogian (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) Victory Mills (N.Y.) Subject - Name Names of individuals associated with the item. Last name first. For Maps: People represented on the map itself. In nearly every case, this field will be used when people are pictured on the map (several maps in this project are decorated with photographs or engravings in the margins). Use authorized versions of the name from the Library of Congress Name Authority File where possible. Hill, Nicholas S. Consulting engineer. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) Mott, Samuel J. Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Civic Life Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. The City Archives (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Related Maps There will be many cases where multiple maps are in effect only slight variations on a single original. If we are certain, or even pretty sure, that one map is just a slightly altered version of another,the related versions should be listed here. Item 64 Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Newspaper article Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 6/9/2014 2/28/2015 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Obituaries of Samuel J. Mott Subject The topic of the resource Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Business--Development Mott, Samuel J. -- Obituary Civil Engineer Description An account of the resource Obituaries for Samuel J. Mott published in the Saratogian and another newspaper 10/29 and 11/2/1942 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1942 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Newspaper Language A language of the resource English 20th century city government city planning civil engineer mapmaking Mott obituary Saratogian https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/83611040ef458415511facac7c1bbf6a.JPG a532ca02b7bfd8e9373185e4b1d64a15 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Officials: Low-income city housing necessary Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 9/6/88 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cloos, Paul Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Saratoga Springs Subject The topic of the resource Urban Renewal Description An account of the resource City Council members said they were not against low-income housing in the city. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text EnvironmentalJustice SaratogaSprings UrbanRenewal Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Krystle Nowhitney Hernandez Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ceyla Guadalupe Macedo Soto Title A name given to the resource Oficina/Office Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Ceyla Guadalupe Macedo Soto_2017_2.jpg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Subject The topic of the resource Saratoga Race Course, Saratoga Springs, NY Description An account of the resource Sin tanto que agregar. Tan solo con luz y sombra puedes sentir la paz y tranquilad de las personas que trabajan en este lugar para apoyarnos y enseñarnos más. Without much to add. With just light and shadow you can feel the peace and tranquility of the people who work in this place to support and teach us more. License A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Digital Photograph, JPEG art bilingual Estamos Aqui immigration Latinx race track Saratoga Race Course Spanish https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/5b6498f42905a0cae7d2417790c87b3d.jpg 62fd5208b889d01b9e973b5bcb43772f Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Brookside Museum Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 2007 Publisher Publisher of the item, or of the book or atlas in which it appears. Brookside Museum Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Old Iron Spring https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/73f81792702f0f44bfd7cf3f8c8e972a.png dbf3b6f6a9a28a1436e42dd4d594ce12 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Old Iron Spring, Ballston Spa, NY Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Unknown Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga County Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data b/w photo Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 5/6/2021 Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. Unknown Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. Old Iron Spring - Ballston Spa - balneology - mineral water URL https://brookside.pastperfectonline.com/photo/E348B04B-11B8-4BDB-979C-070251333680 Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Miles Herman Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Old Iron Spring, Ballston Spa, NY Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Unknown Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Brookside Museum, Saratoga County Historical Society URL: https://brookside.pastperfectonline.com/photo/E348B04B-11B8-4BDB-979C-070251333680 Description An account of the resource Ballston Spa, NY, where the Old Iron Spring is still working, was originally more popular than Saratoga Springs as a place for tourists to visit and take the waters in the 19th Century. But the opening of Gideon Putam's Tavern and Guesthouse helped shift spa tourists to Saratoga Springs. https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/404dcaf964b79b68c29609207e07bc34.jpg b91ccf47786325dc21394255cbcc3e2f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga County Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Will Kertzman Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource old stone church in Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1826 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Brookside Museum - https://brookside.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/B74943FC-14F9-4B83-A76C-990972280384 Abstract A summary of the resource. pen and ink drawing of the old stone church in Saratoga Springs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Will Kertzman 1800s church religion Saratoga Springs https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/87aadbbaa9e8e4919a207fc41d3a232a.jpg 6f207b3b4f67fb14888784e0e4258c29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource omeka-logo.jpg https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/b335c41fd8774c5733e42b949d21e11e.jpg 407b961896bba23d1a2413c791d8b0de https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/e6c131cf139ef089fecae5e8e1304f56.jpg 2f8507bd56124ee0c9120f3a52f550a4 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/a2333a6d82af06d0863633665b8af6d7.jpg 5b587fdecf30c01bdffe1b17709574d3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource On Track? Details of $12 million rail project emerge Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/13/98 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Woodyard, Michael Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Post Star Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Glens Falls Subject The topic of the resource Transportation Description An account of the resource Plans for a new rail project are emerging Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text EnvironmentalJustice SaratogaSprings transportation https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/a82837c5f293bb4097237083de1a98b8.jpg eb7c48c656cc2a27efb39e25225b542a Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Mattie Saulnier Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 6/5/21 URL https://www.asce.org/project/waterford-(union)-bridge-(replaced-in-1909)/ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Original Waterford Bridge Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/e261688dcc5185600aff4b01a4fd418e.JPG e8632e4ac7a5cd8d027ec60ed1091d74 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/de7cf5ee6aeda34664447e885d8dad57.JPG 9af6dea5691c5cb0065abe924bc66237 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Out in the cold: Lack of low-cost housing keeps people on streets Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2/13/88 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Powers, Mary Caroline Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Saratogian Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Saratoga Springs Subject The topic of the resource Urban Renewal Description An account of the resource In Saratoga Springs, the Queen of the Spas, a lack of low-income housing and no emergency shelters force people on to the streets. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text SaratogaSprings UrbanRenewal https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/487764cb43950c4dd6f0bae958d8346c.jpg 6680a39858b0ad4fdd70a42a99c51e74 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/5b272597363605047ed3a5c0951c732b.jpg c87f58eddf8284ae83b2d1037d01ac68 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. Murphy & Kren Planning Associates Inc. Related Item If the item is a part of a book or a manuscript or archival collection, that should be noted here. Think of this field as the "parent item" or "parent collection". Entries in this field should generally be written as full citations. 1970 Core Area Development Map, 1971 Core Area Development Map Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1971 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1971 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1971 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1971 Caption This field will include transcriptions of text that appears on or around the item, at the discretion of the cataloger. It should include relevant bibliographic information that is not given in the title, for example, "Top of map: 'EXAMPLE NEEDED' Publisher and printer information might also be included in this field: "EXAMPLE NEEDED.'" Note that the location of the printed text is given in the field itself and that the caption information is always included in quotes. Core Area, May 1970, adopted by February 1971 Outer Area Map, Revised June 17, 1971 and adopted by the City Council on July 7, 1971. (colored) Related Maps There will be many cases where multiple maps are in effect only slight variations on a single original. If we are certain, or even pretty sure, that one map is just a slightly altered version of another,the related versions should be listed here. 1970 and 1971 Core Area Development Maps Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Property and Development Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Emily Sloan Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 12/2/2014 Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. In 1970, the City Planning Board worked with Murphy & Kren Planning Associates, Inc. on a map and report for the New York State Department of Commerce Bureau making recommendations for a 20-year development plan that identified Cady Hill and the area by I-87 as places to grow industry, and Geyser Crest and the West Side as targets for residential development. This plan, financially aided by federal and state funds, was adopted by the city council in February 1971. This map includes more kinds of land use than in 1937 (seasonal, high and medium density residential, commercial; industrial; parks; public/semi-public; track), but the overall thrust is the same. The Murphy & Kren map highlights development interests beyond Broadway’s axis and the corporation line “inner” district and the report underlines the need for schools to be integrated in new neighborhoods. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Outer Area Zoning Map and Core Area Zoning Map Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1970 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Murphy & Kren Planning Associates Inc. Description An account of the resource A zoning map of Saratoga Springs' core and outer areas. Language A language of the resource English Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Murphy & Kren Planning Associates Inc. Subject The topic of the resource Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Maps Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource City of Saratoga Springs City Planning Board Abstract A summary of the resource. This planning map shows that city planners in Saratoga Springs continued to focus on development and expansion throughout the 1970s. The map intends to draw businesses and investors into the area. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. “Outer Area Zoning Map and Core Area Zoning Map,” Skidmore Saratoga Memory Project, accessed March 23, 2015, http://ssmp.skidmore.edu/items/show/160. Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library map https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/c64a59fc98fed850864a5738e2c602da.jpg 43a420bc5e7e5bb8265fb474287e2a63 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/a7811f686bac5a5419cdcaab6ff48358.jpg 29620ebc9e9a1fe6ff9106f72c4fb11b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Allie Smith Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data postcard Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Private Collection Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Over the Water Jump, Saratoga Race Track, Saratoga Springs, N.Y. https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/8c15bad8938626c04ba54ef1fb84de1b.jpg cef25b581ab69d5abe5a8f34d7e992e4 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/f6b46ece5afbd488d7a5e01bdab0b14a.jpg 9280ca3453f224aa7b053d1899d4878c https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/768b9788a7d837bf3b6448cffd24b3a9.jpg 071e9a9ed4229c56df8a82c7c1fe24ac https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/cf5d4103c29e6cb898fd4f1bf6575db6.jpg 9ea2605789bb0eae4abfa4e8c883efaa https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/1d7b03c950f7ad1e62185020dfbe6a54.jpg f423c9b5a9927699d72f7cbaa2c9908e https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/66c36046231a0b53e2c2e3a83e2efb84.jpg ae07331857ee720fe0f0f7d7cf7f48ee Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Gordon, Emily Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 19/4/2018 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Palamountain 200 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2018 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Gordon, Emily Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photograph books education department Gordon MDOCS Principles of Documentary projects Skidmore College Spring 2018 This Place https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/76b0fd17ab7f273b5506ca1cabfec3cd.jpg 8334120d760df9539c7f048e11b46769 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/4c353071b30fa59bb27282a1466c6e5f.jpg e3687b7d4d90a9dd3185682e2dd7fbc8 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data photo Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. D. Schiff Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 4/14/15 Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1951 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1951 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1951 Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Recreation Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. The Saratoga Springs History Museum (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parada of Progress reservation Map 1951 with Reservation Map painted by Chapman.GIF Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1951 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. George S. Bolster Collection https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/fbcd092ee75f63a02221871d9de6901c.jpg 7f2764296e67ace50c30f1f2e6558981 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parking spaces freed for summer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/4/03 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Brady, Sally Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Post Star Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Saratoga Springs Subject The topic of the resource Transportation Description An account of the resource The city could have another 80 spaces downtown this summer to help aid its parking congestion. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text EnvironmentalJustice SaratogaSprings transportation https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/e52b3e54e32a36801de1011c8d28b863.jpg eebf340aa3ead7130462c09829fa6a9d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Parking to stay free in Spa City Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 3/2/10 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dimopoulos, Thomas Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Post Star Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Saratoga Springs Subject The topic of the resource Transportation Description An account of the resource A week after an advisory committee administered the last rites to the city's paid parking plan, the proposal was declared dead by the city council. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text EnvironmentalJustice SaratogaSprings transportation Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Krystle Nowhitney Hernandez Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Josué C. Soto Title A name given to the resource Paso Estrecho/Narrow Passage Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Josue C Soto_2017_1.jpg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Subject The topic of the resource Saratoga National Historical Park, Stillwater, NY, USA Description An account of the resource Difícil de entender el camino tan estrecho y complicado que de oportunidades que existen para los inmigrantes como este estrecho de agua. It is difficult to understand a path so narrow and complicated which gives opportunities to immigrants such as these narrows. License A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Digital Photograph, JPEG art bilingual Estamos Aqui immigration Latinx Spanish Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Krystle Nowhitney Hernandez Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nicole Tineo Gonzalez Title A name given to the resource Pato Sin Cabeza/Headless Duck Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. Nicole Tineo Gonzalez_2017_2.jpg Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2017 Subject The topic of the resource Saratoga Springs, NY, USA Description An account of the resource Antes de juzgar, observa y conoce detenidamente, ponte en su lugar para poder entender quién es y lo que pasa por su mente. Before judging, observe and recognize carefully, put yourself in a place to be able to understand who someone is and what goes on in their mind. License A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Digital Photograph, JPEG art bilingual Estamos Aqui immigration Latinx Spanish https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/67b144764f24db7586044aa8b45764c1.jpg 5be0716b75515114b57b0de61eb85f2c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pat Loftman, May 23, 2016 (portrait) https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/609bad4d65366e068f899d5ea6f29d29.jpg 0bcfaa024da4b0494445d1bd1dc83f2f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pat Loftman ACNM Fellows Induction, May 23, 2016 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2016 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/70a0804eeab16d011581caf4de53894f.m4a 472c6612c54edacaf47be1d20baf8261 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/08311c540eff8c367af01343d9e61d69.pdf ec5cdbc55f7312dd3d6a66f604143118 PDF Text Text Interview with Patricia Loftman '71 by Skidmore Student [Unknown], COMPASSIONATE HANDS: Skidmore’s Nursing Program, 2019. SKIDMORE STUDENT [00:00]: Could you start by saying your name and your class year? PATRICIA LOFTMAN [00:02]: My name is Patricia Loftman. I graduated in 1971. SS [00:10]: Okay. And, where were you from before you decided to attend Skidmore’s Nursing program. PL [00:15]: Where did I attend high school? SS [00:17]: Where were you born? Where did you grow up? PL [00:19]: Oh, where was I born. Oh, my family immigrated to the US from Jamaica in the Caribbean. When I was about eight years old, actually my, my parents were here in the state, I was raised by my grandparents in Jamaica. SS [00:36]: And where did you move to, when you moved to the states? PL [00:40]: Oh, we moved to Washington, D.C. where my dad was attending dental school at Howard University. SS [00:48]: Okay. did your family, so your dad was a dentist, did other family members have a background in medicine and nursing? PL [00:55]: No, he's actually the only one who has, any, any background in the healthcare field, everybody else is in other industries. SS [01:06]: And so, what was your educational background before you joined the program? Like did you, did you work before? Did you, go to school? PL [01:17]: Eventually we migrated to New York where I went to school, completed middle school and high school in the Bronx. In New York City. SS [01:30]: And did you always know you wanted to be a nurse? What drew you to the program? PL [01:36]: Well, when I entered Skidmore in 1966, my plan was to go into medicine. I entered as a pre-med major, completed my first year. My first year went fairly well, by the end. By the beginning of my sophomore year there was just something about the socialization into medicine that was just not appealing. And I began to look at other avenues and it seemed that nursing, would be more cognizant with who I was as an Individual and in terms of my interactions with human beings. So, I transferred my premed credits into nursing. SS [02:25]: And what about Skidmore, why did you choose here over other programs? �PL [02:30]: Actually, I didn't choose Skidmore. There were, the 60s was a very interesting time politically. It was very, very difficult for African Americans to get a decent quality education, especially in colleges and universities. And at that time, it was in the middle of the height of the civil rights era and there was a move to integrate a lot of the colleges and universities as a way for students of color, specifically African Americans to gain access to higher education. And at the time, a lot of the Ivy League schools were beginning to open up their doors and Skidmore was one of them. And so, my guidance counselor in high school actually chose it for me. My family didn't know anything about it. I didn't know anything about Skidmore, didn't know where Skidmore was, didn't know anything about it, but he thought it would be good for me. So, he chose it and I was accepted and I went. SS [03:28]: Wow, that’s got to be kind of intimidating, to go somewhere that you don’t know about at all and pretty far from home. PL [03:35]: It was. It was very intimidating. SS [03:39]: So, what was it like being in the program? What was it like being part of that new generation of women and people of color who were allowed to be in these programs? What was that like? PL [03:52]: It was, it actually was very, very traumatic and very painful. At the time, in 1966, Skidmore was an all-women's college. It was a small liberal arts college. One of those seven sister schools that you, you may or may not have heard about that existed at that time. It would have included Skidmore, Bryn Mawr, Smith, those kinds of schools. And Skidmore was somewhat smaller. If my memory serves me correct, there were less than 2000 women on campus and of those 2000 only, there were only seven students of color and they were actually all African Americans. My incoming freshman class had the largest number, four of us came in. There was one sophomore, her name was Linda Taliaferro. She has since passed away. There was one junior and one senior. So, it was very, very isolating actually. SS [04:53]: Did you find it was difficult to socialize and be a member - did you not feel much like a member of the community? PL [05:00]: No, we really were not. We were not welcomed. As a matter of fact, the four of us really stuck together for our own emotional health and sanity. At that time, because they were unisex schools, the surrounding male schools such as Williams and Wesleyan, they were all male at the time. So, by noon on Fridays, the campus was deserted because everyone had transportation alternatives that we didn't have. This was our first exposure to money and to wealth and to privilege, and to power. And we were not prepared for that at all. So, by noon on Friday, there was this huge campus and we were the only ones on it because everybody was gone. So, it was not, it was not a good time. It was not a good time for us. �SS [05:57]: I’m so sorry that that was your experience. Yeah, I mean I can't fathom because I have not been in that position, but I believe that that must've been so awful and painful and I'm just thankful that you are willing to talk to me about it. So, thank you so much. So, um, in terms of academics, what was the course load like? What were the classes that you are taking for the nursing program? PL [06:26]: So, the curriculum for the nursing program was your standard curriculum that you would find in any nursing program then and today. I have to say in retrospect, because I've always wondered what my preparation was like academically compared to others. I can say that Skidmore prepared me extremely well. I mean, I still remember my faculty. I remember Doris Diller. I remember Jean, what was Jean's last name? I don't remember her name, but I remember my faculty, they were absolutely wonderful. We had a rigorous course of study and I think that it, I think academically it most definitely prepared me quite well. SS [07:14]: Um, do you have any memories about Agnes Gelinas? PL [07:15]: She, I think she was before me. I know the name, but I never had her. SS [07:20]: Okay. Yeah, I can't remember when she retired. It might've been ’61 or ’62. So that was right before you. PL [07:29]: Yeah, I came with Jean Campbell, Doris Diller. I'm trying to remember some of the other people, but, Jean Campbell and Doris still, I remember vividly. SS [07:39]: Do you have any favorite classes or favorite memories with them? PL [07:45]: I don't know if you know, Doris Diller I remembered I had her for pediatrics and I had her for a peds and something else, I don't remember, but Doris Diller, her background had been in the military and she ran us like we were in the military and she was rigid and she was strict. I mean, she was by the book, but boy do I, do I respect her now and appreciate her, because I, you know, at the time you don't realize what you're being prepared for and it's only after you've had that experience and reflected back that you recognize that you, that she prepared you very, very well. SS [08:34]: That's great. Do you remember, can you tell me a little bit about going to New York City for that portion of the program? PL [08:41]: The program. I loved it. I loved getting back to the city. Oh my God. That was one of the perks and benefits that put me in nursing, I knew that I would get back to the city for two years and it was just wonderful. We lived in a dorm, we lived in two dorms. The first one was on 20th Street, East 20th Street between 2nd and 3rd Avenues. And it was an older building that was, the norm at the time. But it was, it was just really nice being back in New York and just not being isolated and the having the flexibility to just move around. Plus, I was from the city, so I was able to get back and see my friends and my family. It was just really nice being back in New York. And then after about, maybe �about a year, a new dorm was constructed on 38th Street. So, we moved from Fahnestock on 20th Street to 38th Street. The newer building was more aligned with the newer construction that was going on at the time. Fahnestock was one of your older buildings. It was very homely. And so, it had a nice quality to it. The newer dorm was just like a regular building. But it didn't have the architecture that the old dorm had and it just didn't have the home feel that the old dorm had. But you know, it was just a dorm and we made it work. SS [10:15]: Are there any memories you - that come back to you from your time in New York? PL [10:21]: Nothing that really stands out because here again, there was one other student of color, her name was Gloria Hairston, and she too has made her transition and passed on. So, it was just Gloria and myself in the dorm and even in New York, I'm talking about now as a student, we really were not, hang on one second... Even in the dorm we would essentially go to class and then just disappear because even back here in New York, we were not part of the Skidmore nursing program back here in New York. So, it was really nice to be back in New York. All I had to do was go to school, go to class, you know, do my work. But I didn't have to worry about being isolated anymore. SS [11:18]: So, I’m excited to talk to you about your career after you left, Skidmore. What path did you take? PL [11:23]: So, once I graduated, I worked as a nurse in the emergency room and the intensive care unit at one of the public hospitals here in New York called Lincoln Hospital. And I don't know if you've seen the movie, The Godfather? SS [11:40]: I haven't. PL [11:41]: Okay. So, in that movie, The Godfather, there is a scene where, Marlon Brando gets shot and he's taken to a hospital. Well, the hospital that was used in The Godfather movie was where I worked, and I was there when they were shooting that particular scene. And it was so interesting because that was, Lincoln Hospital, it was named after President Abraham Lincoln. It was previously a home for formerly enslaved African Americans. And after slavery was ended, it was converted into a hospital and named Lincoln Hospital. As a matter of fact, I worked at Lincoln before I actually took my nursing boards. In those days, and I think it still exists, after you finish your first formal year of nursing [education], you could take the licensed practical nursing boards and work as a practical nurse. I certainly was not privileged and I didn't have, my family didn't have money, so I actually had to do that. After I completed my first year of nursing, I took my licensed practical nursing exam, passed, and worked as a licensed practical nurse during the summer so that I could get money to go back to school in the fall. And then, once I completed my full nursing studies, then of course I took my registered nursing boards, and passed those. So, I had already begun to work at Lincoln as a practical nurse. So, of course, once I passed my registered nursing boards, I just continued. SS [13:25]: And what path did you take, I know you’re a Nurse Midwife now. So how did you �get there? PL [13:28]: Now that is really interesting how that transition occurred. I worked at Lincoln for many years. Then I became a mom and it was difficult for me to do the night schedule and the weekend schedule, I wanted something that was more Monday through Friday, nine to five. So, I transitioned and worked for a foster care agency as the nurse who coordinated the medical care for children who were in foster care. And I did that for a while. And while I was doing that, I learned about midwifery. I had always, always loved OB. I mean always when I was in nursing school, OB and peds were my two favorites. And those were the ones that I really excelled in. I learned about midwifery and I said, ‘oh, I had not known about midwifery.’ I knew about midway from when I was growing up in Jamaica because in the Caribbean, midwives are utilized a lot. But I didn't know that there were midwives in the U.S. and when I learned that there were midwives in the U.S., I said, ‘that's what I'm going to do.’ So, I applied to Columbia University. They had a program in the graduate school of nursing and I applied and was accepted. I went to midwifery school for two years, from 1980 to 1982. During that time, going to midwifery school was very, very challenging because, back in the 80s, the only way you could do midwifery education was full time. That has subsequently changed. You can do midwifery school now part time. But in those days, back in the 70s and 80s, you had to go full time and it was two full years, four academic quarters, four academic semesters. I always tell people, had I known, had I had a crystal ball and knew how rigorous that program was, I don't know that I would have ever started. But once I was in it, I was in it and I vowed to see it through to completion. And I'm glad I did. But it was probably one of the most grueling courses of studies I have ever undertaken. SS [15:46]: And then so, what was your career like after becoming, getting your licensure for midwifery? PL [15:52]: It was, it was wonderful. It was absolutely wonderful. I went to work at Harlem Hospital, which is also one of the public hospitals here in New York. I have always vowed to work in the public system. That's where most people of color are, most underserved populations are. And historically these populations have believed that because they are poor that they have to accept second class health care, second class medical care. And I went, I, so I've always worked in public systems because I always wanted to dispel this myth that because you receive your healthcare in a public institution, that you're getting second class medical care because that for me was not the case. And so, I went to Harlem. Harlem was my, was my only, employer. I stayed there for 30 years. I went in as a brand-new midwife and left as a retiree and it was just absolutely wonderful. During those 30 years the women taught me how to be a good midwife. I had the opportunity to see health care, to see many things come and go. I was there when HIV started. I was there when HIV became an issue for women. At Harlem Hospital we took care of the first pregnant women with HIV in New York. I was there and eventually ended up developing an expertise in taking care of those women, HIV infected women, and women whose pregnancies were complicated by drug use. I really developed an expertise. In the 80s and 90s, that's pretty much what I did. And then, once crack and HIV somewhat subsided, I branched out into the total range of women's �reproductive health care and that's what I did until I retired. It was really a wonderful, wonderful career. So now I am more involved with the administrative part. I'm on the board of the American College of Nurse Midwives, which is the professional organization for midwives. I'm also now the chair of one of the committees in our organization which is called the Midwives of Color. Our goals and objectives are to promote the recruitment, the retention and the graduation of underrepresented racial and ethnic groups - primarily African American, Latinos, Asians, indigenous Native American students, and Alaskan Native students. So that's what I'm doing now. SS [18:55]: Do you see a big change in the field, since you’ve moved to the more administrative side of things? PL [18:58]: Well, midwifery has changed considerably from when I was educated. First, the amount of information that students learn today is almost quadruple, but I had to learn in 1980. Healthcare has changed, technology has changed. Health care, the amount of information the students now have to learn is completely different. I learned about HIV and chemical dependency and drug use as a professional, whereas students are now learning about it now. The, clinical expertise of midwives has expanded. When I was a student, we were primarily relegated to prenatal care, labor and delivery and we did some reproductive women's health care. Now we are doing just a lot of procedures. Midwifery practice has expanded into midwives doing sonograms, midwives, do a lot of the technical skills that you would see a lot of physicians doing. We do terminations those of us who, acquire the education and the skills. So, midwifery in terms of the practice has just changed dramatically from when I was a student and even a beginning practitioner. SS [20:27]: Um, how do you think your Skidmore education helped you with your career? PL [20:29]: Well, in terms of my preparation, it was certainly very valuable. I mean, I, when I walked into Lincoln Hospital as a nurse, I was prepared. I knew exactly what to do, and actually, I actually excelled. But I also think it was very helpful when I went to Columbia, when I went to graduate school. That was also very helpful. So, I mean, as traumatic as my undergraduate days were at Skidmore in terms of my ability to successfully navigate graduate education, it helped. SS [21:05]: And remember we spoke a little bit about this, but you didn't seem to have too much of an opinion about the closing of the program? PL [21:11]: You know, I don't know anything about the closing of the program. When I finished Skidmore, I just wanted to run away. I didn't want to have anything to do with Skidmore. I just wanted to get out. And when I got out, that's exactly what I did. I didn't look back, period. I didn't go back to Skidmore. I didn't go back to campus for many years. I think I first went back for a reunion maybe about 10 years ago. I had not been back to Saratoga and I hadn't done anything with Skidmore for many years. It was just that traumatic. So, I didn't know when the school closed. I learned about the school closing maybe five or six years after the school closed. I didn't know anything about it. I didn't read about it. I really just wanted to drop off the face of the earth as far as Skidmore was concerned. �SS [22:01]: What was it like being back? PL [22:05]: Well, the biggest thing of course is the campus. I was raised on the old campus, whereas everything is now on the new campus. They were just building the new campus when I left. So, the new campus is completely new for me. My days were spent on the old campus and I have to tell you, I loved the old campus. The old campus was beautiful. I don't know if you've had any contact with the old campus, but we loved the old campus. We loved those buildings. Oh my God, they're just so gracious. For me the new campus is just brick and stone and it's cold. SS [22:42]: Yes, I do have those feelings, especially in the dead of winter. PL [22:49]: Yeah, the old campus was not like that. I mean the old campus was just really, really warm and I missed, I’m not even talking about just the building, just the whole feel of the campus, it's completely different. That campus had a sense of community where that I'd never, I mean by the time I graduated, maybe, I think McClellan was finished, Kimball was finished. I think there were maybe only two buildings and none of us ever wanted to go to the new campus. So, we were glad we didn't have to. SS [23:37]: I guess my last question would be, what does it mean to you to be a nurse? PL [23:40]: Well, I have a background in nursing but I'm not a nurse. I'm a midwife. And those are two completely distinct and separate professions. They do completely different things. And that's something that we find ourselves having to explain all the time. It's hard to explain. Nursing, is a distinct profession. Midwifery is a distinct profession. Midwives are directly responsible for patient care. In other words, we have to assess and make decisions. Not that nurses don't, but it's a different kind of decision. So, while my background is in nursing, my profession is that of a midwife. SS [24:39]: What does that mean to you? What is your purpose as a midwife? PL [24:40]: My purpose is to number one, acquire the information, the knowledge and the skills that I need to render the best medical care that I can for women. And I think that I was very successful in that. One of the hallmarks of midwifery, we talk about this a lot, is that midwives listen to women but we do a lot more than just listen. We literally do a lot, in addition to just what you would expect us to do in terms of having the knowledge, having the information and having the technical skills, we do a lot of teaching and a lot of education. And that is just so important and it's not valued. Teaching, counseling, educating patients... It's not valued in medicine, but that's really what, what individuals need to keep themselves healthy. I think the bulk of Americans, if they understood that their own health is literally in their hands, if they only had the information. And so, I spent a lot of time teaching, you never left my office without a handout about something, never. And we would talk about it on the next visit. You never left me without having something in your hands to read that was pertinent to you. And the women valued that because no one had ever taken the time to talk to them. And that's what they loved, is �talking. Because it says that you were engaged in their healthcare and, one of the problems is that people, both providers and, and women, tend to think of health care in one direction - from the provider to the patient. But it's, it's bidirectional. Patient to provide, provider to patient. But we have socialized Americans to believe that it's unidirectional. Provider to patient. And so, they have, they have accepted that dynamic, that relationship. And so, to have someone like midwives who say, ‘no, no, this is a by directional relationship here. This is a relationship.’ And that's another thing when I provide health care, it's a relationship. It's building a relationship. By the time, for example, by the time I retired, I was attending the birth of children I had brought into this world. I was now attending their children's births. That was amazing for me, to know that I had attended the birth of someone and 18 or 20 years later here I was, that this individual is now a young adult and they have entrusted me with attending the birth of their child. SS [27:47]: That’s incredible. PL [27:48]: It was. The first time it happened, it was an absolutely weird feeling. I remember the grandmother, this woman came. I walked into the room, they didn't know that they had me in common. And so, the grandmother, who was my patient, pointed to me, I mean, she was literally in my face pointing as she was trying to get, the words out. She kept saying, “it's you, it's you, it's you, it's you”. And I didn't know what she was talking about. And then by the time she calmed down, she explained that I had been her midwife and had attended her birth. This was her child whose birth I was now attending. SS: Wow that is so great, thank you for sharing that with me. PL [28:33]: Yeah, no. You know, I look back, even though it's been almost 10 years since I've retired because, I live close by in the neighborhood, I see the women all over the city. There's no place I can go in New York as big as New York is. I cannot tell you how many times I am literally walking the streets and someone says to me, ‘Hi Ms. Loftman, you don't remember me, you were my midwife, you did this, you did that.’ I mean, I'm in Costco, I'm on the bus. It's just amazing. SS [29:09]: Wow. That's great. That actually used to happen to my grandfather a lot. He was a neurosurgeon. PL [29:15]: I didn't hear you. SS [29:16]: I said that used to happen to my grandpa whenever we were out, he was a neurosurgeon and people would always come up and say the same thing to him. PL [29:26]: Yeah. that's when you know you've made a mark. That's when you know, if you close your eyes and make your transition today, you left your mark behind in the world. SS: [29:40]: I think that's all the questions I have for you if you want to go ahead and stop recording. �� Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Patricia Loftman '71 Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 29:46 Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Patricia Loftman, Jesse O'Connell Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Patricia Loftman '71 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. COMPASSIONATE HANDS: Skidmore’s Nursing Program Language A language of the resource English Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Jesse O'Connell Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Audio Interview Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Date Modified Date on which the resource was changed. April 5, 2023 Nursing https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/cbed7dd3a8a0d383c1265337c169e22c.jpg 88e29a870b94609bb8c3f5e161561654 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pay to park sparks outcry in Saratoga Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource ND Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Yusko, Dennis Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Times Union Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Saratoga Springs Subject The topic of the resource Transportation Description An account of the resource Instituting paid parking during a severe recession in this successful but seasonal downtown wil leither remake or destroy it, depending on who you ask. Some fear businesses will be harmed. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text EnvironmentalJustice SaratogaSprings transportation https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/bce5c9303ddcf12bb1b466681925a1c3.jpg 4a764c2a8b653bd94b59fd267bb1b282 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Peg Boyers and Dog Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Emma Dodge Hanson https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/d00f61792e3a7b0e5e7400b457407656.m4a 8315cd4521b13d60393b20c6286072fc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Peg Boyers From Venezuela to Cuba Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 03/25/2016 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/06883a235e04dc1e7ec11275a48c6b6d.m4a 39dbfacf2202682ed408265cbdae173a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Peg Boyers Identity Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 03/25/2016 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/85bc110106171961494309e7c292e05f.m4a 0aff49cfa30df59697cfcea62e616a75 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Peg Boyers Migrant Community/Immigration Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 03/25/2016 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Latinx Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Sarah Coker Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Peg Boyers Location The location of the interview Saratoga Springs, NY Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Sarah Coker Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 04/26/2016 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Peg Boyers Interview Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 03/25/2016 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sarah Coker Language A language of the resource eng Description An account of the resource <div>Peg Boyers is a Skidmore alumni and faculty lecturer in the English Department, as well as executive editor of Salmagundi Magazine. She spoke with Skidmore Student Sarah Coker at her home in Saratoga Springs on March 25<span>^th</span>&nbsp;2016 about Cuban identity, Cubans in the United States, and her travel experiences as a child.</div> <div>&nbsp;</div> Cuba Cuban culture family identity immigration Latin America Latina Latino Latinx migration oral history Skidmore College Skidmore faculty https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/fa66e39cd7c7a2aeca7f3caf726918d0.pdf f4f7bfd9646935bcada18cc143395ee2 PDF Text Text Pensions are Not Enough: The Individual Company and Its Older Workers Author(s): Edwin Shields Hewitt Source: The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Apr., 1951), pp. 127-140 Published by: University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2349911 Accessed: 01-11-2015 14:05 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. 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University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �PENSIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH: THE INDIVIDUAL COMPANY AND ITS OLDER WORKERS EDWIN SHIELDS HEWITT AND ASSOCIATES" SOME employers have provided of society of a policy of retirementat age who a pension plan for their employees consider that they have met the problemof their older workers.Actually, in the light of present knowledge of the individual needs of older workersand of the implications of an aging population fromthe viewpointof both the individual company and the economy as a whole, private pension systems should be considered as merely one approach to the problemof older workersin industry. CHANGING POLICIES ABOUT RETIREMENT I930-50 Ourthinkingabout the problemof the aged has undergoneconsiderablechange within the last two decades. Because of the changing age distribution of the population and the growing percentage of the population over sixty-five, considerable thought has been directed to the problem of the older worker.During the decade of the thirties wide-scaleunemploymentled to agitation for compulsory retirement of workersat age sixtyfive as a device for making room for younger workers. The enactment of a national system of compulsory old age insurance and a supplementaryfederalstate program of old age assistance for the needy aged gave promiseof a partial solution of the problem of financial insecurity for those over sixty-five. The desirability from the viewpoint sixty-five or even earlierand the advantages to the individual worker of a period of well-earned rest and leisure were generallyaccepted. It was assumed that the availability of old age benefits would give each worker an opportunity to choose between continuingto work or retiring from the labor force. It was expected that, given such a choice, most workerswould prefer to retire.2Such an expectation was, of course, based upon the assumption that old age benefits would be sufficient for the support of aged workers. The war years, with changedeconomic conditions, brought modificationsin attitudes and practiceswith respect to the employment of older workers and the policy of compulsory retirement. Manpowershortagesopenedthe door to older workers. Industry, which had for some time discriminated against olderworkers, now hired older persons and urged retired workersto return to the job. Many older persons who had stopped work gladly applied for new jobs or returned to their old jobs. During the war years, because of the restrictionson wage increases,becauseof tax incentives, and because profitable business made it easier for those selling pension plans to convince employers of their desirability, many employers established pension plans. In the postwar period many of the by This reportwas prepared the staff of Edwin older persons who were employed were Shields Hewitt and Associates of Chicago, indeI 2 William H. Stead, "Trendsof Employment pendentanalystsand actuaries,underthe direction in recently Relation to the Problemsof the Aging," Journal of Sydney B. Scoville, directorof research, Universityof Chicago. assistantprofessor, of Gerontology,IV (October, I949), 294. I27 This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �I28 THE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS reluctant to retire, and the high level of economic activity made it possible for many of them to remain productively active. Even with an economy operating at peak levels, however, many older workers wereunableto find employment. This situation, along with the rise in prices and the consequent minimization of the real benefits provided by the old age insuranceprogram,led to increased pressurefor enacting amendmentswhich would provide more substantial old age insurancebenefits and, in the absence of such amendments,to increasedpressure for private pension plans to supplement social insurance. The acceptance by certajn strong labor unions of pension benefitsas a presumablynoninflationary economic gain and the decision of the National Labor Relations Board requiring employers to bargain collectively on pensions and benefit plans accelerated the trend toward the establishment of retirementplans. In the meantime the medical profession had turnedits attention to the growing problem of chronicillness and physical and mental impairment among the aged. Psychiatrists, interested in the mental health of the aged, saw clearly the severe emotional stress induced by premature retirement and the possible disastrouseffects upon the individual of compulsoryretirement. Social workers, in daily contact- with aged persons in financial need or with emotional difficulties, were concerned about the need for individualizedtreatment of the aged. Psychologistsstressed the need for using the conceptsof physiologicaland psychologicalage ratherthan chronological age, as a basis for hiring, retaining, and retiringworkers. Threemajorquestionswere repeatedly raised: (i) the effects of compulsoryretirement upon aged persons who were psychologically unprepared for retirement; (2) the growing economic burden of the support of the aged whether throughsocial insurance,private pension plans, or other means; (3) the effect upon society and the economy of the lost productivity of many workers forced or encouraged to retire at sixty-five or before. A growing body of knowledge based upon medical research concerning the physicaland mental problemsof the aged has changed long-standing concepts about the desirability of retirement for all those who reach a designatedchronological age. Growing concern about the economic as well as the personal effects of compulsoryretirementhas led to considerableexaminationof the problemand to attempts to enact legislation to prevent discriminationagainst the aged in employment. One of the most active groups interested in the problem, the New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Problemsof the Aging, in its I949 report noted five basic shortcomingsin current employment practices concerning the aged:3 Wide-scale prejudice againsthiring workers overforty-five of 2. Compulsory retirement workersat sixtyfive withoutregardto their ability to work, need to work,or desireto work facilities in govern3. Lack of job-counseling mentorindustry 4. Inadequacyof existing industrialpension plans which sometimesthwart the employmentof the elderly,fail to providesufficient sumsto coverthe cost of living, and provide little protection the oldperson for whowishes to changeemployment beforeretirement age workin 5. Lackof job analysisor classification into industryto fit elderlyworkers jobs they can do profitably i. 3New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Problemsof the Aging, NeverToo Old (Legislative Doc. No. 32 [I949]), p. I3. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �PENSIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH Some of the reasons given by employers for their failure to hire older workersdo not stand up under examination, as they have no basis in fact or are basedupon exaggeratedor unusualsituations. Some of the reasons for failure to hire older workersfollow. ratesgo up i. Workmen's compensation are whenelderlyworkers employed.-This belief has no basis in fact, since age does not enter into the determination of workmen's compensation rates. In the main, rates are determined by the relative hazardsof the industry and the accident experience of the individual company. The formula for determining the premiumrate does not considerthe type of personnelinvolved, nor does the insurance contract say anything about the age of the workersemployed. 2. Older workersare subject to higher otherworkers. accidentratesand endanger -As a matter of fact, accidentfrequency rates tend to declinewith advancingage. Although older workers are involved in fewer accidents, the duration of the period of disability tends to increase with age. Thus the accidents sufferedby older workers,while less frequent,are likely to be more severe, and the healing process is slower. According to Dr. Nathan W. Shock: "The diminished accident rate for older workersmore than counterbalances this longer healing period so that, in general, it may be concluded that older men have proved less expensive from the standpointof accidentcost than younger men."4One survey in this area, made by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics during the war, showed that disabling injuries (those involving a permanent impairment or disability for work for at least one -full shift) occurred 4 Nathan W. Shock, "Older People and Their Potentialities for Gainful Employment," Journal II of Gerontology, (April, I947), 99-IOO. I29 slightly less frequently among workers over fifty than among those under fifty, while handicappinginjuries (those which usually requireonly first aid) were much less common at age fifty and over than in the younger age groups. Once injured, however, older workers generally took longer to heal.5 3. Elderly workers cannot produce so much as younger workers and are not so profitable.-Nathan W. Shock, in discussing the alleged reducedproductivity of older workers,states: Since there are few occupations in which a substantial number of workers are employed on work of equal difficulty, the speed of which is governed by the worker himself and for which individual production records are available, it is almost impossible to determine the role of age in industrial output. However, on the basis of our physiologic knowledge, it seems probable that work output may diminish in older workers. Hence it is important than an educational program be instituted which will make it possible to place the older worker in positions where speed is of lesser importance.6 Ewan Clague, the United States commissioner of labor statistics, lists reducedmuscularstrength, slowerreflexes, decreasedkeenness of sight and hearing, and various chronic disabilities as the most obvioussourceof difficultyfaced by older workers because of physiological aging. He adds, however, that the extent of physical impairmentis exaggerated in popular thinking: Many of the physical changes associated with age not only tend to occur more slowly than we once supposed, but also interfere less than 5 Max D. Kossoris, "Absenteeism and Injury Experience of Older Workers," Monthly Labor Review, LXVII (July, 1948), I7-I8; gee also Ewan Clague, "Some Industrial Aspects of Aging" (address before the tenth annual Congress on Industrial Health, sponsored by the Council on Industrial Health of the American Medical Association, New York, February 2I, I950), p. 8. 6 Shock, op. cit., pp. 99-I00. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �I30 THE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS we would expect with performance on the job. There is evidence, for example, that experience on a given job often tends to maintain the particular kind of vision that the job demands after other visual functions become impaired. Moreover, . . . many an oldster has keener hearing and better vision than an average man twenty or more years his junior.7 Claguebelievesthat the often mentioned psychologicalaccompanimentsof aging, such as reduction in learningspeed, lessened adaptability to new ways of doing things, and the tendency to become unco-operative in ordinary working relationships, are also often overestimated.8 there is a generalfailureto Furthermore, that many older workersexunderstand cel in jobs requiringlong training, experience, knowledge, and skill and have positive qualities of dependability,judgment, and loyalty. Accordingto Thomas C. Desmond, the chairman of the New York committee, the older worker has four basic advantages over the younger which employee.He has moreexperience, motions; he is less ineliminateswasted clined toward outside distractions;he is more conscientious because of his long service and mature attitudes; he appreciates his workmore and tries harderbecause he has more at stake than the neweryounger employee.9In many jobs at the professionaland manageriallevel, maturity is an asset. This is also true in many of the skilled crafts and in certain types of service jobs where reliability is especially important.'0Thus in factory production,where speed is often an importantfactor, the older workermay not be able to hold his own on an assembly I Clague, op. cit., p. 7. 8Ibid. 9 Thomas C. Desmond, "Industry Needs the Older Workers," in New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Problems of the Aging, op. cit., p. 96. IO Clague, op. cit., p. 8. line. On the other hand, among professional people, the older worker may be very successfulbecause of his experience and maturity. Ewan Clague points out that it is between these two extremes, in the vast numbers of intermediate situations, that prejudiceand misinformation appear as serious complications in the older worker's employment problems." 4. It is unprofitableto invest in the training of older workersbecauseof the short work-life-expectancy.With increasing life-expectancy, many persons over fifty-five or sixty have a considerable number of years ahead of them in which they will be well able to continue as productiveworkers.The man of sixtyfive has an expectancy of over a decade more of life before him. 5. Thereis an increasedlaborturnover among older workers.-Actually, the reverse of this is true. The increasein stability of older workersis of considerable importance to industry, since the training of new employees is often very expensive. 6. Thereis increased absenteeism among older workers.-In the population as a whole, there is more illness among older persons than among younger. On the other hand, in a survey made during the war by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of absenteeismrates by age groupsin manufacturingindustries,there was very little variation in the absenteeism rates because of illness. However, older workers tend to be absent from work for a longer period of time because of illness than do younger workers. There is less absenteeism attributable to causes other than illness among older workers.The survey showedthat the absenteeismrates for all reasons (illness and others) were lowest in the fifty-five to fifty-nine age group II Ibid. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �PENSIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH and that, while workers over sixty-five had a slightly higher rate than those of fifty-fiveto fifty-nine, they lost much less working time than did workers in their teens and twenties and somewhat less than those in their thirties and forties.12 7. The public prefers youngerworkers in jobs requiringpublic contacts,such as waitresses, clerks, office workers, salesmen.-This is a commonbelief, but there is no conclusiveevidence to prove or disprove it. 8. Pension systems make it difficultto hire older workers.-It is alleged that undermany of the pension plans paying flat monthly sums at retirement, employers who hire older workers face a heavier future pension liability. It is also argued that companies hesitate to hire workers for short spans of time, for example, from fifty-five to sixty-five, since this would be insufficient time to accumulate money in the pensionfund to pay suchworkersreasonableretirementbenefits. As a matter of fact, most pensionplans do not operate against the hiringof older workers. First, many pension plans do not pay flat monthly benefits, but vary the benefits with years of service. Thus older workers hired for short spans of time would rece'ivesmall benefits. Second, some pension plans exclude shortservice workers, that is, they require a mininum numberof years of service for eligibility for benefits. Third, some plans contain a maximumage provisionso that workershired when older than the maximum age are ineligible for inclusion in the plan. Fourth, in some plans with no specific exclusion of older or of shortservice workers, the company will have no pension liability for such workers, since the benefit formula provides for a t2 op. Kossoris, Cit., p. I7; see also Clague, op. cit. I31 companypension less social security and the company pension for short-service workersis so small that it is completely or largely offset by the social security benefit. Thus there are several ways to adjust a pensionplan formulaso that the hiring of older workersdoes not place an undue burden upon employers. ADEQUATE RETIREMENT BENEFITS What does all this mean as far as the individual company and its interest in its older workers is concerned? In the, first place, if older workers are to be treated as individuals, they should be allowed to exercise some choice between retiring and remainingproductive members of society. Furthermore,if management is to manage, it must have the right to determine what constitutes an effective working force. Both selections, to be free choices, depend upon the existence of adequateretirementbenefitsso that retirement does not constitute a drastic cut in standards of living. It is contemplatedthat old age benefitsunder the Social Security Act will provide a minimum of subsistence for all retired workers. To the extent that social security benefits do not provide adequate income, adequacy will be achieved only if supplementary benefits are provided throughprivate plans. FLEXIBLE RETIREM1ENT AGE In the second place, the pension plan adopted should preferably not require retirementfor all workersat a fixed, arbitrary age, such as sixty-five, since there in differences the rate are wide indivridual and degreeof aging. Selectionof the time for retirement should be determined as nearlyas possibleby inability to continue as a productive worker. This is impossible to establish in advance for indi- This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �I32 THE JOURNALOF BUSINESS viduals, but the span of time during which such a condition is most likely to occurfor a groupis predictable. One of several alternatives for introducingflexibilityin retirementplans may be chosen. For example, a pension plan may provide for a normalretirementage with optional earlierretirementpossible. The normalretirementage may be set at sixty-five, sixty-eight, or seventy. Factors influencingthe choice of an age later than sixty-five are the larger benefits whichmay be providedat later ages; the fact that a later normalretirementage is more acceptable, since, with increased longevity,workersare reluctantto retire; and the fact that a retirementage can be lowered more easily than it can be raised. A provision permitting optional earlierretirement at any time after age sixty furnishes some latitude for recognizing individual differences.Benefits at an earlier age can be provided without increasingthe liability of the plan, but in such cases benefitsmay be reducedto 50 per cent or less of what would have been paid at normal retirement. A second possibility is to permit employees to retire over a span of years (such as from sixty to seventy) with benefitsbased on years of service at the time of retirement. Such a span recognizes individual differencesand is more practicaland useful than is a fixed retirement age. An employee continuingat his regularjob beyond the youngest age at which he is eligible to retire would increasethe ultimate pension benefitshe is to receive.The plan may provide that no largerbenefitsare earnedbeyond a limiting age, such as seventy, and that an employeemay continue his employment beyondthat age only with the employer's consent.Such a provisionassists the company in maintaininga certain amount of control over the maximum retirement age. Since the span of years selected will in part determinethe ages at which most retirementsoccur, the employer'sability to meet the liability produced as well as individualdifferences must be considered in establishingsuch an age range. A third possibility is to provide for a span of years over which employees can retire but provide for full benefits in event of retirement in the early part of the span, such as ages sixty to sixty-five, only with the company's consent and permit no increased benefits for years workedbeyond sixty-five. In the absence of a compulsory retirement provision and in considerationof the currenttrend to keep workersproductive,many workers actually retire later than age sixtyfive. Therefore, the funds released because of retirement after sixty-five can in many cases be used to provide the increased cost of the earlier retirements. Even though the total of all provisions for a worker's retirement, including his own accumulationsfor pension benefits and his benefitsfrom social security,may be adequate to make a workerself-sufficient during his period of retirement, it is important in the effective operation of a flexible retirement system that the level of pensions remain such that continuation on the pay roll continues to be more attractive than retirement at a reduced level of company and social security benefit. From the standpoint of the funding of a pension system, it is, of course, uneconomical to fund for an earlier retirement age than will be called for by actual retirements. While it is possible to establish in advance an expected rate of retirement under such a system providing for a variableretirementage, funding in future years will be governed by revision of this rate according to the experience of the system. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �PENSIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH SELECTIVE PLACEMENT OF OLDER WORKERS A company which realizesthat a fixed retirement age does not conform to the realities of individual differencesamong its older workers will provide for some flexibility in its retirementpolicy and in the retirementage of its pensionplan. In addition, such a company will be interested in other aspects of dealing with its olderworkers,such as the selectiveplacement of older workers, the selection of workersfor retirement,and the preparation of workersfor retirement. In a survey conducted by the National Chamber of Commerce and the National Association of Manufacturers among large and small companies of many types, it was found that a considerableproportionof the companieshired and retainedolderworkersand that most of these companiesreportedfavorablyon the job performance of older workers. However, proper selection of older workersand carefuljob-placementmethods were emphasizedas highly important if companies are to enjoy the greatest success with the employment of older workers.13 I33 who are not so productive as formerly can continue at the same job only at reduced pay. For some of this group, adjustments may be made, such as a less rigid schedule of attendance or hours or a change in responsibility or type of work. A third group of workerscan better be transferred to a new job more suitable to their capacities, for which they may need some training.Such a job may be at the same or at reduced pay. Dr. Nathan Shock comments that the success in developingpersonnelselection at the intake side of industryleads one to regard with optimism the prospect of developing similar techniques for selection in retirement.'5 The proper placement of the older workerrequiresan evaluationof his experience, skills, and physical capacities in relation to the demands of the job. The first step in the adequate utilization of the potentialities of older workers for gainful employment should be careful and complete job analysis. Jobs should be analyzed as to the skills required to performthem and with respect to factors such as speed, energy requirements,fatigue effects, judgment, and experience.'6 Aging produces certain changes, such as sensory impairment and reduced speed of reaction.Thus olderworkersshouldbe placed in jobs in which these factors are of minimal importance. According to WilliamH. Stead, industry shoulde-valuate its jobs in an effort to fit its aging workersinto positions that would be advantageous both to industry and to the Dr. Edward Stieglitz states that basing retirement upon chronologic age alone results in a double source of waste by discarding workers who are physiologically younger than their years and by making obligatory the retention of many workers who have become senile prematurely.'4Some workers at sixtyfive can continue at their regularjob at the same pay and be as productiveor in- workers.'7 creasingly productive. Other workers I5 Dr. Nathan U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Department of Manufacture, Employment of Physically Handicapped and Older Workers (Washington, I949), pp. 5, 20. '4 Edward J. Stieglitz, The Second Forty Years (New York: J. B. Lippincott Co., I946), p. 287. '3 W. Shock, "Physiological Capacities of Elderly Workers," in New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Problems of the Aging, Op. cit., p. I33. I6 Shock, "Older People and Their Potentialities for Gainful Employment," p. ioo. I7 Op. Cit., p. 296. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �I34 THE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS When a man reaches a certain period where Clifford Kuh suggests that there be analysisby the job analyst of the physi- he is not able to produce what he formerly procal and environmentaldemands of par- duced or what the employer wishes him to produce, we allow him to stay in that plant at a ticularjobs.,8 For example, jobs may be lower salary, where he may keep at work doing classified as involving mechanical fac- things which the employer would ordinarily tors, such as lifting, carrying, handling, allot to, say, a semi-skilled worker. We have pushing, climbing, seeing, hearing, etc., a semi-skilled branch in our union for those and environmentalfactors, such as in- who have neither the experience nor the qualifications of a journeyman and their rate of pay side, outside, high temperature, low is about half the rate of pay of a qualified temperature, vibration, noise, working journeyman printer. If the man wishes to realone, working with others, day shift, tain a job and can't quite do the work he used to, we allow him to stay there at that seminight shift, etc. the skills and capacities of skilled rate.20 Next, workers necessary to perform the parWhile seniority is the governing conticularjobs shouldbe determined.Some- sideration in choosing employees to be times a simple matter of re-engineering laid off in most collective bargaining is possible to suit the job to an aged per- agreements,many of these contractsproson. For example, Kuh suggests that, if vide for exemptions from layoff on the a machine operation requires too much basis of seniority. One of the likely expulling, the plant engineercan rearrange emptions is that of efficiencyconsideraor alter the length of the levers to reduce tions. In some contractsseniorityis given the effort required, or if a job requires equal consideration with other factors, too much stooping, the work area may such as ability or skill, experience or be moved nearer to the level of the physical fitness. In a third group of worker'sshoulder.19 job re-engineering agreements, contract provisions state If is impossible,the older workershould be that seniority provisions shall be contransferredto work he can do, with the sidered where other factors are equal. necessary training for the new job pro- Such other factors include differencesin vided. ability and physical fitness.2' The objections of some unions to the Shock suggests that individualtests to of downgrading workersmay present an assess the physiological age of various obstacle to such a practice. Many collec- organ systems must be devised, as well tive bargaining agreements, however, as individual tests for performance affordspecial transferrights for aged or capacity: handicappedpersons. For example, the Because of wide individual differencesin agreement may state that "employees physiologicaging among personsof the same who have given long and faithful service chronologicage, it is essential that tests of and can no longerhandle their duties are physiologicage be developedfor variousorgan to be given preference or consideration systems. It will also be necessary to devise for such lighter work as is available." Charles W. Views Its CharlesW. Campbell,of the New York Elderly Workers,"Campbell, "LaborJoint Legisin New York State TypographicalUnion No. 6, states: lative Committee Problemsof the Aging,op. cit., on 20 p. ioo. 18 CliffordKuh, "Selective Placement of Older Workers," Journal of Gerontology,I Uuly, 3I4. '9Ibid., p. 3I6. I946), 2! Bureauof NationalAffairs,"Seniority, Layoff, Promotion, and Transfer," Collective Bargaining Negotiationsand Contracts,No. I24 (March io, I950), pp. 43-52. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �PENSIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH more adequate methods of health examinations which will permit the early recognition of chronic disease. Methods of assessing performance capacities in individuals need to be developed as well. It is in this area that research is most urgently needed.22 As changes in the worker's abilities and interests make it necessary, the hours, arduousness,and difficultyof the job can be reduced. As Lawton points out, workersshould be placed on a modified schedule when the necessity is proved by tests and by objective standards of working ability, not by a particular birthday or at the employer's whim.23 In order to determine which workers should be retained at the same job and same pay, which need job modification, and which should retire under a flexible retirementplan, severalpossibilitiesmay be considered. In some companies the personnel bureau is used not only to hire and fire workers but to shift them from one type of activity to another. One suggestionmeriting considerationis the establishment within a company of an impartial panel to evaluate older workersperiodicallyfrom the standpoint of health, productivity, emotional attitudes, and personal factors. In accordance with the findings of such a panel, the olderworkercould remainin his present job, be placed in a less arduoustask, be placed on partial pension with shorter hours and a correspondingdecrease in This would constipay, or be retired.24 a more logical approach to retiretute ment than the class approachof throwing into a mass all those sixty-five years I35 of age or over; it would be a case-by-case approach, examining the actual rather than the presumed capacity of men to performtheir jobs adequately.25 ProfessorErnest W. Burgess speaks of an indexof aging, an instrumentdesigned to ascertain the actual process of aging in its physiological, psychological, and social aspects. Physiological aging, he says, would be concerned with organic conditions, such as heart trouble; psychological aging with decline in mental ability; and sociologicalaging with contraction of social activities and interests: The value of this index of aging is obvious. When it has been designed and standardized, retirement could be based on the scientific determination of the physiological, psychological, and social efficiency of the person rather than on the number of years he has lived. Part time work might be assigned also with consideration of functional rather than of chronological age.26 To some employers automatic retirement at a fixed age appears to be easier and kinder than singlingout individuals. William G. Caples questions the advisability of selective retirement on the of recommendation a panel because "one man is judging another man's fitness to work and that can be cruel, if human errorenters in.'27 He argues, in support of a fixedretirementage, that it gives advance notice of the time of retirement and allows a workerto plan accordingly; it prevents favoritism; it avoids grievances; it is an incentive to youngermen; 25Clark Kerr, "Social and Economic ImplicaRetions of Private Pension Plans," Management view, May, I950, p. 297. 26 ErnestW. Burgess,"The Growing Nathan W. Shock, "OlderPeople and Their Problemof p. the Potentialitiesfor GainfulEmployment," I00. Aging," in Clark Tibbits (ed.), Living through 23 George (NewYork: Later Years (Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Lawton,AgingSuccessfully 22 Columbia University Press, I946), p. 73. Press, I949), pp. 24HowardRush, "When Are We Too Old To Work?"TownMeeting(TownHall, June I3, I950), P. 5. WilliamG. Caples,"WhenAreWe Too OldTo TownMeeting(Town Hall, June I3, I950), Work?" 22-23. 27 p. I3. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �136 THE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS it results in general imnprovement the of average productivity of the working force;it avoids the worker'sbeing termed unfit and the consequentloss of prestige with family, fellow-workers, and friends. It may also be arguedthat individualdeterminationsand adjustments are troublesome and may be costly; that possibilities for transfer of workers to other jobs arelimited;28 that compulsoryretirement automaticallyopens up new opportunities for younger persons; that it decreases pay-roll costs and eliminates the worker who is not producing efficiently in an equitable and standard manner.29 Moreover, employers may fear that, under a policy of individual consideration they might be accused by unions and individual employees of favoritism and discrimination.30 It should be noted that compulsory retirement does not always decrease costs; it may add to them by eliminating efficientproducers and substituting untrainedworkersfor trained. Compulsory retirementmay also create considerable ill-will among retiredworkers,especially those who are retiredwhen they are well able to produce as efficientlyas before.3' GeorgeLawton points out that industry spends large sums on technological research and should devote an equal amount to the study of changeswith age in patterns of vocational interest and abilities, problemsof human relations in industrial situations, types of occupa- tions most suitable for older people, and methods of rehabilitation.32 There is great need for researchand experimentation on a company-by-company basis to develop methods for the selection of employees for job transfer and retirement. Objective, measurable factors which could be used to determine which workers should retire, which should be transferred,and which should remainin their formerjobs wouldgreatly simplify the problem. A critical clinical medical examination, including blood pressure, blood counts, chest X-rays, urineanalysis,visual and otologicaltests, would help to measure the individual's physiological age. This could be combined with a measure of factors such as attendance, promptness, accidents, errors, spoilage, reworks,complaints, output, and individual morale, weighted in terms of their relationshipto costs. PREPARATION FOR RETIREMENT Even though retirement is discretionary rather than arbitraryat any definite chronologicalage, for those workerswho retire some preparationis desirable.Dr. Anthony Lanza points out that it is inconsistent to follow an elaborate ritual for conditioning a man for his employment and to give no thought to preparThere is a ing him for his retirement.33 growingbody of opinion that no healthy man should retireuntil he is fit both economically and emotionally to retire. 28 Charles A. Pearce, "Present Employment Emotional acceptanceof retirementmay Statusof OlderWorkers," New YorkState Joint require considerablepreparation.A proin LegislativeCommitteeon Problemsof the Aging, gram for retirementorientation, counselop. cit., p. 4I. ing, and preparation tailored to the 29 New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Problems of the Aging, op. cit., p. i6. 32Lawton, op. cit., p. 98. 33 Anthony J. Lanza, "The Industrial Physician's Role in Geriatrics," in New York State Joint 3INew York State Joint Legislative Committee Legislative Committee on Problems of the Aging, on Problems of the Aging, op. cit., p. I6. op. cit., p. I42. 30 Pearce,Op.Cit., p. 4I. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �PENSIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH needs of the individual should be set up in all companies. In some companies organized lecture courses and study groups have been instituted for discussingadjustmentsin old age. Such educational meetings, combined with an informalsocial hour, may lead workers to think as a group about the period of retirement and thus increase their emotional acceptance of it. In other companiesemployees are interviewed some years before the normal retirement date to indicate the date of retirement, the probable amount of the pension, the pension options available, and to discuss possible future plans. Service may be offered in helping the employee find part-time employment if such employmentis essential. The counseling of workers about available positions outside the plant may be of great service to them. Furthermore, many workers, for whom retirement means retrenchment in living expenses, are in need of help with budgetary,investment, and other financial and economic problems. The success of the preparation of the worker for retirement through periodic interviews will depend to a large extent upon the skill of the interviewer in stimulating the workerto think about the problems of retirement. Besides these planned interviews, which are usually the responsibility of the Industrial Relations Department, other opportunitiesmay be offeredfor a discussion of retirement problems. For example, the visits made to the medical department provide opportunities for counseling by the doctors about retirement problems. In any pre-retirenient counseling, emphasis is usually placed upon stimulating the workerto think of retirementas a change in activity rather than as the end of activity. I37 Hobby showsput on by companiesfor all their workershave sometimes been a stimulusto olderworkersto develophobbies which will be of great interest to them in their retired years. Articles on retirement in the house organ, a dinner for the employee at the time of retirement, service clubs for employees with long service records, a diminishingwork load with increasingtime off as the retirement age approaches, and vocational training for a differentkind of work are all used by companiesin their programs designed to prepare workers for retirement. An increasing number of books dealing with the subject of retirement has been publishedwithin the last few years. Most of these offer suggestionsas to the proper use of time during retirement, with emphasisupon planningretirement, including the enjoyment of leisure, hobbies, travel, and new vocational and avocational interests. Many retired workerswill be happiest if they can perform some kind of useful and remunerative activity. For example,an interesting suggestion for the use of the services of retiredofficialsof bankingand industrial concerns is as counselors to small businesses with young and inexperienced owners. Retired officialscould be on call several times a month on a fee basis. Such counselorsmight be very useful to small businessesin procuringbank loans as well as consulting on financial and This wouldpremanagementproblems.34 vent the economic waste of retiring a trained and competent business executive at sixty-five to completeleisure and would provide great satisfaction to the retired official himself. Some sort of 34 Suggestionmade by Philip S. Shoemaker, of Cleveland, cited in Burroughs, Clearing House, July, I950, pp. 6-7. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �I38 THE JOURNALOF BUSINESS communityclearinghouse to bringabout substantialreductionor at no cost. Some contacts between the small business and companieshave an annual free picnic or the retiredofficialwould be necessary. dinner for annuitants. Some maintain a service annuitants clubroomin the plant FOLLOW-UP AFTER RETIREMENT for the use of retiredemployees.The proA company which has carefully se- vision of medical service through the lected its workersfor retirement,tried to company medical department and comprepare them for retirement, and pro- pany visiting nurseis still anotherservice vided a pension benefit during retire- sometimesprovrided retiredworkers.35 for ment can perform a still further funcSUMMARY tion. Contact should be maintainedwith In conclusion, an employer who has retiredworkers,who may be encouraged to comein to discuss their problemswith provideda pensionfor his employeesmay counselors,and a representative of the believe that he has adequately disposed industrial relations department may of the problem of the older worker. Acmakeperiodicvisits. In case of economic tually, he has taken only one step in the hardship,aid may be offered to retired solution of this problem. Employers workersin helpingthem locate part-time should make the age of retirement flexjobs or in granting them financialassist- ible and eliminate the barriers within ance. Any company employee notices pensionplans which may operateagainst and company publications may be sent hiring and retaining older workers.Jobs to retiredworkers.Articles on the activi- should be analyzed on an industry basis ties of pensionersmay be includedin the to determine the skills, physical ability, house organ. Letters from company ex- training, and related factors required. ecutives at periodic intervals, informing Objective tests should be devised to dethem of developmentsof interest in the termine the individual worker'sphysioplant, may be sent with the pension logical and psychologicalage, as well as check. Also Christmasletters and letters his productivity. Plans should be estabof congratulationsor sympathy help to lished for transferof olderworkersto less keep alive the association between the demanding jobs, to allow for part-time retiredworkerand the company.Retired employment, and to retrain workersfor workersmay be invited to company get- jobs better suited to their capacities. A togethers which would be of interest to programof pre-retirementcounselingto them, both social affairs and special help workers prepare for retirement meetings of employees for policy an- should be established. There should be follow-up of those workers who have nouncements. Accordingto the interesting survey of retired. Much of this can be effectively companypre-retirement practicesand of accomplishedby industry on a plant-bypracticesin relation to retiredemployees plant basis. The co-operationof governprepared by Socony-VacuumOil Com- ment, of unions, and of the public is pany, some companies have granted needed, however, if the problems of the honorarylife-membershipsin employee older workerare to be solved. 35Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Employee or company clubs and have continued Service Section, Industrial Relations Department, memberships in company musical or Survey of Pre-retirement Practices (New York, dramaticgroups or other activities at a October,I949), p. 8. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �PENSIONS ARE NOT ENOUGH Within the area of government activity, for example, the development of special facilities within the public employment service to care for the vocational needs of older workers would be very helpful. Arnold S. Askin, in discussing the work of the Federation Employment Service, a free nonsectarian guidance and placement agency devoting its primaryattention to personswho are hard to place, suggests that special facilities within the public employment agency might take the form of a special office for older workers or special staff consultants within each public employment office.36 The Sub-committee on Low Income Families of the Joint Committee on the Economic Report recently recommended: The Joint Committee on the Economic Report request the appropriateGovernment agenciesto study the incidenceand extent of existing restrictions employment of older and workersin Government industry,and report to the Committeeon their findingswith may be regardto ways in whichthese barriers to removedand older workersencouraged remainin productiveemployment.37 I39 partment of Laborin this field,.In an address deliveredon December 3, I949, he commentedas follows: The problem calls for a fundamental reexamination of industry practices regarding the hiring and utilization of older workers. Labor unions and the older workers themselves must be willing to cooperate, as many of them have, in the adoption of a more flexible approach towards the shifting of older employees to jobs for which they are more suited. And we, in the Department of Labor, can cooperate too by making available the facts on how these older workers are actually utilized, their productivity, and the types of work they can best perform. We have had a long-standing interest in the employment problem of older workers, and are committed to assembling as much pertinent data as we can, within the limits of our resources.38 On another occasion he said: We, of the Department of Labor, are especially conscious of the need for much more research into the many facets of these problems. There is a great dearth of current and comprehensive data on a number of key points. We need to know more about the actual practices of employers in hiring and separating older workers, and in reassigning superannuated employees. We require more information on the actual work performance of older people. How does the quantity and quality of their work compare with that of younger people? This kind of information for various industries and occupations could indicate the kinds of work for which older persons are best adapted, and least adapted.39 One of the "appropriategovernment agencies" is the Department of Labor, which has recognized its responsibility for research in this area. Ewan Clague, commissionerof labor statistics, in nuIn the area of union activity, there are merous addresses and articles on probaged worker, has spoken of many labor-management agreements lems of the the need for further researchby the De- which protect the aging worker on the job. Seniority rules offer protection to 36 Arnold S. Askin, "Can We Expand Employworkersin some industries.In the buildment of the Elderly? If So, How?" in New York State Joint Legislative Committee on Problems of ing trades the union contract may rethe Aging, op. cit., p. II 4. 37U.S. Congress, Senate, Joint Committee on the Economic Report, Sub-committee on Low Income Families, Low Income Families and EconomicStability (Senate Doc. No. I46 [8ist Cong., 2d sess.1) (Washington: Government Printing Office, I950), p. I3. 38 Ewan Clague, "The Background of the Pension Problem" (address before the Machinery and Allied Products Institute, Washington, December 3, p. 7. I949), 39 Clague, "Some Industrial Aspects of Aging," p. I0. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions �I40 THE JOURNAL OF BUSINESS quire the employment of an older man foreachfive, seven, or ten journeymenon the job. However, as Clague points out, the senioritysystem, which increasesjob securitywhen a workeris employed,may work to his disadvantage when he is unemployedand looking for a job. The desireof employersto care for their own aging workers may freeze out the older personwho no longer has an employer.40 The co-operationof older workers, of private and public agencies, and of specialists in the field is needed to institute 40Ibid., p. 9. the necessary research in this area and to develop a comprehensiveprogram to meet the needs of older workers. Public education as to the strengths and potentialities of older workersis essential. Certainly, the problem is nation-wide in scope, and its solution goes beyond the efforts of any individual company or union and requires the co-ordinated efforts of all groups in the community. It may well be, however,that the individual company has the basic role to play in contributingto the solution of this pressing and highly significantproblem. This content downloaded from 141.222.2.81 on Sun, 01 Nov 2015 14:05:44 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Adult and Senior Center of Saratoga Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Edwin Shields Hewitt, "Pensions are Not Enough: The Individual Company and Its Older Workers," The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago, Vol. 24, No. 2 (Apr., 1951), pp. 127-140. University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2349911 Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data journal article Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pensions are not enough Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1952 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/07466f49e8c0ef0582b10c124b0871c6.jpg fbb5847b73da2d7ea1bf5eb80e9fbc3c Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Photo of Downtown Stillwater Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1910 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Brookside Collectio Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Brookside buggy everyday life Photography stillwater store tourism town trolly https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/23ff197116864e9b36e5620b9b0b4787.jpg 4122cca0567db09e7abc93b3f767d545 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga County Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Mattie Saulnier Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 5/5/21 URL https://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2017/03/the-origin-of-interstate-87-the-adirondack-northway.html Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Photo of the Northway Description An account of the resource Picture taken of the Northway. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Anthony Hall highways the Northway transportation https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/5278b5c2df5a2aae3e15881b5013b7ba.jpg 8853b7cbe30f6b151328d60fa959b3d4 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Photo of the Saratoga Native American Festival in 2019 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2019 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Saratoga Native American Festival website http://saratoganativefestival.com/schedule-2/ Abstract A summary of the resource. A photo of the Saratoga Native American Festival in 2019 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Will Kertzman https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/17d89c100ed03cd05be96147036d2ba2.tif f77a9ed2d93dff2e938e2e05b4a0e9db https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/44808193584667b620c5497cf958802c.tif 688d28c57007dcfad48bd8ccbbc1db48 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Engraving Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Allie Smith Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1834 Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Travel and Tourism Recreation Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Private Collection Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. The 1830's were the first time the railroad came into Saratoga. This image depicts leisurely people in Victorian era dress on the Piazza of Congress Hall in Saratoga. Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 2/27/2015 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Piazza of Congress Hall, Saratoga Springs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Drawn by C. Burton Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Enraved by T. Illman 19th century hotel illustration Leisure mineral springs print Saratoga Springs tourism https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/6309828929a86f4565b4a5c7225a59ed.jpg 79946ee694216ec8abdc1d113a806509 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/e2eedee340ad6603bc92c3c25fe0e15c.png a0953796dfb776ab7d8c9cf06021dfd8 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/4e00d7c6012bb31249b122b0077e1c13.png 9c9058889d387646a3a4f7b184384d86 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1880 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1880 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1880 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1880 Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. The map, which appears opposite the title page of the work, is part of a history of Saratoga Springs and Ballston Spa published in book form in 1880, but (as the dedication notes) originally appearing in the Saratogian, Saratoga Springs' daily newspaper, in 1874-5. The author, Stone, dedicates his work to the Honorable Charles S. Lester, a judge, and signs himself a "friend and former townsman." The book includes memories, history, and focuses on a range of topic, from graveyards to historical personages, schools, debating clubs, the histories of the Baptist and Presbyterian churches, and an 1832 cholera epidemic. This map is enclosed by Circular Street and Congress street and shows only Congress Park itself. It lists references including Congress Spring, Reservoir, Drinking Fountain, Columbian Spring, Music Pavilion, Cafe, Music Platform, Main Entrance, and Circular St. Entrance Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Private Collection Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. Property Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Property maps Site plans Outline maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Environment and Conservation Civic Life Property and Development Travel and Tourism Recreation Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Congress Park (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) City Reservoir (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Congress Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Columbian Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. R. (Zach) Mooring Jordana Dym Related Maps There will be many cases where multiple maps are in effect only slight variations on a single original. If we are certain, or even pretty sure, that one map is just a slightly altered version of another,the related versions should be listed here. A similar plan appears in Charles Taintor, <em>Saratoga Illustrated </em>(<a title="Taintor 1884 Saratoga Illustrated Congress Park" href="https://archive.org/stream/saratogaillustra01tain#page/n114/mode/1up">1884 </a>) and (<a title="1900 Taintor Saratoga Illustrated Congress Park" href="https://archive.org/stream/saratogaillustra02tain#page/n166/mode/1up">1900</a>). Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. [Stone, William L.] Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 7/24/2014 12/16/2014 URL Library of Congress copy <a title="Reminiscences of Saratoga" href="https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesofs00ston">digitized on the Internet Archive.</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Plan of Congress Spring Park, Saratoga Springs, N.Y. Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. William L. Stone, Reminiscences of Saratoga and Ballston....Illustrated (New York: R. Worthington, 1880). Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available R. Worthington Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource 2 p. l., 451 p. front. (plan) illus., plates 20 cm https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/d565dbcd20281c1de499069f71db446b.JPG 7169ad0586c8e6f07905d91c71cd4dc9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Planning Board Approves Lake Ave. Development, Water Line to Be Extended Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 5/17/49 Subject The topic of the resource Urban Renewal Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text SaratogaSprings UrbanRenewal https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/65322976e2ea0bb7c213d35628ea6ea1.JPG 900ecf2d0032defa0f3112a486cfcbf3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs History Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1706- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jillian Seigel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 43270 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Planning Board opposed to housing proposal Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 12/12/74 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shapiro, Seth Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Saratogian Subject The topic of the resource Urban Renewal Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource text SaratogaSprings UrbanRenewal