1 40 130 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/4476dde7f94fd93502ed600d4b1e112f.png 20f09cf190d33dde41dc3b27e822abee Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Advertisement, Lester Brothers Real Estate Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 0ctober 10, 1903 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. The Saratogian https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/306452cd6b2afd4cb6b66c16be06e51b.jpeg 3fa0c77e29efbdf8055b7eb6ed86f9aa https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/fa4b9ef800cdca45b5646860527c4acc.jpg 203fda304ae2e30ae39cd67dd18e917f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1708 Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Manuscript maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Founding Documents Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit Jordana Dym URL 2/7/2015 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1708 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1772 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1772 Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. In 1708 Queen Anne of England granted a large land patent to thirteen loyal subjects covering nearly 500,000 acres, including the majority of land located in present day Saratoga County. This patent, the Kayaderosseras, used the Mohawk Indians’ name for this area. Surveying, partition, and settlement of the land granted in 1708 was slow. The Mohawks argued that settlers claimed more land than that sold in the deed, slowing down British settlement until 1768, when Sir William Johnson worked out an agreement with the Patentees. The French and Indian War also delayed settlement until 1763, when Britain’s control of the area was assured. Charles Webb ‘s 1769 survey allowed original patentees or their heirs to partition the land. Two sections, often referred to as “The Five Mile Square” and “The 2000 Acre Tract” set aside to pay the surveyors. This map, commissioned by wealthy Albany merchant Nanning Hermanse (Vischer) and drawn in 1772 by an unknown surveyor, shows the partition of the patent belonging to his heirs, son Nicholas Vischer (yellow) and grandson Nanning Hermanse Vischer (blue). The parcels stained in green had already been sold. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga County Historian's Office (Saratoga County, N.Y.) Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. Other Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 51 x 56 inches (unframed) 129.5 x 310.2 cm (unframed) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Map of the Survey and Partition of all that Tract of Land situate, lying and being in the county of Albany known by the name of KAYADEROSSERAS alias QUEENSBOROUGH for the partition whereof... Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1772 Language A language of the resource eng Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource manuscript Type The nature or genre of the resource map Description An account of the resource This 1772 manuscript representation of the Kayaderosseras Patent (issued by Queen Anne of Great Britain in 1708) show property inherited from an original patentee. 18th century manuscript map property https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/b864b2536dce686a5a0bad5a49a4f796.jpg 957b4197ddd19bd619f6011c9541cd37 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/5d4571d90a85cf1c172fde48e23651ca.jpg 802030343ad13084ea49a614adbd8bd5 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/6ae09c381d4b4fef0c5d33c6b4aa5b72.jpg 2b777dd11e23f6677cb054fc5540ecac Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image col. map 185 x 141 cm. on 3 sheets 70 x 148 cm. or smaller. Scale The scale of the item (if known) ca. 1:322,000 Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. J. Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 3/29/2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A chorographical map of the Province of New-York in North America, divided into counties, manors, patents and townships; exhibiting likewise all the private grants of land made and located in that Province; Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1779 Description An account of the resource Scale ca. 1:322,000. Hand colored. Prime meridian: London. Relief shown by hachures. Depths shown by form lines. Inscribed: To His Excellency Major General William Tryon ... "Advertisement. The tracts of land coloured red, are military grants ... Those with a green edge are manors, and those coloured yellow are townships ... " Appears in Thomas Jefferys' The American atlas. 1776 Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sauthier, Claude Joseph Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available William Faden map https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/90ad049e6a75cc45352ac085882e836e.png b97b28332640b019b9b6f6c0e6a989af https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/774a8e2360d8b033bbe1810207a40eb4.png b6ec5929ea9d8905780b3f1686d08cc5 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/556b9eaf64ded5b7d08c067f8b2fe9a3.jpg f52770ecdde752701fb4a1c560d061c5 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/b7d37afcbbc08b3ba47d2deb77650a43.png 49d9c032ad3d7d317e3575757ac7871c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. State Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Topographic maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Founding Documents URL Library of Congress, <a title="De Witt, 1804, New York State" href="http://www.loc.gov/item/74696138/">www.loc.gov/item/74696138/</a><br />David Rumsey Collection, <a href="https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~2487~220057:">https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~2487~220057:</a> Scale The scale of the item (if known) ca. 1:950,000 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A Map of the State of New York Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1804 Description An account of the resource An 1804 map of New York State that shows a cluster of buildings at the spot where Saratoga Springs will form. This may be the earliest depiction of Saratoga Springs properties on a published map. Thanks to Field Horne for the research. Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource De Witt, Simeon map roads Saratoga County state map https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/c99368253e9c1340349334dda4881f08.jpg fbb2fe4ab21685b99d422a6757b741e4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1810 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. ca. 1810 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1810 Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1810 Related Maps There will be many cases where multiple maps are in effect only slight variations on a single original. If we are certain, or even pretty sure, that one map is just a slightly altered version of another,the related versions should be listed here. A 20th century copy of this map, with the same title and several additions/modifications, is in the Saratoga Springs City Historian's Office. A brittle contemporary copy, is in the Saratoga County Historian's office. Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. City Plan Early maps Manuscript maps Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. Plats – scale divisions of land or property – are an important form of urban cartography. Three versions of this 1810 plat, one of the earliest of Saratoga Springs, show founder Gideon Putnam’s properties shortly before his death, mapping out Saratoga Springs’ transition from rural land to urban settlement. Putnam and his wife Doanda settled in the area 1789. As he cleared his several hundred acres, Putnam found a number of springs along the fault line, realized their potential, and established Putnam’s Tavern and Boarding House in 1802, beginning Saratoga Springs’ rise as a tourist destination and thriving resort center. The Scott map is both foundational and influential. It exists in as an elegant original, drawn in red and black, in the New York State Archives. There are at least two later versions, all of them manuscript (hand-drawn): an 1825 copy, drawn by G.G. Scott, son of the original surveyor and held by Saratoga County; and a twentieth-century tracing, with a few buildings added for good measure, in the City Historian’s Office. This plat continued to be cited in property cases well into the 20th century. Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Property and Development Manuscript Maps Religion and Spirituality Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. Scott, James Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. New York State Archives Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. Property Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Maps Subject - Name Names of individuals associated with the item. Last name first. For Maps: People represented on the map itself. In nearly every case, this field will be used when people are pictured on the map (several maps in this project are decorated with photographs or engravings in the margins). Use authorized versions of the name from the Library of Congress Name Authority File where possible. Scott, James. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Deirdre Schiff Emily Sloan Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of a number of building lots near the Congress Spring in the town of Saratoga Springs in the county of Saratoga : being the property of the heirs of Gideon Putnam deceased as the same was surveyed in April 1810 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Manuscript Language A language of the resource English Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant POLYGON((-8214665.9307504 5324326.5962501,-8214594.2710364 5324030.4027655,-8213591.0350403 5324087.7305368,-8213586.2577261 5324560.6846492,-8214665.9307504 5324326.5962501))|15|-8214063.9891528|5323966.2822506|osm Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1810 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Scott, James Medium The material or physical carrier of the resource. Paper Description An account of the resource Three versions of this 1810 plat, one of the earliest of Saratoga Springs, show founder Gideon Putnam’s properties shortly before his death, mapping out Saratoga Springs’ transition from rural land to urban settlement. Putnam and his wife Doanda settled in the area 1789. 19th century Gideon Putnam manuscript plat springs https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/919b211cb5f4f8a75f590732ceabc7d1.jpeg 9badfc2c1145556485041c66258692f2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource Photo courtesy of <a title="Michael McCabe" href="http://michaelmccabe.com/">Michael McCabe</a> https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/290d1e2947d6d835fdadaa4879df2249.jpg d60b801e0c5d01ff3c29919201ef3bd2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga County Historian's Office (Saratoga County, N.Y.) Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1825 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1825 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1810 Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1810 Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Allie Smith Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Aerial views Property maps Related Maps There will be many cases where multiple maps are in effect only slight variations on a single original. If we are certain, or even pretty sure, that one map is just a slightly altered version of another,the related versions should be listed here. This is an 1825 copy of the 1810 Scott map, with the same title and several additions/modifications, It is in the Saratoga Springs County Historian's Office. A 20th century illustrated copy, is in the Saratoga City Historian's office, and an elegant, colored ms. is in the NY State Library. Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. The original Scott map is both foundational and influential. It inspired at least two later versions, all of them manuscript (hand-drawn): this 1825 copy, drawn by G.G. Scott, son of the original surveyor and held by Saratoga County. Since the map is cited in the 1826 charter incorporating Saratoga Springs, perhaps G.G. Scott made it to help establish the corporation line. This map, drawn to indicate the properties belonging to Gideon Putnam, served as a document to detail the inheritance of his heirs after his death. This map is particularly damaged and several tears have compromised the readability. Road widths are indicated in some instances. This copy is drawn by G.G. Scott, son of the original mapmaker, It includes pencil annotations suggesting later city planners or agents consulted this original as property ownership changed and the lot was further divided. Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. Property Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Property and Development Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Bath House (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Boarding House (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Compass rose Congress Bath (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Meeting House (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Property School House (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) Subject - Name Names of individuals associated with the item. Last name first. For Maps: People represented on the map itself. In nearly every case, this field will be used when people are pictured on the map (several maps in this project are decorated with photographs or engravings in the margins). Use authorized versions of the name from the Library of Congress Name Authority File where possible. Putnam, Gideon, 1763-1812. Landowner, Developer, Entrepreneur. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) Place of Publication The city (and if necessary) state or country of publication. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 5/27/2014 2/9/2015 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource A map of a number of building lots lying near the Congress [Spring] in the town of Saratoga Springs and county of Saratoga : [being] the property of the heirs of Gideon Putnam [deceased] as the same was surveyed in April 1810 by James Scott Surveyor By G.G. Scott, Ballston August, 1825 Subject The topic of the resource Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Maps Putnam, Gideon Language A language of the resource English Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1825 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Scott, James Description An account of the resource Three versions of this 1810 plat, one of the earliest of Saratoga Springs, show founder Gideon Putnam’s properties shortly before his death, mapping out Saratoga Springs’ transition from rural land to urban settlement. Putnam and his wife Doanda settled in the area 1789. manuscript plat Putnam springs https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/875627fc8b467feb7cad5c32a3088c00.png 553fbc6f992dfa4ef7d7e8e5148c65f3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Northern Traveller, Title Page and engraving of Niagara Falls Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1825 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/03de129236d6df74a2addcf59f0bb98a.png 5bd2e167f9d27462939fe87477234995 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Map of route from Albany to Saratoga Springs] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1825 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/ea26783348fbcedbe6fe82dc85413a05.png 56758bc075b36bb9e436fe6b23163516 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga (engraving), pp. 106-107 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1825 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/c55a573d22a3e6ee37ed7ae2ce4c1f96.png 953e812094b39ad4a07e208372ca410d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of the Routes in New York, New England and Pennsylavania, drawn for the Northern Traveller, D.S. Throop sc[ulpit] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1826 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/88f3b0475dbd0f95f7db4ff06224e83f.jpg 48f09a08ad5a5975eff455339cb43541 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Detail, route map with railroad Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1834 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Guidebook Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Allie Smith Jordana Dym Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1825, 1826, 1834 Publisher Publisher of the item, or of the book or atlas in which it appears. Wilder & Campbell Place of Publication The city (and if necessary) state or country of publication. New York, N.Y. Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Recreation Travel and Tourism Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Library of Congress Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 10/10/2014 3/13/2015 Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. Other Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Physical maps URL <a title="The Northern Traveller (1825)" href="https://archive.org/details/northerntravelle00dwi">1825</a> edition<br /><a title="The Northern Traveller" href="https://archive.org/details/northerntravelle03dwig">1826</a> edition<br /><a title="The Northern Traveller (1828)" href="https://archive.org/details/northerntravelle01dwig">1828</a> edition<br /><a title="The Northern Traveller (1841)" href="https://archive.org/details/niagaraquebecspr41dwigrich">1841</a> edition Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Northern Traveller; Containing the routes to Niagara, Quebec, and The Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1825; 1826; 1834 Description An account of the resource A guidebook to the U.S. Northeast that went through multiple editions between 1825 and 1850. Strip maps and area maps in each edition reflect the existing travel infrastructure. Comparing the 1825 and 1834 editions shows the arrival of the railroad in Saratoga Springs in the early 1830s. Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dwight, Thomas area map guidebook map strip map tourism travel https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/8c2765de7a947fbdaccf53b75f660a54.jpg a4ea9c350841f447a619460ce0ec261d https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/c2a849a0c202d162761f234f4ea788d6.png 4a30fbbb3a1b7aff1b7e02527288402b https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/e12b8d2f5de8480fabf1ca74aef246cd.pdf 29d26cccf52fe37d9263714a0332716b PDF Text Text November 8, 1999 ~1artl1a StoneqLiis t Cit~· Historian ...,oe Not1sia11en Local Histor:1'" Librarian ='ol.-is Lamont Historical Society Archivist Dr. Enclosed is a map and a cover letter from the New York State Archives. They were prepared locally in 1829 and submitted to Alban~· to be used in the preparation of Burr's Atlas. While it is very small, it is apparently the earliest complete map of the road system in the town. The citation is New York State Archives, A4016 Land Papers , 2nd Series, Book 13, 4a and 4b. Sincerely, Field Horne Curator of Collections J91 UNION AVENUE, AR.ATOGA ~PHIN ~.NEW Y IlK 12866- 566 (518) 584-0400 F " (SIH ';84 c;7 ��. l1 l "' Jnd u in los d a v ry accurate 111 p th t ' n f ratoga prings agr eable , ur r JU st - Th n1ap is corr ct d by I ru ' \ It n ~ q[ .] \Vho has th best knowledge Hl t h ..;ubj ' t f 'tt1 , n1an in the town - You \Viii l bs r t h r ar se~veral in1portant rr _ tion., as w II as additions n1ade to the t n vhi h you s .nt n1e all of which are for th ""arat ga lak which is n1uch the best on your n1ap nd I \vould let that rernain as it is - Mr. Walton intended n1erely to sketch it as the boundary of the town -yours tnost sincerely John M. Steel Supervisor of Saratoga Springs G. De Witt Surveyor G ,neral of the State of Nev; York ��� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. This sketch map was prepared by John Steel, surveyor, with the help of Henry Walton, at the request of Simeon De Witt, and corrects De Witt's state map. In the margins, the mapmaker indicates the location of 4 churches in the village (urban center) of Saratoga Springs, as well as locations of mills. Also noted are the correct southern boundary at the Kayaderosseras Creek (not 15th allotment of the Kayaderosseras Patent) and redrawing of stream routes based on surveys. The original of this sketch map is held by the New York State Archives. Historian Field Horne found this map while doing research there. Horne's letter to the City Historian (this copy is from the SSPL) includes John Steel's January 12, 1829 letter to De Witt. I send you inclosed a very accurate map of the town of Saratoga Springs agreeable to your request - The map is corrected by Henry Walto[n] Esq who has the best knowledge of the subject of any man in the town - You will observe there are several important corrections as well as additions made to the one which you sent me all of which are far more correct on the improved one except the Saratoga Lake which is much the best on your map and I would let that rernain as it is - Mr. Walton intended merely to sketch it as the boundary of the town -- yours most sincerely John M. Steel Supervisor of Saratoga Springs S. De Witt Surveyor General of the State of Nev; York DETAIL, 1829 hand-drawn correction to 1804 Simeon De Witt map by Henry Walton sent by Saratoga supervisor John M. Steell. NY State Archives reference: A4016 Land Papers, 2nd series, Book 13 4 a and 4 b. Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. City Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. City Plan Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Cities and Towns Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. J. Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 3/29/2015 Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Church-- Presbyterian Church-- Methodist Church-- Baptist Church-- Universalist Kayaderosseras Patent Caption This field will include transcriptions of text that appears on or around the item, at the discretion of the cataloger. It should include relevant bibliographic information that is not given in the title, for example, "Top of map: 'EXAMPLE NEEDED' Publisher and printer information might also be included in this field: "EXAMPLE NEEDED.'" Note that the location of the printed text is given in the field itself and that the caption information is always included in quotes. "A The Village of Saratoga Springs a. Babpist (sic) Church b. Presbyterian Church } all in the village c. Methodist Church d. Universalist Church [symbol] mill sites" "The bounds of Saratoga Springs on the south are the Kayaderosseras Creek and not the South Bounds of the 15th Gen.l Allot." "The alteration in the streams are made from surveys." Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Sketch map, Saratoga Springs] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1829 Description An account of the resource This sketch map was prepared by John Steel, surveyor, with the help of Henry Walton, at the request of Simeon De Witt, and corrects De Witt's state map. churches De Witt manuscript map Steel Walton https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/f70181748cf6b2a512d7fbc7f7b52ad6.jpg 0d7894bdbf38b2af7a89ab8fc9a75dab https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/1d0e6b3a26d2dcc1465b858f607a4172.png c5f22397a863ba7340443afe2ee9c44d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1840 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1840 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1840 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1840 Caption This field will include transcriptions of text that appears on or around the item, at the discretion of the cataloger. It should include relevant bibliographic information that is not given in the title, for example, "Top of map: 'EXAMPLE NEEDED' Publisher and printer information might also be included in this field: "EXAMPLE NEEDED.'" Note that the location of the printed text is given in the field itself and that the caption information is always included in quotes. "Published by the Surveyor General, pursuant to an Act of the Legislature. Stone & Clark, republishers, Ithaca, N.Y. 1840." Note 2.) Prime meridian: Washington, D.C. Note 3.) Shows flouring mills, factories, forges, saw mills, churches, parcels, and landowners. Note 4.) "Entered according to Act of Congress Jany 5th. 1829 by David H. Burr of the state of New York." Note 5.) "Entered according to Act of Congress Jany 5th. 1829 by David H. Burr of the state of New York." Note 6.) "Entered according to Act of Congress Jany 5th. 1829 by David H. Burr of the state of New York." Note 7.) "Entered according to Act of Congress Jany 5th. 1829 by David H. Burr of the state of New York." Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. County Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. County maps Cadastral maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Property and Development Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 2/28/2015 Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. "Published by the Surveyor General, pursuant to an Act of the Legislature. Stone & Clark, republishers, Ithaca, N.Y. 1840." Note 2.) Prime meridian: Washington, D.C. Note 3.) Shows flouring mills, factories, forges, saw mills, churches, parcels, and landowners. Note 4.) "Entered according to Act of Congress Jany 5th. 1829 by David H. Burr of the state of New York." Note 5.) "Entered according to Act of Congress Jany 5th. 1829 by David H. Burr of the state of New York." Note 6.) "Entered according to Act of Congress Jany 5th. 1829 by David H. Burr of the state of New York." Note 7.) "Entered according to Act of Congress Jany 5th. 1829 by David H. Burr of the state of New York." Source : Atlases of the United States / New York / An atlas of the state of New York : containing a map of the state and of the several counties / by David H. Burr. Publisher Publisher of the item, or of the book or atlas in which it appears. New York (State). Surveyor General -- Publisher Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 1 atlas (40, [51] leaves : col. maps (some folded) ; 58 cm. SSPL framed map: 22.5 ''x 28'' 1 map : hand col. ; 45 x 30 cm. URL Bibliographic detail from Stephen A. Schwarzman Building / The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, <a title="1840 Clark, Saratoga County" href="http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47da-f281-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">Digital Library</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of the county of Saratoga / by David H. Burr ; engd. by Rawdon, Clark & Co., Albany, & Rawdon, Wright & Co., N. York. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1840 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Atlases of the United States / New York / An atlas of the state of New York : containing a map of the state and of the several counties / by David H. Burr. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Stone & Clark Republishers -- Publisher Description An account of the resource A map of Saratoga County published in an atlas of New York State counties. This map shows the Kayaderosseras Patent plots as well as contemporary administrative districts. The newly separate towns of Saratoga and Saratoga Springs are clearly marked.sizesize Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Burr, David H., 1803-1875 -- Cartographer Rawdon, Clark & Co. -- Engraver Rawdon, Wright & Co. -- Engraver county Kayaderosseras Patent map roads Saratoga Saratoga Springs https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/6c5cd3cf0d59c572be5dcdadf18178bc.jpg d9fdce8590b1b5843e5c50e8215bfd5c https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/cce1c5529415ef1d396a8a5097ea9fd8.png 4786c432ea34abef3c611debbd565edd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource References in the Map of Saratoga Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1841 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/cc7285aa723323bee0bca55524ebf412.png 897fc67a3bc3d70e29f3ee2e740011ab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Detail, Map of Saratoga, Faxon & Reed, 1841. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1841 Description An account of the resource The Railroad House is located at point O, the Railroad Depot is located at point P. Points A, B, C, F, and G are hotels. https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/c33c5a1b20546da07c0bcca8cf0283c6.jpg a85e7877dd6c5f1e273e7ab6ad5cefad https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/f2adce0b707251ba49cc9ca42e244bce.pdf 0fdc5cf8f55b6db0e64febd32e3099c7 PDF Text Text <\y. /. <° A < Cx "^^ (P., IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 |50 ""'= t 1^ M |||M I.I 11= 1.25 1.6 71 <^ /i SJ ^^ ^?. \ :\" \ c^l c^>. ^m iV s^7 >y ''^\.^ w o/ w ^"V w <K\ "^^ >> Photographic Sciences Corporation -e"23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 *<?)' �CIHM/ICMH CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Collection de microfiches. Series. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historioues �Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The microfilme le metlleur exemplaire ete possible de se procurer. Les details de cat exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une L'tnstitut a Institute has attempted to obtain the best copy available for filming. Features of this qu'il lui a original copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. modification dans la m^thode normale de filmage sont indiqu^s ci-dessous. Coloured covers/ Couvarture de coulaur Coloured pages/ Psges de couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommagda Pages damaged/ Pages endommag^es n E Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaur^e et/ou pellicul^e Cover Cov« Le D D n a D missing/ de couverture title ti tre manque Pages restored and/or laminatnd/ Pages restaur^es et/ou pelliculees Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages ddcoiorees, tachet^es ou piquees Pages detached/ Pages d^tachees Coloured maps/ Cartes gAograpniques en couleur r~~y Showthrough/ Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur {i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) Transparence Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Quality of print varies/ Qualite indgale de {'impression Bound with other material/ Relii avac d'autres documents Comprend du Tight binding may causa shadows Includes supplementary material/ materiel supplementaire or distortion along interior margin/ La re Mure serree peut causer d« I'ombre ou de distorsion le long da la marge intdrieure D Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponible la obscured by errata have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, nouveau de facon a etc., cnt ^te film^es obtenir la meilleure image possible. Pages wholly or partially slips, tissues, etc., n n Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajout^ns lors d'une rastauration apparaissant dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela dtait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6ti film^es. di comments:/ Commentaires supplementaires: Additional This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ est filmid au taux de reduction indiqu^ ci-dessous. Ce document 30X 26X 22X 18X 14X 10X r J i 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X �The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks L'exemplaire filmA fut g6n6rosit6 de: to the generosity of: La Bibliothdque dp la Villa La Bibliothdque de de Mcntrtel f jpiciduit grAce A la la Villa de Montreal The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. de la nettetd de l'exemplaire film6, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impression, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Original copras The last Les exemplaires originaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimde sont liiimds en commengant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires originaux sont filmSs en commenpant par la premidre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impression ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernidre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernidre image de cheque microfiche, selon recorded frame on each microfiche symbol —h^ (meaning "CONor the symbol V (meaning "END"), shall contain the TINUED "), whichever applies. Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the le le Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est filmd d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes auivents illustrent la m^ithode. method: 1 — symbole signifie "A SUIVRE", symbole V signifie "FIN". cas: le 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 I �1 I ; > " ' ! �t> J. - t> /tyiU. / '« Au THE TRAVELLERS' OWN BOOK, TO SARATOGA SPRINGS, NIAGARA FALLS AND CANADA, CONTAINING noUTES, DISTANCES, CONVEYANCES, EXPENSES, CSR or MINERAL WATERS, BATHS, DESCRIPTION OF SCENERY, ETC. A COMPLETE GUIDE, FOR THE VALETUDINARIAN AND FOR THK TOURIST, 8EEKINO FOR PLEASURE AND AMUSKMENT. ^V I T H MAPS AND ENGRAVINGS. BY "And still DE VEAUX. S. tliou dasliest in thunder down Willi a silver robe and a rainbow crow n," BUFFALO: FAXON & HEAD, 1841 .// ^^ �M A P F N AND Being a complete Directory nnd tlnidc to [ A A (i (iUlDE ' Fulls mid viriiiity tlie DIRECTIONS TO HASTY m 1h<. Slarl from the HolcU, Miiii stroet, Ningnrn Falls Vi 11 n<r>?—^j wcrtt to Pro^peH Plato fbe hridgn—^iizr !~cr()fH (he hri.lire (o Iris klnnd—-rise the hill— take the rood to tlio liglit— tlio Piospoct Tower, and round "-id. At more leisure tli;' l-laiid. wnlknloug the high bank of the or ride lo the WbirlpoDl, and rivir, vis REFERENCES TO THE mi I On 1. the Canada Side. BciiderV-J Cavp. \; 4. Concert Mouse. (i. Col. Clark's old plwo. P. Wlicre tliR stood. IJiirnt rios, Sept. 0. Gull »» Episcopal CliurcH hy incoiidia- (adjoin IN C; Iriji), ) SHOHES.) J Isliinil. BUFFAJbO. 10. Site of Briilgewairr A'illn;;" 11. Cliipprwa Battle "Table Hock." It several feet. here Bc'ciul shc-c; is to FaxDii <*i Read. Groiiini. projrris over Visitors dc- go under of water, or (lie to wli;u called Teriuiiiation Jfocfc. " Clifton IJouse." on tlir l:ill, where llie lirow of 'y^ ''////// the road rises fronj the ferry. 3. Where stood the Pavillion. ' J iiim>!'^i rrrt-ii-ra^/ 1«. C:irrin|jc 13. Koad down #-^^^^ ^J//!'l 1//// / ! t ' - ' 'a ' , / / / the hank, Ferry nud Guardhouse. I \^, Bistauecs from the Ferry, U. C. To Ciit'ton House 106 rods. Tabic R(M'k, Burning Siiring, " Bender's Cave, " liundy's Lane 2 ] Batlle i i:i.. •• ^; 3- 1 ' '• J I Mir ^^^ ^ �— N ND I A (i A U A F A L L S, (iUlDE TABLE. thr Fulls mid viplnity, for reninrk on the spot, or for rcfereiire at home. lECTIONS TO HASTY TRAVELLERS. go — ^.j vvccil (o Prn-f|)Pol -take Ihc road — Pla-p and Ware's Obacival'My gaze on the K'cnr! rotiim cmfcrly along the river thcnco to at the point of the Islmid look tironnil!-^\n\'H to (he Biddio stairs ; to the riglit ride to the Wbirlpoul, and visit — other places of noloricty. fiEFEREM'KS TO THE On MV. the American Side. A—Tatifrnct Hotel. Tl— l'as1« ., llntH. -Kxfhunjn' Whirlpool lfoti-1, i>H(l Omnibus oflU'*! fouTirtation, r.-R»llilM...V^ '"?:« Falls I'-Lockport an'd >'i»P'ni r.iiirdad office. *<-i-l?i»fraJ() and Niagara T^'"^ "'•'^' loali ollu-c. II— Ferry, uml WarP's Observatory, ^I—"Wliere Francis Abiiott livcd- 'T— Where Alexander went off lie bank. 'K— l'r()|>oi!ed road Aown (l>c bank. — Old Indian liaddcr. M— C'liapln's Island. >i — Hobinson's IslandTj >0 — Prospect Mmid. {[»'Q— Sloop and Bay Islands. iU— Prospect Tower and Terrapin Hocks. S~Hoad, washed away. T_.^Ioss Island. under V—L"re^ce.nt^ or Centre Fall, wWdi V_PapTr is Ingraliai* a Cave. .Hill. •'2— Presttytcrian Cliurch- 7 >!{ — Pro^pn-t T/Jwrr aJjil 'r<Tr:i|Mii �I.e. To Clinon House i06 rods. Tiihir R(M-k, o ,„ j Burning f^jiring, " IJciider's Cave, " liUnil} 'd Lane hdp >. i 3.1 .^ IRIS Ilatlle Ground. j •» t'liippewft Bat. Gr'«<I, 2 «' " Wliirlpool 4 .1 " Stamford, 4 .. " Mount D " " Rl.DavidH, c u '• Brock's P.Ionunifnt, H " " Qupenstoii, h .» " " " " " ^n.,.^ DorcJiester, F.CeorgcnndNiag'n. H 10 14 <« j,j ^^:- .1 ^Valcrloo Ferry, iv " St. CatliorinpH, V\ tu .. Fort Kric, City of Toronto, Tlio II. Xifigiira r)0 ' Whirlpool. Wivcr, 22. Pl;;cc to dcsci-iid ihc i,,„)k% A. Prosppct 33. Poiiii. Snioolli rock, from wIiciut Ktonchas bcpn llii-o\vii a ncro^s the IJivcr. 41. Flsliln? croiinds, C. Outlet. 1). iJefeclory, British side. y. e-'nmnuT House, American C^iJ^!L3^1^•^£^.^^.IJ^ m 4 L, t^:: frou. the Fulls aus, ^: ,^ ,t ci^' d^sc^.ub 104 feet d.sco„d, Oir , to ''''' r :!' ^'' "^^^ ^-'^'- iM^imzs^im ^^-At^oncn mn, ''."""^^^ to the Islands, passing over the rapids. t" Lew..(on; from thenoe seven t^.ile., to Lake about 320 v. 6-where Ontario, 2 i^,L �>1{— i'rn:|nTt Ave ^h^^^\-^(""^^'^HP\ %v Towrr sujii r«'riiit m l'^' S— noiiil, wiislieil nwny, V—t'rPM*wn«>r Centre IRIS wldMi w i Ingrnliiuii's riivt*. V— Pn|i»r .lini. N " under Fall, :i2— ''resliVlcrian C'liurcli. /r. ''/' Distances frora the Araerifcan 1l6tcls, / 8. II. / 40 rollliitli aiid Iris T. Iirjdt.'r, rnd<i| " Ferry, and Wiirc's Oli- ^^ ^ ^{\'^ / i - . srrvatory, V n ^ k. 100 " rVrry I^uiding, '" Horse Shoe .^ •' " Walk Falls, crof!- bridgcand siiig " »2.1 Frtniid tJ»r. 1-1 i.'^huid, Isliind, \ 1-1 I'diiuV'irw, 3-t .Mineral .Spring, 'i. Whirlpodl, 8 " ncvil's Hole, 3 1-2' " Tuswirora Indian Village 8 " " JjPwis'on "" 7 I'orlNiat'ara " Loikport liy raflroad i-. 24 i"-- 2 V. 11 fi 'io \i i^cli'oss'^r s. Ijoat !un(I'g, :'. Tonawanda, and Erie canal |fn^ -j^^j^^r^^^jt^Tj^.r^jO'C^raa^:^. \mcricnn inted nl )iir about foot. TySO yards nrounrl, 104 Ferry below the Falls, From 200 to 250 feet, is rapids. 6-where Robinson Lours. over the ) Fall, 90 Lake Ontario, 2 {<iQ\, is frcl hi,c4,. r'_rrr,.ent 50 rods wide; pas^aae from Fall, five the average height of the batiks of about 33 yards nrn,u>r?, to ten minutop. 5,084,- the river around the Fall?, dceccnd.'d in the rapids to enve Chapin. The river in six miles ii 14 :: 3 ' i: Buffdlo Ciiy �Entered urcording to Act of Congress, hundred and forty-one, by in tlie year eighteen FAXON & HEAD, in tiie Clerk's Ofl'ice of llie of Ne\v-Yori«. PRESS OP ROBT. D. FUV. Disiricl Court of tlie Norlliern District �TO THE PUBLIC. A former publicnlion of Ihc Ningnra, aiillior on another it interesting to the travelling community. and revised eeveral subjects As travellers l)ook his move them some along, the tourist had at hand, as this him it came He Falls, has cur- and added late occurrence. is a satisfaction names of book is when places — be- to to havo arrived at the spot to directed his course, a directory intended to be, to point out to the object he seeks to obtain, terest he alike subject, notice or remark upon them, without the trouble of inquiry; and which the on the and incidents, of come acquainted with before he haa very favorably received, having been been induced to combine with tailed Falls of tlic to view, will prove to or the scenes of in- him a valuable desi- deratum. On much the subject of the mineral waters of Saratoga, valuable information, as to their qualities, use, effects, and has been derived from highly respectablo citizens of that place. �IV. To vifiitors to little leigurc to the Sprinps, who grncrnlly hnvo but look over inedical niilhorities, and but Bniall chance of gouiing correct inlurination from personal quiry of individuals to fall, compendium this cautions and directions Those who wish those pages into to references will prove as to the investigate lo in- whose company they happen very use useful, of the waters. further, some of in its will find in most approved the writers on these subjects. As not unfitting to th'i work, the author has thought proper in many places, to introduco interesting from tbolr locality fare—and some — incidents descriptions peculiar to the subjects, alone of border war- two great points of attraction of which he treats. The author flatters not only perform the to travellers office his ])ul)lication will of a useful and faithful guide while on their tour, but that prove an agreeable when himself that present to friends it and will also children, they return refreshed to their homes. THE AUTHOR. Niagara Falls , May, 1841. I �COxN TENTS. PART I. page Torn TO Raratooa Fstiin.i'c of Tlif tour Scrincis, Niagara Falls and Canapa. Expenses 14 IS 10 20 21 22 I'f^^'tm JIikIsoii river siuMirry V<»iil<ors. 'rujipjm. o't I\Io\Mit I'lf'jis.-uit. Siiij; Sine, fitTill- Hii;lil;iii(ls. WcsT l'oiiit,t''c r()iii;likf(*psic. Hyde I'iirk, etc 2.") y of Alhnny Route to the Springs, via Schenectady C'i " " " vlii Troy Lnnsinirlinrjrli. Waterford. etc I?oii*e from /Ml)iiny to Niagara Falls li'tle F;dls, I'ticu, Syracuse, etc Roij'e from Syracuse, liy canal, to Ninfffira Falls . 3.> from liockport to Nia'iara Falls Route ^rom Syracuse, l»v Lake Ontario " " by Aulturu, cuCity of BuflTalo, and distances from thence on the Lakes. Routes from Niasrara r'alls throu<;ii Canatia Rrantford, Toronto, etc 37 38 'Ri'ilrojid ' Socket's Harlior. Kinjrston, etc Montreal, Qnehec, etc Route from Albany to Boston PART > I Ballston Spa Observations on mineral waters I .30 . . 41 42 44 45 47 49 II. Jattnt to Sarat ioa Springs. Arrival at the Snrlnjrs « A''ipit to (^on^res^ Spring Hamilton, 1»' "ud the Pavilion Springs Analvsis ol u rs • ,e Springs Flat Hock, fii, HlL'h Hock Spt.u.„ 2H 29 30 31 32 34 53 rt4 56 o7 58 50 63 04 �- VI. pnf6 nnrl tnfrlirlnnlly In llie balli, uiul hiiiliiiij,' Thrlr wnonn n drink, " •' []JJ i"^ Thr V{ cold lialll T\i>' tepid and wiirin hiith Tin* viipor linth Diseases The t'nr wiiii-li i'* ' the Sarat()<;a watets i' Lj^ I are let'oniuiendcil. r* . of tSiirato^a vill.ijie f] Mouses IMil.tir '" AiiiiiseMieiit< ; Coveiit (iardt'ii, Hides, halls, and fanilihiiir. t'tc j asseiiililics jl'l Churches ' PART III. WlIIIU.l'OOI,, ISLAXnS, TllK FaI.T.S of XiAOAnA, Jaunt to tiie I'alls of Niagara. Descrip'ion of the I'alls Incpiiries . &c. % \]>y j answered Villa<re ot Nia^rara Falls Hides of pleasure Jaunt to Iris and olhcr islands to the island l)rldy;e Bath island A darinu enterprise Prospect island Ijij/raham's The Cave Hi Id'e staircase Horse Shoe Falls Prospect Tower.. Impressions of visitors ^Vinter scenery ghrnhs a. d pi Vei^s. Is Ttloii: mts over the Fulls islui.d ' It "J J" Ml and initials on llic ro(d;s and trees. Mists around the l''iills, and op;ii'al illusions Francis Aliliott, the licruiit Alevandei's lea]) Fisii and anjilint: Hunting irrounds and frame Road down the hank Point View Names The * H'^i J '4 '"ff [•* I'-^I* IxJ. \}» - • • ''^'^ '•''• l'|P^ ^j- J|^ ] jjj J;"' *'''| '•'' jC'J l-.''* 1''4 ]•;?« '-^^ !•'>" |5i Th« Low Familv l';-* William Chamliers |Vi» Expedition to Navy island, and steamboat Caroline IhY Ownnunffa. or (irand island Jaunt to the Whirlpool Ond Pierce, Esq Mineral Spring IJ^ 1^7 Description of the WHiirlpool Benjamiu Ilaihbun ' '» *J^ 1|"l^** ^ �' vu. pnte 0(1 . of tlio DoviVs Hole Tusnir«»ra IndiuiH OH "0 71 Littl«"v;i:i.f . . 7H Esiiipc from . H'i . H7 Lpu . to Five . 1>1 Fort . J»'i •Willi.iiri . SI.3 . 1)1 htoii . \\\\\v Jidiii Tal.l.- .100 .101 • • • • . • *'* MorjiHU f^^ f^^ llie * . • • • Citv of 1 \'ii • • r » Me .1.10 13-2 * • • • • • « • • • • • .145 .110 .110 • .l.)0 • • • • • • • .152 .l.»3 • • • • • • .156 .158 • • • .154 • • • • .159 .101 • • • • .103 .105 • • • • • .107 .170 • • • • .177 • • • .179 • • • .181 • • • • • .1F2 • .195 • • • • • • • • - » • liriiial vitu 's ot ieolo'iv of Niairara Distances .151 • • -\'* -s^" t lie air I'^ali-* ...»•.... !••..••••• . • • .lolm Uownin'-'aiid the Wliirli)ool l)(>ath of Dr. lluML'erford Ailventure anioiii.' the rapi Is Clirono'ou'ii'al la'.dc of events at Xiau'ara Fulls .ll'i . 4 .134 .130 « ille of MaL'ara :>fH(Ki r.ANKors NoTirFS. •.!(•) . a -•'" Town . « I*;*'! lark ;^J --j- .1-24 • • < -s-'J |ji>4 Tails • • • liic i -*" f^. thf "^liect of water over the I'alls DrnmiHonK • 1 • IJroi-U's :Mnnnineiit • • Clitioii C^aiial lioat incident Col. f3:ininel S rei'f. ll'i • 1 (idiiiL' I(H • • ot' I{.).'l< .111 • • '-^•' ladder 'f;;- .li'i • • • llic Ciivf. • • 1 ^-^ "•* stairs Vi\<A\\'J. miller .III • * Carroll Villa"!' • f\\ * . . meadow Jaunt to Canai.a C.-.tlhi's • *"» NiJiL'Jirii View from • *J* ^«« liidinns Pcriloim dos'Tiit of I '^<[l n.ittlf . *** 'il!> |-'»'J '-J^ 'iu '^^ I �! ^ i ^ Note. — The having been prepared following Ehceis during the past winter, the rates of fare arc inserted as es- H On tablished last season. this ycQx the following routes they have now been reduced, and ore New- York as follows: Albany, by steamboat, $1,00, board extra. to Syracuse to Rochester, by packets, $3,00, and found. Rochester H to Lockport, to Buffalo, " " .f 2,C0 $2,75, ERRATA. Page ** 88, 9(h line, for 45, " " G3," read " 87." "from," read "to," and for "of," "on." 30th line, for " intomperancc," read "temper- 2d for read " 73, >» ance. " wary," read " wavey." ** 78, 23d line, for " 86, 2Gth line, for " fount," read " 126, 14th hne, for "some " forest." kind," read " the same kinds." " 188, 9th " 196, 16th line, for line, for ing." "bridge," read "lodge." " to calling," road " to the call- �prepared ted as es- hcy have • ird extra. d found. I. % (( THE TOURIST. CONTAINIVO HINTS TO TRAVELLERS, for "of," "temper- > PART ROUTES, DISTANCES, CONVEYAx\C£S, EXPENSES, BESCRIPTlOxX OF SCENERY, &c. the game the call- i&C. �•% • I �TO TRAVELT.ERS. ESTIMATE OF EXPENSES, AND OTHER HINTS. " Put money in thy purse." In concluding upon a tour of business, of pleasure, or of health to Saratoga Springs, to the Falls of Niagara, or to both of these arrangements it is jilacee, among and calculations otlicr customary to make some euitablo pro- modes of con- vision for the expenses, to consider the veyance, to count over the distances, and to know the length of time that the journey will require. Money. erful — This potent talisman, this than the sorcerer's wand, must the traveller's attention. appropriated ; select A l)c sufficient charm more powthe lirst object of amount must be such a stock of bank bills as will currently through the country you intend to pass. State of New- York, Safety Fund and go In the the General Bank which on the Bank Note List stand at no higher discount than 2 per cent, will answer to pay expenses. bills, Upper Canada Canada hills be t bills in a bills in the Upper Province, and Lower Let your the Lower, will do the best. mixture of small an.d large, that you may �TOUR TO SARATOGA SPRINGS, 14 ' i Bfi^'jjagc — Cljoice of Borllis. always be supplied with change. It will be bad policy to carry with you foreign, uncurrent, or doubtful unless you are disposed to quarrel with all to whom you pay money, and to pass as a suspicious character. a few dollars in your wallet due of your money Baggage. compass as Keep present use, and the resi- some secure in — Let for bills, place about your person. be as compact, and in as small a it Have your trunks firmly made and them your initials, or full possible. well strapped, and painted on name, with place of residence, in , fair white characters. If you travel alone, a simple valise or cloak bag only, will The company of cause you to feel very independent. ladies will greatly increase your baggage; not only band- boxes will be added, but one or two large trunks for every Never carry with you what is superfluous, but just lady. what A is sufficient. cloak, or over-coat, should not be Paul Pry's indisijcnsable, an um.brella, can be purchased any where on your route; and almost every omitted. other small article that you may require. and take no medicine while travelling. Never consider medicine necessary. you pills, your baggage unless Steam-Boats. as you can. it is Stop when lose sight of locked up. — Always The Put up no engage your passage as soon farther your berth the more safe and pleasant it is will be. from the boilers If you come on board late and should not like the remaining berths, or a upon having one of the reserved berths. When you go at an early hour on board of a steamboat, and find a long list of names in the same hand writing, settee, insist i M the best berths of the boat, such apparently engaging all as **Mr. Drain," Mr. Lane," and "ditto," "ditto," *< �f NIAGARA PALLS AND CANADA. Railroad Cars ad policy billB, Ifui you 'horn Keep ir. the reeiur person. small a 8 made and Is, or full haracters. only, will mpany of inly band- for every I but just 3, lid not be la, can be lost every up no Lit (top when e sight of some 15 — Packet Boats. you may be sure that it is fictitious. This is an every day practice; and in this way acquaintances and favorites enjoy the best berths, and the or similar device, uniniliated traveller has to put — The Railroad Cars. centre have the easiest, least and those Do little motion, and are considered in the rear the safest. upon or in other respects, Very up with what he can get. from the engine to the cars But the in these, railroads, there is little choice. advice can be given as to avoiding accidents. not sufler yourself to sleep in the cars; take your and do not get out until they have stopped. Always ascertain the hour of starting and be on the ground a few minutes before. Ever have your seats before the cars start, eyes around you, and keep out of harm's way Never upon railroads in the night, unless it is really necessary that you should hasten your journey. Railroad ride travelling at night is very uncomfortable, and with more danger than during the day. is attended — Packet Boats. Enter your name as soon as you get on board, that you may have a berth if you should remain over night. Do not put your head out of the cabin win- dows; keep below as much and when on and before passing them as practicable, e as soon deck look ahead he boilers come down on the lower after deck. For the feeble, and Ihose who are worn out with fatigue, the canal boat af- L come on jrthe, or a fords the best for the bridges, accommodations. It glides along so quietly berths, that you can repose and slumber as undisturbedly as jteamboat, your own ;d d writing, boat, " such ditto,** Stage Coaches little in c'aamber. need be with the back — Of said. seat. these old fashioned conveyances Ladies are always accommodated The middle scat is the easiest, the ;i �TOUR TO SARATOGA SPRINGS, 16 — Price of lioard. Fure front seat the best to sleep on; but when sickness if riding, always avoid many not crowded with too Potit coaches, if passengers, over good roads, most in fair weather, ofibrd the you arc subject to it. and agreeable mode safe of transit of any other; but the fly-away character of travellers is them out of fast driving From use. these vehicles the scenery of the country cnn always be advan- tageously viewed; and as the wheels roll on, the hours pass in social chat, free remark, amusing anecdotes and gay sallies, often truly pleasant and interesting. Newspapers. — On importance, before leaving a city, boat, or train of cars, have other move the boat or cars On and most interesting papers. latest or off, place of buy the meeting another some papers ready to exchange. In this way, as you will generally travel in advance of c the mail, you will iatest news. On , ; find yourself in possession of the boar, .f boats papers, but abstract none. papers is at public not an original Yankee practice. with others of a ism, and houses leave Destroying and stealing news- like nature, That Vandal- should be frowned Mii down. I lii From New- York to Saratoga, vin. Albany and Troy, the highest rate of fare usually charged lowest rate will amount to very little is The $4,75. more than half that way of Schenectady it may cost $5. The traveller may leave New- York in the afternoon By sum. the steamboat, and be in Saratoga the next day before dinner; and if he pleases may be back again in New- York the succeeding morning, having accomplished his visit in 36 n hours. Without reference to baggage and superfluities, $5,75 # �i NTACARA FALLS! AND CANADA. 17 lUffcTent Roiilos, and cost. jubjcct to is ooches, if York to Saratoga. an ample At >od roads, ible mode •om these be advan- The tlH! pay all necessary expenses from week best hotcJB; and per dny from oflior public liousoa ehnrgo from week; and from $1 number, dotes and Of New- from $10 to ,f 1,50 to $2. is $i $7 (o per to $'l,or, ^rr day. Privnle boarding hoiiwH, of wbieb there the hours arc a great from ^'i to $12 per week. other expenses at the Springs, it is unnecessary cliarge speak: they place of to Snratotrn the price of board per $)2, nt of iracter sum 1o may be moderate or cxtrnvngnnt, according to the notions or rlmrneter of the individnnl. As the pri^ buy the g another exchange, dvance of ion of the uses leave ing newsit Vandal- 3 frowned CCS of lu-ovisions have fallen, the cost of living to traveilerf^ it is expected, will be reduced. P>om the city of New- York to Niagnra Falls, or to the of T3nll)do, to the ordinary traveller or tourist, the usual expense, when the journey is performed direct, city by steamboats, railroads, stages and jiackets, will be between $20 and $22, and will include all that is respectable and necessary. Three days the journey. nd Troy, ,75. 1 The half that afternoon less than three days, and even at such a is rate, is often varies but little in diflbrent routes very seldom done in frequently more. Travelling it is more fatiguing than pleasant. of living at Niagara Falls, and Buffalo, from the like expenses at Saratoga, ex- 36 cepting at some of the most fashionable Hotels; and those being equal to similar establishments in New- York city, arc not backward in imitating them 55,75 note paper, beautiful vignette, copy hand, round numbers. There is an economical mode of conveyance re dinner; -York the les, as short a time as should be allowed for advertise a shorter period, but The expenses |5. ^ieit is Those who are interested in in their bills; that it bank may ij �TOUR TO SARATOC.A SPRINGS, 18 Stf*iuiil)0!itH from Ncw-Vork. I'l be interesting eniigrnntH' for nnd study economy more tlinn speed, to know: steam tow boats on the Hudson on the By 111 York Bullido in six to for is by the The fare New- for j|ll, and is carried through in seven days, for 1^0,50. , board of the cent, and days, with board, ^7,50. another line he On H it i'reight boats through from line the passenger is carried without board, is and canal. one without board On river, who Iruvcllcrs lliuHo freiglit boats the passage \k'Y mile, 2 cents with board. on board of the packet Iwats, with board, is usually 4 cents per mile. THE TOIR BEGUN. " Land of ' flie forest and tlie rock Of dark blue lake and niighly river Of mountains rcar'u aloft to mock The storm's career, the lightning's shock— •, My own green land forever I liand of the lieantiful and brave. The freeman's Much I liome, the martyr's grave." of the information that follows has been obtained from actual observation and experience; M the residue has been gathered from, and collated with the best authorities. ! i i The boats. usual mode of conveyance to Albany Several pass and re- pass every day. is by steam- The passcn- �1 AND CANADA. NIA(}ARA FALLS AVVpIiiiwlvPH llcrs who gcr boats by the 8 gilt boats H Forry. the foot of Courlland foot of JJarclry street. Jn Albany from the pier at the foot of State street, and at the foot of flnniilton street. The day boats go at 6 o'clock in the morning, and the night boats at 5 o'clock they om Ncw|I1, and ill start the The afternoon. through is commonly f3, Competition sometimes carries fare meals extra, 50 cents. roil IJiiIl's New- York IVom t^tart in and from the street, — 10 the fare days, down to 50 cents. Besides the passenger boats there are also several freight or tow boat?, which pass daily between the per mile, Their price board, is $1 for passage, and meals two cities. extra, or the passenger finds himaelf. is i To those passage who have never been up recommended. is this noblest gated Always the Hudson, a day to sleep in passing over of rivers, and to loose the view of the varie- scenery along banks, evinces an unpardonable ajiathy to the beauties of nature and the improvements of man. Weehawkcn, New- Jersey, 3 miles from New- York, and 145 from Albany, on the west side of the river it commands a line view of the city. The range — of rocks called the Palisadoes, begin to make their appearance here, and continue 22 miles. The Monument where Alexander Hamilton Burr, n obtained esidue has est autlio- is when York duelling fell in a sen place it was more happily is 'he posscn- with Aaron In former days practiced by the citizens of at present, this spot was New- the cho- for settling points of honor. Bull's Ferry, west side, New-Jersey, by etcam- duel observed near the water's edge. than New- York, and 138 from Albany. Palisadoes begin to assume from 3 to 400 feet. i 'A its is 10 miles from Near this place the a perpendicular attitude of �20 TOI'R TO SAHATOC-A KPRr\(JS, — Vojikors — Pirrpoiii. Fori Liv Fort Lee, 11 miles Iroin Nnw-York, bany, on tho brow of tbc York Opposite, on wnter. Fort VVnHbinfi;ton. The * from Ibo I^Innd, nrc the vcflti|TC8 of In the llovolution, n finiiken chcvnnx Yonkerrt, or riiinipfibiirgh, is side, eaflt WeslcheHler ro. New-York, and ]I)'2 from Albany. of the church, and a men^ glimppo of the vil- 10 jMileH from Bjiire lage from Al- feet exIciKh^l from one side of tho river to the other. (Ic frine N. Y. niul i:J7 I'liIiHiulooH, !5()0 oblnined as the 8tenml)oa< pnenes Imnlily along. is I'i Here the filands the still Phillips fnniily, and a venerable Episcopal of the fruit settlers. Tho A head of church, many congregntion, first Hudson. Etii,diHh the mansion old Hiibfelnntinl once still Iiouho of mnnor; Phillipw' by nn oecujjied of (hem the dcsccndnnts fine mill puts into the slrt^nm formation of the ground, and the large and shade trees that cluster around, make this a beautiful place. Between heights, is and the city of New-York, the river on with the exception of some rough and rocky this t\\e east side, lined with highly cultivated farms and si)lcn- did country scats. Tappan, west side, Rockland co. N. Y. is 23 miles from New- York, and 125 from Albany. From hence to its source, the whole course of the Hudson is through the State of New- York. Tappan village hid is from view. Pierpont, west side, Rockland from New- York, and 123 southern railroad, commences at which this place. is co. N. Y. from Albany. to extend to Here the river three miles in width and used to be called ! Si I is 25 miles The great Lake Eric, expands to Tappan sea; it I �NIAGARA FALLS AND CANADA. f^inir Sill!? t'roni Al- from llio Cflli|TC8 of is now Not ffir other. ca.st side, 2li mdes from New- York, and 'ace where Major An- — Noted as the dre I V22 21 — Aniliony's Nose;. less dignilie.l, nnd is only termed Tnpi.nn boy. from this viUnge, Major Andre was executed. Tarrylovvn, chcvnux Prison w .108 (cr CO. Albany. II the )f ily vil- niong. house of ' iiiniior; by mi (1 iVoiM Albmiy wad ciii)lured. Above 'i^ni-rylown, and extendir? rises lioni the shore on the east Sing Si side, g, there ...ant Pleasant, a commantbrig and delightful trad, presenting iicin the most beautiful prosjjoct of rural scenery. river a Sing Sing, east side, WcKlehester New- York, and }W fr„m Albany, of the New- York Slate Prisons. co. .-^2 nn'Ies It was built scciulnnts into tlic by the convicts from Iho marble got from the premises. Croton AcqueducI, which is to supply the city of York wilh water, commences near this place. I Hie lar<^e to this a Ilaverslraw, west New- York, ) river on ind rocky nd flplcn- aiul side, ]lockland IJO from Albany. from the location of one is co. The The New- 38 miles from river in front is called llaverstraw bay. Further up the river, in this township, arc vestiges of Stony Point, and Forts Clin, ton and Montgomery, famous in the events of the Revolution. 23 miles Croton, east side, Westchester co. hence to through bid from Cortlajid, 'he great ke Erie, qiande to m sea; it 44 miles from New York, and 104 from Albany. The 25 miles << <' Peekskill, cast side, Westchester co. Inst mentioned village planck's Point is in the stood Fort Fayette, now is a thriving place. Ver- same township, upon which onco scarcely dieccrnable. Anthony's Nose, on the east side, 44 miles from New. York, and 104 from Albany, a high bluff of 1128 feet, in former days, before steamboals abolished time and �«ik1 TOUR TO RARATOOA SPRINGS, 22 ill! West Point Bpncc in travelling, Ihn — Miiifary Aciulciiiy. i)aB8ing of the noec wns to the is to what crossing sailors on the ocean; the novice was obliged to pay a forfeit, which was devoted to the increase of red noses. It is not contended hy those who have seen this promon- nnvigntors of the tory that I The it the line ll\ulfl(>n, hns any great resemhlnnce to a nose. river narrows in jinssing through the Highlands, miles, presenting which extends nearly 12 on coch side noble and picturesque scenes; high acclivities, sloping heights, and deep ravines, advance and recede before the ! i opectator ab the boat drives along. West west Point, Orange side, New- York, and miles from 1)5 from Revolution, in the memorable place Fort co. ! iitnam, At Albany. there was 53 this a chain stretched across the river, intended to cut off the navjtration in from below; but the British in 1777, succeeded removing and passed up the river as it, Academy was established here The students arc only admitted. officers have the first the The which they mercilessly burnt. village of Kingston, Military far as 250 in 1802. sons of revolutionary claim; those of deceased officers of Pupils arc only admitted the last war the second. be- tween the ages of 14 and 22. There are 30 Professors. A cadet costs the government $336 annually. The period They encamp 6 or 8 weeks each of study is 4 years. year. A for the accommodation of well kept hotel may Academy It be justly — tific its plebian soldiers. at West Point, visitors. observed operation and patrician established is is, officers, as respects the Military on one hand, to make scien- and on the other degraded and For republicans, the present military �NIAfJARA FAF.LH AND CANADA. 23 Milimry Aciidciny. eyHlcni to the ^'nH to pay a I red nosofl. promon- is a is |)rinciple8 of line ia to all i bad one, allogdher incompatible with tho democracy; principles so parlies of the Americnn people. d'^arly At cherished by present, the sol- dier, however meritorious he may be, is cut of from all chance of promotion, and all appointments to office arc made by the grace; and favor of the rich and influential. not denied but that the present officers of the army are highly respectable; eiiuaily true it is, that the private soldiers are in the very lowest state. In so low an estiJt is highlands, each side eloping 3B, mation before the k the army held, that culty recruits are obtained to lit as a with the utmost diffi- the ranks of the i)resent small establishment. this chain r the nav- succeeded far as fill is Do away with favoritism; let the government make every fort and garrison a military school; illowof no promotion except from the ranks: <'He that would command, must first learn to serve;" ^nd tho profession would soon become honorable. There would be no need of increasing the pay, of giving nam, 53 At . it the drumming up bounties, or the present vulgar way, irnt. The of .802. 250 and grog fihoi)8. A live years term of service would be but a course of education mixed with military duties. Study, and the pursuits of useful knowledge, would take the place of idleness and dissipation; and tho army, instead of being shunned as the last resource of the most degraded, would soon be filled with the eUte of tho brave and youthful of the country. Such a system would not only be novel, but great and exalting. A national army, composed of the youth of the land, emulating each at taverns ^olutionary officers mitted of be- Professors. The period veeks each ''est e Point, other in the studies to Military citizens and soldiers; fit them Jh for the double capacity of forming at all times a powerful body of men, to meet the exigencies of war; or in peace, to maintain the supremacy of the laws and the integrity of the Union. lake scien- graded and it for recruits in military I /. �TOUR TO SARATOGA SPRINGS, 24 oM Spring — Nnwhui'.'li. Putnam co. 53 niilea from The West Point Fonn- east side, Cold Spring, New- York, and 95 from Albany. dry is at this village. Of the in thia part of the hills side, is a highlands, Crow's Nest, on the west Butter Hill, is the last of the range of west It side. is 1589 Break-neck Hill, on the New there countenance. still A and is Turk's face. side, It is all the winter of 1774. C2 miles from New- York, and the half-shire town of Orange stream of water spreads over this township, The farmers arc affords many mill privileges. fine wealthy—-great the a part of the a fancied resemblance to on the west side. Near this village stands a house in which General Washington 86 from Albany. CO. On Windsor, Newburgh, west :. mounts on the feet. It is called the resided with his family nearly \> 1480 is the cast side. rock on the south side, there human high peak. feet high. Bull Hill, on the cast side, il: from is Newburgh. citizens of this place, enterprise and much business the distinguishing trait of Many is roads concentrate at done. Large quantities shipped for of butter, and of the finest quality, arc here Tlic place has a fine appearance the New- York market. from the Passengers to the southern tier of coun- river. ties frequently which runs siness disembark here, and take the Ithaca stage, daily. Fishkill Landing, cast side, Dutchess New- York, and 80 from Albany. Newburgh, and is It co. is 5 miles from Fishkill C2 miles from nearly opposite village. The MatteaM-an Cotton Factory at this place, gives employ- ment to 300 persons. New Hamburgh, cast side, Dutchess co. (>? miles i �- LI NIA(JARA PALLS Poiijihkocpsio 08 from nt Fonn- good landing, This is an active Rtore-hoiieee, drawand other improvements indicative of prosperity. Milton, west side, Ulster co. GS miles from New- York, and 80 milea from Albany. The bridge, gh peak. on the s 25 — Hyde Park. h-om x\ow-York, and 81 from Albany. liUlc village, with a of the rt AND CANADA. pally dcBcendants inhabitants arc princiof English families settled here at an early period. New of the rt blance to face. ! portion of country. village 8 The farms arc good and well cul- ijihabitunts arc of Dutch descent,- their ancestors settled here as long ago as 1G70. Substantial stone houses indicate the foresight and good condition of the citizens. 774. f The tivated. ishiiigton fork, west side, Ulster co. 70 miles from Newand 73 from Albany. This is a well improved Pnllz, York, and Orange Poughkeepsie, east side, 76 miles from 72 from Albany. township, mors arc The g trait of river. It is the principal portion of The New- York, and county town of Dutchess. the village is hid from the kid out, and shaded with creek with many mill privile- streets are neatly A 3ntratc at ornamental quanlitiea run along the north part of the village, aflbrding many in-st rate sites for manufactories: several of which trees. fine ges, lipped for are already in successful operation. the foremost river towns in ppcurancc of coiin- among aca stage, siness, r nilcs 8 from near the centre of the township, several landing places oii the river. The is It township its miles from Hyde but there are is a beautiful oi land, and noted as being the residence of veral gcnllemen of eminence, wealth and taste. Rhinebeck, east side. Diiti'h"=-« r-i nA__-i- r miles o I bu- inhabitants. village of Park employ Kff its Hyde Park, east side, Dutchess co. 82 New- York, and CG from Albany. The / opi)08itc ge. and wealth of Poughkeepsie stands the extent of se- ' i �' k ini i "4 1 TOUR TO SARATOGA SPRINGS, 26 Kinsrstoii m — I'alHkill Mouiiliiiiis York, and 58 from Albany. nt Many an early day. It was settled by Germans of the inhabitants arc tenants estates are frittering to large proprietors, but the great number of freeholders are gradually inaway, and the creasing. NewKingston, west side, Ulster co. 90 miles from county seat, and York, and 58 from Albany. It is the lies three miles west of the ding, which is opposite to Hudson from Kingston LanKhinebeck. Before it was Esopus. It burnt by the British in 1777, it was called On the south bounds was settled by the Dutch, in IC16. creek passes into of the township of Kingston, Walkill One mile the Rondout, which here enters the Hudson. and is the termination of the Delaware from the river Hudson canal. Lower Red Hook Landing, east side, Dutchess co. New-York, and 52 from Albany. is 9G miles from — PostThere is an Upper Landing of this name, and a The township is wealthy, and among its Office at each. some of the oldest and most considerable inhabitants are Several branches of the Livingston of the State. names are distinguished by family reside here, and their seats structure. choice of location and elegance of NewSaugerties, west side, Ulster co. 103 miles from west of York, and 45 from Albany. The village is a mile the Landing. Catskill, west side, Greene York, and 36 from Albany. 112 miles from Newline of stages run from co. A Tasscngers here to Ithaca, as well as from Newburgh. distant intending to visit the Pine Orchard, which is HMi!'! about 9 miles irom the Hudson, and A is elevated 3000 feet I �l;i NIACAl^A PALLS Hudson jrerinans above tenants rittering lally — Atliciis — 0\ majestic* scenery Mountains, are nnich frequented by in- The city of Hudson, New- im county. ton Lane opus. city, been was it Considerable from this and seat, travellers. commerce foreign from New- the capital of Columbia is is carried on and especially the whaling business has with much energy. Those who visit hvhnium Springs, aiul the Slinker's village, debark here, take the Jludson and Borkehire railroad, which runs through Lebanon, and conveys passengers to the Springs It atid h bounds isses into $1 ,()2|, The water of these Springs is at the uniform temperature of 72^ Fahreidieit. It is agitated by a confor One mile ware and stant ennssion of nitrogen and azotic gas, and the place bcconu'ngone of considerable .esort. chess CO. Llbany. j)r()secutcd The Moun- of the Catskill east side, 111) miles York, and 29 from Albany, 27 erHluiijrli. wafer, disembark at this place. tide H0U8C, and the tain AND CANADA. Athens, 119 — nu"les dy, lies opposite d a Post- ted, among is its msiderablc and the from Hudson, New- York, and 29 from Alba- in Greene village rises pleasantly fuished by co. It is incorpora- from the river. Here the dose of ship navigation. Coxsackie, west side, Greene York, ajul 21 from Albany. Livingston is Kinderhook Laiuling, east 127 miles from New- co. side, Columbia co. 132 miles from New- York, and 16 from Albany. rom Newile I I rom NcwI run from Passengers is distant a 3000 fuel New Baltimore, west side, Greene co. 134 miles from New- York, and 14 from Albany. west of Coeymans, west side, Albany York, and 11 from Albany. co. Schodack Landing, Rensselaer York, and 10 from Albany. The Overslaugh, 145 from Albany, is co. 137 miles from New138 miles from New- miles from a shallow and New- York, and 3 difficult part of the river, i �'f^l^w TOUR TO SARATOGA SPRINGS, 28 Ciiy of Albiiiiy. where vcBsels are often grounded, and the larger class of Steamboats are occasionnUy obliged to stop, ! ntul have their boats. passengers conveyed to the city by smaller THE CITY OF ALBANY. " Co forth into the fioMs, Ye denizens of tlio- pent city's mart Go forth and know tlie jiladness nature yiehlg To the cure wearied heart." '. The capital of the State of 39' 99'' north. New- York is in latitude In magnitude and importance, it is 42° the eecond city in the State. At Albany, travellers usually make such stay as their Few leave the amusement, business or interest demands. The obtheir arrival. after city by the first conveyance to be seen, some interest about the city are first jects of be performed, or some new arrangements business is to be made i! not direct to the Falls of Nidistinctly described agara, the different routes will be here Albany, if he takes During his stay at to the traveller. the necessary ininto consideration, by having the subject enabled to make up formation before him, he will be better As \i I- 1,1 to their journey. for the further prosccul ion of I his the tour to the Springs mind is h] as to his future progress. w �NTAOAriA FALLS AND CANADA. f^cheiuTtJ'.dy — 29 IJallsloii iSpa. of r class tiave their ROUTE TO SAIIAT0(^A RPRLXGS, FROM ALBANY, VIA SCHENf^CTADY. Tbo try, <Mi(l railrond oflipo f )r Scbciicotndy and wcetorn counSnraloga, will be readily found, at the upiicr of State street, on the riirht Ride, a sliort distance be- and for The fore reaching? the capitol. fnj-c, usually $2, to Sara- toga, is paid at this oillce. The city of Schenectady, from Saratoga, name — lK)unds day the l9 it it lies 3, ie the ny as their vv leave the The :. seen, ob- some igemente to rncy. Falls of Nily described if he takes lecessary into make up by the side of the on the west. of the savages. it 10 miles from Albany and 22 the capital of the county of the Mohawk it is The same which river, ItiP an old place, and in inhai)itnn(s sulTored severely tady, and atilude 42° is its early from the incursions Erie canal passes through Schenec- a great thoroughfare for travellers, but their stay here is very short, the greatest number having barely time to pass from one set of cars to another. On leaving Schenectady, the cars pass over a fine rail- road bridge, and then turn in a northern direction. Ballston Spa, 31 miles from Albany, and 7 from Saratoga, is the county scat of Saratoga county. It is a place of considerable importance, and it is evident that there has been no lack of cntcrpise on the part of the inhabitants, yet it is equally plain that it is ical Si)ring8 at this place not now advancing. The med- once stood in the highest estima- the visiting community gathered round them, and the public houses were crowded. The :San3 Sotici, a very large and spacious hotel, was erected; but Saratoga tion; has grown into popularity, and Ballston has been measurably deserted. a*; Still however, in the summer season, it has �I "HI"" TOUR TO SARATOGA SPRIX08, 30 Wiitcrv a shnro ot'lho luisiir'ss; lict — Troy ninny bunrders sojourn nl the \nih\\c houses, mid the visitors nro conslnntly jmssinir iVoin one viDnge two (licsn • L l|ltl . t») PasflinS and the • lis Iho other. jilaces, fnMn ifl The 37i line t»n the raih-oad hetweeii i cents. IJallHton, the 7 niih^s nro soon run over, traveller is landed at {Saratoga, J58 miles from Al- bany. 1 , 11 i 1 ROUTE TO SARATOGA SPRINGS PROM ALBANY, VIA TROY. A steamboat generally runs hourly back and forth from Albany to Troy; the fare is usually 12J cents. Stages run every half hour ses, is — they will and put you down 25 in take you up at the public hou- any place you direct. The fare cents. West Troy, on the west side of tlie Hudfrom Albany, and IM from Saratoga, is a son, 5 miles smart and growing village. A United States Arsenal, of Watcrvlict, or ;i! considerable magnitude, The i city of is maintained at this Troy, on the cast Eidt of the jilace. river, 6 miles from Albany, and 33 from Saratoga, is the county seat The river is here about 900 feet wide, and of Rensselaer. the tides of the ocean arc perceptible in a slight rise and This Troy is hardly less famed than its fall of the water. great namesake of antiquity. It is distinguished for rapid yet sure and etablc growth, for its the untiring enter- M �111 NIAOAUA FALLS AND CANADA. — Walorford, LanHiiijrlmrjj:!! he i)ublic 81 priHc of its citizens, and for the stream of prosperity and opulonee Uiat pours in upon them. The traveller to tho Sj)ring8 here lakes the railroad cars. The ffire is 1,50. inun one helweeii ,f Lansinghurgli, on Ihc east side of the Hudson, in ReusRolaer county, is 9 miles fnmi Albany, and 30 from Saratoga. It is seen from the cars, and is a flourishing place. run over, from Al- 11 Waterford, Saratoga couniy, on the west side of tho where it is intersected with the Mohawk river, is Frudsoi), 10 miles from Albany, and considerable place, and Tho and LBANY, traveller is ready f the the villnge. Huda ounty scat \ wide, and it rise and ed than hed its for its ring enter- J town in Saratoga county, 8 from Saratoga. There is i Ballston Spa, and from thence the route The whole fare 21 miles is A canal runs thro' considerable water for hydraulic the next 7 miles, as on the "Wl 6 miles and the people purposes, and a Cotton Factory has been fbr operation. A.r8ennl, of r, how do all the cities from Albany to Waterford, that the country adjoining is rich, from Albany, and fare ace. is Mechanicsville, a hou- toga, is a is industrious. Singes mil The It to inquire, villages so near together swer )ul)lic from Saratoga. head of sloop navigation. continue not only to maintain their ground, but to improve and flourish in an unprecedented maimer ? The only an- from forth 2S) the is first some years in same for is the route from Schenectady. on the route via Troy to Saratoga Sprintre, * i8from$l,G2to$l,75. If it is the intention of the traveller on leaving the Springs to go to Niagara Falls, he is advised to take the route to the Springs, by the way of Troy, and to leave them by the way of Schenectady. direct way to the West. In all He will then be on his cases the tourist is advi- sed to go to the Springs in one direction, and to return fcV I �riiii TOUR TO SARATOGA SPRINOS, 32 Kciiiiirks lo Travellers. another: he will lose no lime by so doing, more Thnre nre m\ innncnsc unci will ace of the coimlry. and west pa8sin<5 onst nuni])er of trnvcUcrs cofislnnlly throii<j;h Ihn cilii^R of AlbaTiy niid who have never been at the S})rin<,'8, but would like to visit them. They have never troubled themselves to ascertain how easy, and cheap, such u very desiSchcneolady, rable gratification li' To in is to be obtained. go from Albany lo Schenccfndy via Troy nnd Sam- toga Springs, costs the traveller for than to go direct to Schenectady. bany. '! $2,25 more The same Who that can afford it would for so small tlie most hasty traveller, can be of a sum The time forego the pleasure of a visit to the Spring?? too, to extra ex- from Schenectady via Saratoga, &c. to Al- iSense occurs 1 fare, only little conse- quence; a single day, or a night and half a day, will suffice for a very hurried visit. ROUTE FROM ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS, The railroad fare from Albany through to Utica The distance is 94 miles; and to Syracuse 147. n After passing the uninteresting pine hills is $3,75. from Albany, the cars descend the inclined plane to the city of Schenectady, which is 16 miles from Albany, and 131 from Syra- cuse; they stop in the spacious depot in that place, and > the passengers change their seals to the cars that carry them through i i !l . 1 to Utica. �NIAGARA FALLS AND CANADA. Atiistertlairi The will ace )aTiy nml in<^8, but cd thcm^cry dcsi- uid Sarn- e. to Al- ii a Bum rhe time Many S3 i Rocktoii. villages are passed, Mohawk some of is extremely them memo- rable for revolutionary events; others are just springing into existence, and are dietinguished by their new and fresh appearance. An.slenlam, Montgomery county, is 32 miles from Albany, and 115 from Syracuse. The village is of old date; of late years it has taken a new start, and it is in a thriving condition. ,2o nioro ?xtrn ex- -- ride through the valley of the pleasant. Dfislnnlly — Fonda Fonda, 42 miles from Albany, and 105 from Syracuse, new place of two or three years growth onl-; it is the county scat of Fulton, a county lately formed irom Montgomery. The court house is a very respectable building, an<' the prospects of general improvement appear '8 a favorable. conse- le dny, will ALLS. is $3,75. Here Schencc- Dm Syra- ilace, and hat carry an excellent eating house for railroad passengers — they stop ten minutes; the same at Amsterdam, St. Johnsvilk and Little Falls, for the purposes of refreshment. Though it is not customary for travellers in this country to dispense with a single meal, yet the effects of the ride on the railroad, and the attractions of the luxuriously spread tables are such at these houses, that the passengers usually cat, as if they had not broken their fast before for a week. St. Johnsville, a small village, and 84 from Syracuse, its Albany, is is 63 miles from Albany, noted to railroad travellers by house of refreshment. Rockton, or Little Falls, Herkimer county, is 73 miles from Albany, and 74 from Syracuse. This place has abundance of fine mill seats. The Mohawk is here broken by many httle islands and rocks past which it descends with much force, forming a variety of cascades and little falls. An acqucdact bridge crosses the river to the Erie canal. #1 I �I 1 MHi TOrR TO SAKATOdA SPRTNOS, 34 rticn The _ Uoiiu^— Svriu'usp. very wild and bold Hccnnry nroiiiid llookton, uinkcB a Bpot whicli the IravcUcr looks Herkimer, is n post The Si) town on with ii|)oii miles from Albnny, nad it Krcnt interest. ()7 from Syrneiisc, the Gcrmnii Flats. city of Ulicn, the enpilal of Oneida county, is i)4 The central miles from Albnny, and 53 from Syracuse. conmianding trade. Bitualion of this city has long given it a An unostentatious opuleiux-, niul a competency, happy arc the characteristics of a large portion of its inhnbitnnts. At Utica the traveller purchases a ticket in the oflice of the Depository at which the cars stop for Syracuse, at $2, the distance of 53 miles. The route of the Syracuse road goes through Whites- town, distant 100 miles from iVlbany, and 49 from Syrah - cuse, situated on a level near the The v" Inge of Rome, M(»hnwk river. miles from Albnny, and 40 from Syracuse. After the built by the British, in 1758. war, it was cnlled Fort Schuyler. discernable, near the bnidv of the The is 107 Fort was formerly Fort Stnnwix, The revolutionary Its ruins are slightly Mohawk river. road passes through some other small villages that are springing up at different intersecting thoroughfares. Syracuse, place has is 53 miles from Utica, by the grown railroad. This into importance since the construction of the Erie canal, and has become the county seat of OnThe manufacture of salt is here carried on exondaga. by boiling the water and by evaporation. More than one hundred acres are covered with sheds and vats for evaporating; and the salt thus made is consid- tensively, both ered superior. Syracuse is a central point for travellers; in going west �— 1 m NIAGARA FALLS AND CANADA. 85 i t'annl Trav<!lliiip. I f ; iimkcs it from tjiis place, throe diflercnt routes arc prcbeiitcd. tcrest. hy the Erie iyrneiisc, Lockporl; thence and Htuirc to directly through cniuil, l)y lo Ono Jldchesfcr railroad to the Falls. Oswego, thence hy steanihoats One hy 1 i and canal Lewiston, lo 1 ly, is i)4 cent ml 3 trnde. 11^ ipotcncy, and railroad he to trails. And the other hy railroad to Auburn, and stages thence to Rochester, or Canandaigua to Bullalo, and railroad to the Falls; or hy stages to Lockport, and railroad to the Falls. inbilnnts. ice of the $2, the I ROUTE FROM SYRACrSE, BY CANAL, TO NIAGARA FALLS. Whitrs- m Syia- wns F«irt lulionnry 3 After the fatigue of the cars, 107 is c, slightly direct fr(,ni Albany, the passenger has if 147 miles, it is on board of the Packets. He can sit, or sleep, and in other respects find himself entirely at his ease. The fare to Rochester, 99 miles, is $4, with board. The is igcs that fnres. uction of t of On- part, if there are of, yet many it is far passcng.;^^.. better than is cannot be favorably allowed by the jar of the railroad cars, or the swing of post coaches. About two days travelling on the canal is always an agreeable change from other modes of conveyance. d on ex- The iporntion. Miles from Syracuse. sheds and s consid- aing west tabic provided about as well as at ihe good hotels; the lodging spoken This d. come a great relief to go 2 8 9 . . villages passed . . on the canal are Miles from Rocliester. . . Geddesburgh, Onondaga Nine Mile Creek, " .ninilliifi. co. . . 97 . . 91 I j> •3 �— TOUR TO SARATOr.A 36 ^^m\ HPRINCff, ' Canal Truvclling. ^H I^^H ^^H' ^H "\ Miles from HyrucuHC. ^^H 14 20 26 27 29 35 46 55 i ^^^^H ^^^^^^^y i ^H ^H ^H ^H ^H ^H ,, ir . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wecdsport, . . Con Ire . . . . . Montc/iima, . . . . . Port, . )> 1* Wayne Clyde, . co. >> Port Byron, . Cayuga Lyons, co. ** ^ i 02 65 70 . Newark, . Port Gibson, M . Fairport, . . ^^1 83 89 ^H ^H ^H ^H ^H ^H ^H ^H . Fill lam's ' , At ! : 51 Rochester, I i slop . 34 at the . 29 Lewist . 18 loconio co. . 10 . 10 Ridge • the disf The again puse nted to the is and Milos conveyances to Ni agara Falls, .ock port. continuance by the cnnnl — a boat after the arrival of the eastern boat. ;j ; tt The ij- fare is shortly from 11 $2 The vi llages . 19 . 40 . 43 passed are . 35 to $2,50 to Lockport; the disl ance 63 miles. ' •: fr( Iloclicsl . leiivcs , ^ . The ^ ; tei . 1'' First, ccn . 1 vii. . Fron »» the city of Rochester, there traveller difTerent routes . 03 • Monroe Pittstbrd, . . . . . Basin . , . . 45 37 )) 99 1 . 44 . >» ^ . . . >> Palmyra, . . Ontario co. : 81 39 . Lockvillc, . . \ 44 38 ' M 1 . . . . . . 35 . . . 27 79 73 72 70 04 53 . . Jordan, . li 1 . • . . . 11 iiOrliC:^ '^^ co. >> 61 i! ^^B H^H nondaga Cnnlon, . . . Miles Croiii Hocliesier. »• ^^^^^^^1 ^^H( Miles . 1 iMilcs to IMilos froii1 .plr' ^^1 - ' ; y Lockpori. llniilicster • ^H ^H ^B ^H 10 i: 12 15 ;::' ^ 20 9i% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spencer's Basij 1, Ogden, Adams, Brockport, Hnllnv. J , 53 53 . 51 :. . 48 1 . . . . co. . . Monroe . 43 1 . . 2S ^ >» >i »> Ol'lenns co. '^' 1 ^^^^H \*f 61 . . And , The G lavia, �— MAfJARA FALLS ANL CANADA. 37 liockporl and Nia»(iira Full-i llailroarl. from .Miles Irorii Itoi'linsKT. Ilotlicstcr. MiU',4 Miles to Lockp'.irt. . 85 27 . . Murrny, . 7J) 35 . . Alliiori, Orleans co. . 7:i 39 . . Portvillo, » 72 70 . 44 . . Oiik Orchard, n 45 . . Modinn, . . . f)4 . . . . 51 . . 53 44 38 (13 . . . « f^*y . 18 . 10 Ridgc Nia<mra . co. 12 n Lockjjorf, - w # • cars. That Canada take the 2 miles. Tho village is di^^tant only road. The fare is ,f<2,50 in summer the ecason; the distance 01 miles. The ted to the INTilos Falls, villages paased arc from Milop to Lockpwrt. Itoclicsicr. G from . Greece, . . Parma, It 19 ^2 . 11 vcs shortly is IJ) 18 locomotive and train proceed on, 7 miles, to the Falls. The second route from Rochester is hy stage, on tho • i,fara . . it at the Junction, the passengers going to Lewiston IG . Miihilcport, 28 24 From Lockport to the Falla, hy railroad, 24 miles; furc, 1/ cents. At the village ef Pokin, lU miles, the cars slop ten mimitcs, (o wood and water. 5J miles further, 37 34 . 36 (I . . . Clarksoji, »» Monroe 35 Gaines, . Oak . . . . . . And 48 The 43 , ,A lavia, m\ 42 Hartland, Gl 51 55 50 Ridge way, 53 38 . . 43 IMilcs to Lockporl, . 40 CO. Orleans ^*> co. Orchard, 18 8 Lockport, to tho Falls, third route by railroad, 24 miles. from Rochester, is by Gcncaec county; fare, for 32 m\\v». railroad, to ia *! r^\ Ca- n: From i] �J ' dl ll|)| '»IW I»l|'WII!'iW llll ll III TOUR TO SARATOGA SPRINGS, 38 Coiupurutive ExpeiiscH. Ihencc by singe '.^2 miles, iiire Bullhlo, o9 niik-B, fare $2,50. $\,^yO, And 1o road, or Btenmbonl, lo Niagara Falls, Or Loekporl. Iroiii to by rail- fare 87 theiicc 22 miles, cent 8. These routes present Bulls, as to The to the traveller the following rc- expense: and railroad from thence by packet, to Lockport, to the Falls, the cost is $3,47 and route from lloehester, first board, 63 miles. 2d. Stage by the Ridge road and railroad, $3,47. 3d. Railroad to Balavia, stage to Lockport, 4th. Railroad to Batavia, stage to BuiValo, «fcc. and $3,97. railroad to the Falls, $4,87J. ROUTE FROM SYRAtiUSE, BY LAKE ONTARIO. Packet boat, or stage, to Oswego, at the month of Os- iiiif: on Lake Ontario, 38 miles; fare, $1,50. From thence by steamboat, to Lewiston, on (he Niagara river, 150 miles; fare, $4. From thence to the Falls, by rail- wego Hill river, road, 7 miles; fare As its it is 50 cents. desirable to see Lake Ontario, and to pass over deep green waters, either in going up or returning, it the tourist goes \o reconmicnded to take this route, li' Canada, the canal, or land route had bettor be taken in going to the Falls, and the lake in pawaing down, or rcis 15 �NrAOARA FALLS AND CANADA. Kates of Fare Or )rl. to turmiig. cc by railfare ?, to 87J T.) persons Upper (lio and route, is e(;onoinieaI time and money, preferable; llowing rc- Dislfiiict^fl. bound to tbc J.fikcH, Ibis an in — 39 cily of Bufiiilo, or a pleasant and expeditious point of view, botb and travellers as to on busincBs bavo an oi)i)ortunity of seeinor ibe Falls without exand without going out of their way. The time tlic will Vi'UBOy > Lockport, proprietors ndvertise to carry passengers from Syracuse to $3,47 and Niagnra Falls, is 2-2 hours; and to Bufialo, in tbc short space of 2'.H hours. 15,47. Xsc. $:.{,97. 11(1 ruihoad ROUTE FROM SYRACUSE, RY AUBURN. To Auburn, Auburn i)u(h to distance STAKIO. is of Os- From 9 11 by by 15 . . . Cayuga Bridge, Cayuga co. . . . . . Seneca co. . . . . 2G 22 . . 16 Falls, to pass over eturning, rist . . Waterloo, . . . Geneva, . . . Canandaigua, Ontario co. 28 " From Canr.ndaigiia, this routes divides again into two one leading to Rocheatcr, by railroad, 20 miles; faro $l,12i; where the traveller will take one of the it, goes to be taken in own, or Seneca " . 37 rail- From Miles Jo Canaiulaigua. 21 ills, railroad; fare, .f 1,25. JMilcs from Au!)urii, igara river, ,50. 2(5 miles, Canndnigua, the conveyance is by stage; tho 37 miles, and the villages it passes through are, routes alrcatly described, rc- 4 from that city to the Falls. �I r-!!!|!r:'^r't;;i);n:Sttg*~!'s*^K 40 TOUR TO SARATOGA BPRINGS, Avon Or Spritifrs, he pleases, he may take the road if Btage, distance 88 inilce, to Buffalo by and pass through the following villages: Miles from Milos to Caiiaiulaigua. Bulialo. 8 . . East Bloomfield, Ontario 13 . . . West Bloomfield, 18 il . , t . Lima, , , , East Avon, . , . Avon, 23 25 [Two J They 80 co. 75 Livingston co. >> 65 » C3 miles north of Ihis village arc Ihe The are sulphurous. 70 Avon Springs. ncct)mniodations for visitors nre such as are required, and Ihose Springs of late years have been growing in favor with the public] 33 . , Caledonia, 39 il.l . . . . Le Roy, 43 . . Stafford, i» . 45 . . Batavia, If . 39 49 56 62 70 78 88 I Livingston Genesee . . . . . Pembroke, . . . Clarence, . . . Williamsville. . . . City of Buffalo. co. East Pembroke, . co. 55 49 32 •I" Erie CO. 26 18 10 *t 91 Pi N. B. On some routes the mated, as on such periods gaged it for, it price of fare is not esti- has been found to vary at different has been travelled over, upon the distance en- and for other causes, satisfactory to the propri- etors of the differejit lines, if not to the traveller. �I NIACfARA FALLS J)istiincc.s AND CANADA. J. t 41 from UurtUlo. I Buffalo by following 5 THE CITY OF BUFFALO. or Milos to Ihis rising city of Iho Bulialo. <»t . 75 . . . 111 for 70 fipeak. C3 lliat It there • late years tfi 49 45 18 10 The not it it should be over the deep green waan object cheering to the mind and delightful to Steamboats leave BuHiiio every evening and morning; and a stage leaves every morning for the west. The price of cabin passage on the steamboats to Detroit is eight dollars, and intermediate jiorts in projjortion. • 8 of the Lakes, as the main chamiel of travel to the great west is through this city, some information as to distances beyond Buffalo, will here be given. 26 . The City As 32 . all, the eye of the tourist. 39 . admitted by cnlled, already rising beautifully 55 . is is onward course. ters, is . it retard visitors . suflicientto say, that is no location that can become its rival, and no untoward circumstances, can but for a short period Springs. . li its necessary to 65 . West, of the high OBpirations connnanding position as to comincrcAnl advantages, of tlie proud eminence to which it has already risen, and to the high destiny of its future prosperity and greatness, it is not in this volume 80 . ilsntizcne, of different distances to various points on the lakes itf^ arc— esti- From " ietancc entlie propri- Portland, Ene.. ;; ...... ....... Buffalo to Dunkirk, ;; Salem, Miles. 45 60 90 jjg Ashtabula, 130 Grand River, 153 Cleveland, * 133 I* 4* m I �Wi TOUR TO BARATOOA SPRINGS, 42 (ioiiij; from ~ Niag.'irii Fiills. Miles. 13ii(r»ilo 235 SQiidiisky, From Huron, to 250 Detroit, " " " For 600 750 Green Bay, " furflicr 810 Mackinaw, " " information to emigrants and are bound west from the city of Buffalo, tern Guide Book" is Pi 1000 Chicago, recommended " who Wes- travellers Steele's as a very useful work. ROUTES FROM NIAGARA FALLS, THROUGH CANADA. i Travellers, ! ! when in the western pari of the State of i New- York, 1|! ! ^M frequently come to the conclusion to make a tour in Canada, and not having provided themselves with directions, suitable they find it very at times require information which difficult to obtain. For the convenience of those who wish to extend their journey beyond the Falls, the following information has been brought together. ! i The Falls, of late years, have I i become very justly the great centre of attraction, usually receive the first visit branch off to scenes of less which of tourists, and thence they magnitude, as business or curiosity leads them. The It ' city of Buffalo is the place of general embarkation ^ III Iff,. for all the countries, lakes, and rivers beyond. The traveller car* reach Buffalo from the Falls, on the Canada nnrl �t ! NIAGARA PALLS AND CANADA. St. Catherines — 43 11 Haiiiiltoii. Miles. Bide, 235 1 250 by stage or iilcnsnnt travelling 600 American side, he will find it on 1 he Buffalo and Niagara Falls rail- road, as a considerable portion of the route 750 eidc of the river. 1000 «aiul\vich, who Wes- i^ellcrs eful Chippewa, two miles, and or, by crossing the ferry at the Falls, to the 310 cle's raih'oad, to hence by steamboat, twenty miles; or other portions of places, to take runs by the It is usual for person,? visiting Canada Maiden, west of those steamboat from Buffalo. Jf the tourist confines his ramble within a short work. com- pass, there are, in the vicinity of the Falls, several places may attract his attention, not mentioned in the jaunt Canada, in the after part of this work. AIlGiisburgJi, 8 miles west from the Falls, and 596 from Quebec, is a smoll village on the Wellond canal; a good that to LOU Gil rond leads to H, which passes llirough a fine country. St. Davids, 6 miles nortji from ihc Fulls, i and 588 from e to Quebec, State of make 3elve8 tion with it lies 10 miles west from the Falls, and canal runs through it. It is a thriving village, and of considerable business. Hamilton, is west 40 miles, by land, and 50 miles by steamboat navigation from Niagara, and 630 from Quebec. It is near the head of Lake Ontario. It is situated on a beautiful plain, skirted on one side by the mountain and on the other by the green meadow lands lying between it and the lake. It is one of the first class of Towns in the 595 from Quebec. have which hence they jusiness or mbarkation The av village; St. Catherines, is matiou has ond. retired circumstance of the W(;llnnd canal, at this place, being cut nearly 100 feet in the mountain. ctend their ion, a pretty, below the mountain ridge, 2 mileg west of Queenston. The Deep Cut, 8 miles west from the Falls, and 596 from Quebec, has its name from the a which l^ears, is nada The Welland i li I . �44 TO HAIIATOGA SPRINGS, TOITR Uraiilford — Toronto. Upper Provincp, and is n very business taining nluMil oOOO iiilinbitnnte. Grand River, Brantford, on like plnce, con- 25 miles fiirlhcr, and is and 080 from Quebec. Along Ihe borders of (Jrand River reside Ibo renmant of the 65 miles from Mobawk tlic is Falls, Indians, vvbo, mider Rrant, baving taken sides witb Ibo Brilisb govorinnent, in tbc revolutionary war, bad a large tract of land allotted to tbem on tbc borders of (bin river. Tberc is a line of stages wbicb run daily from liowis- lon and Queenslon, tbrougb Canada to Detroit, jjassing ";i: ; tbrougb ter, SI. Davids, St. Toronto, Jianjilton, Ancas- 44 miles from Ibo is side of tbc lake, I' Quebec. If Catbcrines, Brantford and Jjondon. It Falls, on the nortbern and 100 miles by land, and 550 from contains about 12,000 inbabitants. It is 'i built by tbc side of tbe bay of tbe same name. tifications are at a sbort distance from tbe city, Tbe for- on a point of land wbicb conunands (be entrance into tbe harbor. Tberc are several well built streets in Toronto, and many gov- ennnent and other buildings of ample dimensions and in good style. Tbe College at this place is well endowed, and is a well conducted and an excellent institution. precincts around tbe city are handsomely improved. 'U chards, gardens, l and tbc dwellings of wealthy Tbc Or- peojile arc 1,1 The lands many miles in seen in every direction. about Toronto arc very all fertile, country lliii is and for directions, the well populated by able farmers. Travellers from tbe American or British side, can cmbark on board of steamboats at Lcwiston or Queenslon, 7 miles from the Falls, and 585 from Quebec, or at any �NIAGARA FALLS AND CANADA. 45 m Oswego— Kiiifr.sion. plnce, con- hcr, nnd oc. Along is mill of the Inkoii sides (uiaiy wnr, the borders om liowis- »i1, Ancas- the St. Lawrence. If the tourist desires to go to the Province, he will take a steamboat from the Niagara river, or, if he prefers an overland route, he can take the railroad cars, and pass through the villages of Pekin and Lockport, 24 miles from the Falls, and 5C9 Lower from Quebec; thence by packet or stage, and railroad, to the cily of Rochester, the whole distance 85 miles, and 507 from Quebec. Those ]m8sijig an, of the i)ort8 on the river below, for Hnmilton, Toronto, Kingston, or from the American ports on the lake, or of The e northern 550 from I It Ills. The nn for- poiiit )or. is of There nmny gov- ons and in endowed, 1 tion. The 3ved. Or- peojile are oronto are ctions, the travellers who did not come to the Falls by this a very pleasant one on their return. ride on the railroad, along the brow of the mountain route, will find is delightful. it I The great combined locks at Lockport, and the thousands of laborers now engaged in blasting the rocks and excavating the earth fbr the enlarged canal, are well worth seeing. The number, too, of beautiful and Irt flounshmg villages along this route -the rich and prosperous country- the city of Rochester -the great acque- duct-the falls great interest. of the Genesee river At Rochester -are the tourist is all objects of again on the great thoroughfare of travel; and stages, railroad cars and packet boats, are ready for his accommodation. To Oswego, from Lcwiston, by the lake, is 150 miles, and 452 from Quebec To Sacket's Harbor, from Oswego, 40 miles; and is 197 from the Falls, and 412 from Quebec. To Cape Vincent, from Sacket's Harbor, 20 and IS L57 from the Falls, miles 3, can cm- leension, 7 or at any Kmgston, Upper Canada, now the capital of both Provmces, lies opposite Cape Vincent, distant 11 miles, and .s 200 mdes from Niagara Falls, and 392 from Quebec. :'l; I �I TOUR TO SARATOGA SPRINGS, 46 Uidcaii Cuiial It conlains nhont GOOO merly Fort FronliiiQc; — Sf. liiiwrrMKn Uivrr. This place was inlinbilnnls. it is for- on tho northern shore of built Lawrence, at its junclion with Lake Ontario. The river is here 10 miles wide. The Thousand Islands commence immediately below Kint^slon, and are scattered The fortifications in the river for a distance of 50 miles. the St. at Kingston are of considerable strength, and in reference to military and naval operations, it is considered an im- portant point. I i 1 1 li commences in the bay; and is five It was built at the expense of the miles from Kingston. British government, and principally for military purposes, in aftbrding an internal communication between the The Rideau canal i The whole Upper and Lower Provinces. distance from Kingston, by the Rideau canal, to Montreal, 1 There is a variety of r the Rideau and Ottawa ! dire, the i Rideau falls, is 280 miles. 3rc8ting objects along the canal — Chau- rivers, the cataract of the extensive lakes, and some pleasant villages. the St. Lawrence, the conveyance By to Dickerson's Landing, 110 is by steamboat miles, passing Miles to Miles from Niagara Falls. 250 . Ciuebec. Upper Canada, St. Lawrence county, N. Y. Prcscott, Upper Canada, Ojjdensljiirgh, St. Lawrence county, N. Y. JM2 Ikockvillc, Morristown, 4 270 . 310 . 322 . 363 . 379 . 103 . 112 =. . 320 Dickerson's Landing, by stage, 12 miles, to 282 . From Cornwall, Thence Thence Thence Thence Lower Canada, by steamboat 41 m. by stage 16 miles, by to to . . .... Coteau du liac, li. Cascade, L. C. steanilioat 24 miles, to lia Chicn, bv stage 9 miles, I to Montreal, , C 270 . 229 213 L. C. IF!) . 180 �;l NfAr.ARA PALLS AND CANADA. Moiiireal ice was Drii shore of The for- 47 — Quebec. distance from Kingston, by the St. Lawrence, to Montreal, is 2)2 miles. The fine scenery along the river, vG Ontario, of lakes and Islands and picturesque views, of rising towns and elegant seats, and the many scenes made memorable by historical events, always chann and annise the traveller. re scattered brtifications in reference ^rcd and lapide, of islands Besides the an im- many objects and rocky shores, of wild II which the city of Montreal afTords to attract the attention of <he tourist, the village of Varennes, on account of its medical spring and fine and prospect, has is five lensc of the tary purpo- stance from 8 280 miles, — the Chaune pleasant steamboat I (iuebec. where •, L. C. L. C. Some miles up the St ' Shawinncgame, of 100 Richelieu rapids commence 7 {^^\. miles below the Three Rivers, and is 504 miles from Niagara Falls, b8 from Quebec. The navigation is considered m the night, a,id danger- 2S2 ous 270 DS, to village it gara Falls, and 95 from Quebec. Maurice, are the flxlls of the The 320 The the bank of the river unites with the St. Lawrence. The next place of importance is the Three Rivers at the mouth of the St. Maurice, and is 497 miles from Nia Sorel, Miles to of nuich resort. Pursuing the route down the river, William Henry is 40 miles from Montreal, 4G7 miles from Niagara Falls and 125 from Quebec. It is on ' J ])Iace is 15 miles from the city, 427 miles from Niagara Falls, and 165 from Quebec; and the spring is about a mile from the village. A steamboat runs from Montreal to this J)lace twice a day, and the boats that ply lo and from Quebec usually slop. )etween the the canal become a passed in the day time. 220 The 213 IB IF!) 180 and by steamboats the rapids are always distance to Quebec from Montreal, by steamboat, 180 mdes, and from Niagara Falls 592 miles. traveller having arrived The in this city, so ceicbiated for the 11 �TOUR TO SARATOGA SPRINGS, 48 Uoiitc Itptiirniin,' many great cveulsof vvhioli from it (.iucli"*'. been the theatre, and lias for its strong Ibrtiticatione, will, at liia leisure, nied by tomo well informed citizen, all the locations around the in and >r accompa- hired guide, visit of attraction within and objects city. Montmorcnei are eight miles northeast of Quebec, on the river of the same name, and near the The St. Lawrence; being (iOO miles from Niagara Falls. The Falls of height of the Fall is 240 feet, or feet higher than the 72 but the immense volume of water of The falling sheet is about the great cataract is wanting. 100 feet wide, or about the same width as that of the Falls of Niagara, centre iil. fall of Niagara, The Cave. which passes over Ingrahain's great height, however, of these Falls, and the singular beauty which pervades the whole wild and romantic scene, is the admiration of who have had an all opportunity of beholding them. On the route between the Falls of the city, is Montmorenci and the Indian village Lorette. Some views of the surrounding and distant scenery from 4 beautiful is afforded this village. There are several other places in the vicinity of Quebec of considerable interest, which are pohited out to strangers, and are frequently visited. In returning, the usual route from thence by steamboat is back to Montreal — 1 to I'!' Miles to Albany. Miles from 3Iontrcul. 7 . La 24 . Thence by 33 . By steamboat Prairie, Lower Canada, ... . railroad to St. Johns, L. C. 17 to Isle Aux . 243 m. 226 Noix, L. C. 14 m. 212 The public c sf road to ; '>!)cratior �NIAGARA FALLS AND CANADA. Itouto from bcalrc, and giiidc, visit To and 60 '* uorlbcast of 101 near Ibe 139 Bi-rlington, , Tbo 154 . cr tbau Ibc 178 . ol" water of 200 brails. Allumy, Rouse's Point, L. C. 10 miles, Cbazy, Clinton county, N. Y. 12 miles! Plattsburgh, " 75 d lo |]oBtoii. Miles to 48 wit bin . Crown i> 15 Vermont, Hill, 203 . 15 Glen's Falls, N. Y. . Saratoga, Falls, le and will only depart lave Albany. had an Qorcnci and ne beautiful J is afforded | M 3 l\ 47 north, the tourist about 15 miles out of the direct route to The whole tour from New-York (o Saratoga Snr;„.e N,agara Falls, Q„oboe, and back ,o the .Ty of New! York w,ll comprise a distance of abo.U 1,W0 miles, and may be accompl.shed m the summer season, by hose whose ambition is rapidity of moven.ent, in y of Quebec 96 72 50 i> 20 And from thence to Albany, 38 miles In going to the Springs from the wild and 140 111 22 223 Ingrabam's 175 24 N. Y. about 190 38 Ticonderoga, N. Y. Whiteball, N. Y. Sandy 202 2C Point, N. Y. tbat of Ibc icet is 49 Milea from Montreal. accjuipa- , Alhany aays, and at an expense of from $50 to less than ,- \ 1(. $70. ut to etranr Montreal — . 243 \ 17 m. ;. ROUTE PIIOM ALBANY TO BOSTON, (mass.) Miles to Albany. 14 m. 212 The citizens of Boston have ovmced a i,reat M.c.^ntind.Wngiorwardtbec^ ^^ --i-_r- tM)ni Bo.tn„ to Z:;^Zj^:^''1'T'''^^ Sprin,ri,eld: de^rro ot completed, and ,n ! uud it Ib expected I �Mtfiil iMlMM 50 ROUTE FROM ALBANY TO BOSTON. Time of IcuvinR Alhiiny — Fare. that from Springfield to Albany, a distance the road will be completed in lees fore that time, the Buffalo, or Lockport the will 6() also 34 n.iles ol" 104 miles, Be- than two years. of railroad from Batavia to Rochester to mil^q of railroad from be tinished. There will then bo a direct railroad conmiunication from Boston to Niagara Falls, and Buffalo, a distance of about 520 miles. The communication now between Albany and Boston is by stages and railroad cars, and the fare through is but $6. From Albany, there are two daily lines of stages.— The Telegrai)h mail leaves at 5 o'clock, P. M. and arrives at Springfield the next day in time for the afternoon cars, and goes through to Boston, 204 miles, in 24 hours. The Accommodation coach leaves every morning at 6 o'clock, and arrives at Springfield the same evening to The passengers are the next day conveyed by lodge. railroad to Boston by 12 o'clock. Hi.! .! �— N. 104 milcfl, Be- rears. Batavia to ochester to then bo a Niagara. to ' I lee. and Boston ough if is but stageB. M. and le ar- afternoon n 34 hours, orning at 6 evening to lonveyed by ti i f ' �^ J @ fe 4 Hi :i.| I! IC �1 r H 1 I n :j U I D^ :? ;i! : • ' 1 : - Z2ZL *'' ^i J • i » �1 s 1 — tfvi"^ 'if-y ^ J h U J a n lJ ® ^ "R H ^ ! J J « 1 XVAt'P ZfausT a • t ^ i 6 i h I u s p i a^ iii« 1 == 1 ' ��JA1 Descrip DIRJ I l:' l-!-'M SARAl Jll' ! ill' Vl I 1!'^ IH �PART II. JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. 11 PUBLIC HOUSES, Description of Springs, Virtue in DIRECTIONS AS TO DRINKING AND tlie USING cure of Diseases THE WATERS. ANALYSIS. BATHING— USE OF THE BATH. SARATOGA VILLAGE — AMUSEMENTS, I &c. , �Thc( porters r.i The tra room th( having I better 1 tc hi the c irrcFipoiif bills thr never be Lodgi; the pnrlj like, if i 5 �JAUNT TO SARATOGA. ARRIVAL AT THE SPRINGS. " Madam, this way, here is our sitting room. The day is pleasant, Sir — Pray be seated — Happy to serve you — Any orders, Sir ? The baggage? It shall be seen too — A room ? With pleasure I'll show you one or more." ; i The cars with the passengers drive into the depot, the porters from the different public houses surround them. The travellers will observe painted on the sides of the room the names of 1he public houses, the porter to each having his appropriate stand. In selecting a house, it is better to depend upon the advertisement of the proprietor in the columns of some respectable newspaper, than the irresponsible recommendation of runners, or of anonymous bills thrust into cars and stages. never be depended on. Lodgings having been procured Those things should to the satisfaction of the party; after ablutions, dressing, rcfreshmcnis and the like, if in health they hasten to the fountains. The first 5* , \ �SPIIINGS. JAUNT TO SABATOGA 54 Congrosa Spring. Visit to "n aircction r^n.rrPHR Soring; * t -l^-fl'l^-^ZJXi It « nea pre-eminent. phil of tto southern „art , >^ wbieU hnkta three hnlf lias lon«,' Blood it ^^ tmnblerf, l>o ^^_^ d pB ^^^^.^^_ m he to :l,anar.»c»tho.parU.:,.s«a,.U.ecU^^^^^^ II rise te „3.,any This UUen. is eno„,b nnU of the upon a mediea conrse ^siu' has determined etlecis. of their virtuca and ters- or is ll II! I Hav n, informed tasted of these the wa v. .tors delightful waters the visit UJio Main street, in order to oft" "eturn to the comn.enee at the most conrse: they Springs in a regtUar eouthern. - T, t, Broadthe at me lower end of It IS Wasuincton Speiso. west wav on Main street, on the ZsTfme tninoral cholvbeate, saline, ZZu dlL t^ who feeble Slowness of f „._,, They arc reduced by who have been much any and languid, without ,«amma,ion, and In. and catharUe. diuretic to persons ar ae.d gas. and earbonie n.ese waters are This Sp ng pu predominant .nahties are its water; s,de. who "-"»-' arc local or ^^^^'^^f^'t^^i ^f"f;:^'^,X rje::;g:L"rC\::u—tionofthe — :;rri:hfr:r:.-.spring^om.ur to eight tumblers may be used each day. improved operate favorably, an When appetite will iollow. the When 1 �JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. 55 roluinbiiin and Coriffross S[)rinj;s. they oppress the stomach, cause nausea, hot flushings with diarrhoea, and at times costivcness, they should be imme- g stood part of pring — ^ he founitB them or until the the wa- Garden surrounds the Washington and the Washington Baths arc supplied with and mineral water. recreative Spring; the fresh The CoLUMiuAN Spring. nskcd, One ' The frame c is diately discontinued. east of the Washington is —A few rode to the north- Columbian Spring. tlio waters ore similar to the Washington. many Springs near at hand of a more As The there are so pojjular character, the waters of this are seldom used. ,e This Spring visitors ait all the the most the cast of the Spring passes the road that leads to the rising ground that amid which mlities arc is is tioned as the one is to surmounted with a grove of pine, a circular railroad. Congress Spring. of BroadIpring pro- a public park, or pleasure ground; to is in — This Sirring already slightly men- on the arrival of the party, a short distance from the Columbian. It is convenient some of the first visited principal hotels, and has as yet been unri- valled for the excellence of its water. iny local or It is eagerly sought and has been transported to every part of the United States, and to many foreign places. In some brile irrita- parts even in the United States They arc reduced by e remedied tending to They will ation of the >» from four When they tlow. When for abroad, than some qualities of wine. ciate its superiority, but those it is sold for a higher price But none can who fully appre- quail" it at the foun- any portion of the gas has escaped. The crowd of invalids and fashionables, that are frequently in a summer's morning, found around this Spring, tain, before is truly surprising; and the quantity of water drank is not only incredible, alarming. but in some individual It is related that ten quarts cases quite have been known ' !l �JAUNT TO SAF VTOOA SPRTNOR. 56 llainillon nnd rmnam Hprinps. have been drank by a single individual before break, The mineral combinations of this Spring ^ary in fast. to rcHpccts from the Washington. some more magncHia and tion the difti cnco The waurs cases, all w iron; It holds in solu- and of ca.Honic acid gas, considerable in favor of Congress Spring. is of thi^ Spring, as a medicine, ith propriety, in which the may be used in Washington Spring waters are reconnnended; and in i-evcral others. Passing to the north on Putnam Hamilton Spuing. — street, Hamilton Bath House This water ed. etic qualities. is nnd Spring are next observ esteemed as It is still a little superior diur- posseesii. more charged wi gas, and has more saline matter and soda, but less ini.^neBui particulars are not conlime, but the difTerence in thcFeiderable. The Baths at this Spring are well fitted up, and nre supplied with both pure and mincrni water. Pursuing Putnam's Congress Spring. — niM III' along Putnam street, tlif? Spring is next i the route older. The waters are of a quality equal to any already mentioned; and a Bath Hour' wi1h every suitable convenience, hav- . ing also pure and mineral water, The Pavilion is Springs. — SHU near at hand. further, street, lying in the centre of the ravine, litll Springs. is on liie same the Pavilion In ISriO, some slight appcamnces of a Spring of the property, and the enterprising own He iolEsq. commenced an excavatii a. D. M'Laren, was noticed, lowed the Springs down for about 35 feet, when the founNothing tains gushed up and flowed over the surface. i^'' can be more beautiful than these fountains. They arc but a few feet apart; they boil up with crystillinc purity; they ll:'. J \ �!». JAUNT TO SARATOr.A SPRINGS. 57 Analysis ofjlio Wntcrs. eforc break, are not tnrl)cd or yonf-ty, ]m\ air and water Bcem conuningledwith a bripbtjicss an, briUinricy altogether ing ^/ary in indoscri- Bohi- in Ids hahle. acid gas, ic resfl The Spring. hnve boon furnished with the public niiaiypp of one of these foimtains. be used in y The 'Pavilion Fountain— One 8. found to contain on Putnam is called of this water is t,'alIon — next observ firains. Chloride ipcrior diur?d wit; following other the Mi-.gneftin Fountain. i^ion Spring r Sodium, . • » • * • Carbonate of Magnesia, gas, C? bonat(^ Lime, mgnesin and . 226.58 62.50 . . Cavbonnto Soda, . . , 4.70 Iron, . . » 4,10 Iodide up, and are ((f . Sodium, . 2.75 . Bromide of Polaswum, Sib"ca, thu Ttie . route Older. I tl 60.24 Oxide arc not con- . , Alumina, . tn 2.75 . . .62 . . .25 . mentioned; |:. Totcl grains. 3nience, hav- . md. 3n 'ari same ni ' acid gas, . . . Afmospheric the Pavilion air, . . inchefl. 480.01 8.00 of a Spring Ion. He Total cubic inches, Saratoga Springs, Nothing They an .... A . 12, 18 '' " As to the peculiar me<l,cal qnalities of these fountains, if materially dilTercnt from the others, but time and experi- purity; they ence I 18 required to test and dMr n-nine their value 1 .' . ' 488.01 JAMES THOMAS." bcn the founce. i 1 ii)l- J 861.74 Cubic llie tbe property, ! 1 ! (I !^^ �i it i SPRINGSJAUNT TO SARATOGA 58 Flat Rock and Monroe The Flat Rock it I New The Saline, is the Sprino. - SpringB. ^ Directly north from iho Bathing Flat Rock Spring and JI v^o. has always been good, an reputation of Hub Spring .- The nnneralH tbvisitors. waters are used freely by luuso some slight lospects from hold in solution, vary in matter and The proportion of saline already mentioned. great as others that have its earbonic acid gas, o is and in been spoken more is of; not bo some cases of that require useful than in those remedies. U The Monroe , disease th.s water Springs. -A more powerful , ^ ^i few rods further, on a three Springs. less than an acre, are small plat of ground of singular an assemblage of These perhaps constitute as together within so small a Springs as was ever found being very strongly impregcompass. One is chalybeate, nated with iron. I' irHi 1 i able sensation of heaviness 1 ( and 1 :" i j « The American Bath House and was v its curati'' mntion, ai Around it are secure This nine is( feet towards tl cold. all at these Spr'ngs, affords to visitors. the necessary conveniences i . is in III ^ . Spring introduced sulphurous; the only sulphur village of Saratoga. at the to the notice of visitors acidulous water, pungent, is a fine sparkling The other antihas received favor as an and of agreeable flavor. Ii taken on the stomach, and dyspeptic drink; it sits easier attended with any disagreemoderate quantities, is not One 1 ^ . a Still Spring, the 8urfac( seen from inches In eubterrnnc ations of n m ndm<ration is not used in almost .1 k popular. 'i ''.iiiii' c �JAUNT TO SARATOGA llipli Hock RPIlINOS. 59 .•^priiiir. I * IIICH ROCK Sl'RING " Thou i 'I stream, Wliose source ig Inni-.cefjsibly profouncil, Whither do ihy mysterious waters lend ? Thou n short Still This Si)ring. and was well its imag'dt my life." spnce farther north is is the most ancient of known the all High Rock the Springs, to the aborigines of the country for curative powers. mation, and Around It was held by them in great estiwas by them pointed out to the white man. nature has formed a curb of rock; it are secured by This isolated rock nine feet in all the others means. artificial i6 about three feet high, and about diameter at its base, diminishing in width towards the top; the waters within rise about a foot above f t the surface of the earth, boiling and gurgling. They arc seen from above through a circular opening of about eight inches In diameter, but disappearing through some unseen subterranean passage. ations of nature admiration of is one u." those singular form • which excites the wonder and claims the who visit it. The water of this Spring much as formerly, tnough it will compare every respect with many that have become more is not used as in almost popular. This all m. �60 It is 9' !! SPRINGS. JAUNT TO SARATOGA once ilowcd over the op supposed that iLc fountain over the says, that a tree fell of the rock. One tradition an Indian at the bottom; but Spring and split the rock it in another way. tradition accounts for RUCK SPRING. INDIAN LEGEND OF HIGH I.- recess, deep Far Dark, luudcn, arul alone. vvood^, Mid marshy ien^ and luuj|lca There rose a rocky cone. in the forest's It was a And But strange, mysterious spot, near no mortal dwell' d -, priest, there retired the sorccre?- His secret orgies held. H. There the fierce tcnnnlB of the wood On one another prey'd, And though the thuid deer wore slaui, Yet fondly round they stray'd saline draught Their natures craved the they ca^er sought, For that -, And oft one single, hasty sip, Wad with their life blood bouglit. III. Within that rocky cone a spring Of healing waters rose, And o'er the top it gUllering spread^j, And down the sides flows it It m '-M The -, with hrllUant gems, Thai curtain'd rock wiis bound. looked as if As sparkUng hung tlie airy slrcaui. Like floating drap'ry roniid. fip only one a fiinall p Spring sL G �JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. 61 Ituliuu Lc<(en(I. IV. From forth the forest deepest gloom, There moved wiili stealthy pace, A female form of lovely mould, And beauty's witching face ; Upon her brow the summer sun, And the free desert air Had cast a mellow auburn tint, With love to revel there. V. Slie came As to bathe in that pure sprjng, forth the waters boil'd Her hand she raised to touch the fount, Back! back! 1 he stream rccoil'd. IJeci) printed Forever on (hat beating heart. to remain, In spite of tears There was a and cleansing founit;, guilty slain. VI. Down The in the bosom of the gurgling founuiin lock, fell There As That still it llowg, and its lone sound. notes of warning swell. guilty one in frantic fear, Fled witli desponding shame Nor was siir ever lieard of more, ; And none recaU'd her name. The spot nronnd ibc IJigli Rock Spring socnia to be the only 01,0 that has Ihllcn into neglect. It ahouJd not be so; a fcmall park with trees, bhoiild surroitnd it, and over fhc Spring should be erected a liiiht and airy temple G �' . JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. 62 WiiUon, or loiliue Spriiifi. Walton, or Iodine Spring. H [lock, in a -Not is northerly direction, the Walton called the President's Spring. Iodine Spring, formerly is a beautiful water, and The from the far or High It and The' much used on account ot tho As there is in certain diseases. is villngc. medical efficacy of Iodine to a ccrtau. in the other Springs, also less iron in it than To others however, prove useful. class oi patients it Springs a walk wUl im- and some goitre, scrofula, of many forms it The ..... Carbonate of Iron, Carbonate of Magnesia, . Carbonate of Soda, Hydriodate . .... .... .... .... • . / . 187 » • of Soda, or Iodine, » . 26 1 75 Atmospheric .! hi 'i rl the Spri ^h iiichco'. no inten ' within • ^^^ t] yet he fe al ,' i have been described, several Besides the Si^rin-ss that but as they i>0BBe«s no l^cu^ others might be mentioned, saihcu u visit ed, it will bo harity, and are but seldom them. to enumerate some of simply ".m air, • * wa notice which had Carbonic acid gas, (iVom water * * been bottled three weeks,) . It Spriiigs '^ ' • Cubic \ prcgnate drains. Muriate of Soda, Carbonate of Lime, fiiih i Lake, contains the following ingrcdi- t^n^«= mb : ( ten mile nature. other diseases of a like Medical College in Aloany Professor Ennuon., of the State Geologists, has furmelied and one of the New-York water of the Walton of one .nllon of the an analysis Spring, and find, that 1 The The virtue. the iron ixirms the principal has been rccomof the Iodine, this Spring On account mended I^ aroi Springs Wash littk jnt( ^o those 1 �JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. 63 Ballsfoii Spa. The Red Sprlvg, about 80 named from High Rock, and around eighty rode east from the the iron like deposite within i it. — These are about a mile east of the The Ten Springs. They are in village. the same ravine as the Saratoga Springs, and are of a similar description. To pedestrians, a walk to these Si)ringa is an agreeable excursion. The Ellis Spring, two miles south of the village. The Quaker Si'rixgs, in the eastern part of the town, ten miles from Saratoga. The Sulphur Spring, on Lake. This Spring is the cast side well spoken of; pregnated with 8ul]ihur, and the water is it of Saratoga is deeply im- abundant. 187 26 BALLSTOX SPA. X 75 3 was not intended to notice any other mineral Springs but those of Saratoga; by omitting to describe the Springs either at Ballston or other places, there is no intention to underrate them they do not come within the limits the author prescribed It — for this 330 yet he feels it incumbent to add in addition work; to the slight notice already made of Ballston Spa, that among the Springs yet celebrated at that place, is the Washington Spring. If.* chalybeate quality is but littU; intermixed with other ingredients, and is valuable — ^o those who wish to use a pure water of this description. 'i �JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. 04 Ol)Hervations on IMincral Waters. One effects, The Park Spring, is highly spoken of as being water the best acidulous chalybeate other country. The Sans Souci. -This best Springs of Saratoga in as from location has yet in its restorati round among afforded in this or 60 long, r ot <i « tnc so to hii very similar to some chalybeate and its acidulous, is is and accommodation ol year, he any purposes. in nso for like medical perceived, that as well these hasty notices it will be and BQlinc (jualities, By compan; cathartic is used for its of the SaiiB Souci Springs and pleasant drnik. and to some it is an agreeable for visitors, Ballston strong claim upo.i rich medical waters, a their patronage the public for a portion of U served 1 turn froi mo3pher( change a resumed depresses and ende or an occ To to tho medic the use Mincrn MINERAL WATERS. T 1st. carbonic " Go wash in Uie rool of t^iloam." the glass gent The cfiicacy euro all diseases is of mineral waters to greatest advocates eo and by their not to be expected, but that they possess much has been claimed for them; successful in thousands powers, and have proved curative are most denied even by those who of cases, has not been operauon a general. incredulous as to their salutary placed upon change ol Much weight liowever, has been occupacessation from ordinary air, healthful exercise, ot amusements, the excitement tions, variety of eccnee, tast( a 2d. is iron. With gallt lous. 3d. Tb ^m dients, sui and carbc Saratoga 4th. ; ;S 6* �JATTNT TO SARATOGA fiPRTNGS. 65 i Tlie acidulous waters. company, and tbe like. These are undoubtedly valuable restoratives to feeble habits. Man tires with th? dull round of occupation to which day after day, and year after year, he has been bound. The very air he has breathed so long, thciyh fresh and healthful to others, is no longer so to him. The fond we cat, be it ever of Ihe te so delicious, if served to us repeatedly, palls upon the appetite, and wc turn from it with loalhing. It is the same with the at- and =es. mosphere; aa well it loses its a change a upon is resumed ;allato)i its pristine accustomed necessary; and purity depresses, but refreshes. elasticity, when we — the To rolurn, its f. we i I I! t> e&hness; find it has home no longer home all its value air of give to and endearments, nothing can be better than travelling, or an occasional excursion abroad. To those in ill health, much is to be gained by a resort medicinal springs, besides the advantages derived from the use of the water. to Mineral waters are usually classed under four heads. Ist. The Acidulous. The^e are highly charged with carbonic or the acid of charcoal. They sparkle in when drawn from the spring, and have a pungent taste. The Saratoga waters are of this kind. 2d. Chalyhcatcs. The distinguishing feature of these is iron. They have an acrid taste form a black color acid, the glass RCaSCS IB jcates 60 ; y possess With liousands lous. are most general. ihangc of occupa- cment of 'I galls, 3d. or oak bark. The Saratoga waters Valine. This Some of them are also acidu- are also of this kind. class contain different saline ingre- dients, such as sulphate of magnesia and soda, muriates and carbonates of soda and lime. The springs also of Saratoga are alike of 4th. Sulphurous. 6* this class. Their prevailing character arises H I �' (fafc.-a!Wjt<i JAUNT TO BARATOGA SPRINGS. 66 Saratoga waters as a lievcraec. Bulpburrctcd bydrogen, either iinfrom the presence of lime, nn alkali, iron, &c.~ combined, or united with One of the Monroe Springs, at Snrnloga, is sulphurous. mineral springs, and These are the four great clas.ea of celebrated springs scattered some of these are all the At Saratoga there is combiover Europe and America. of those that are most highly ned all the essential virtues of Saline, and They are Acididons, ChahjhcaU, has left nothing wantSulphurous. At Saratoga nature approved. Thermal vvaters; and these for ing in this respect, but numerous purposes, are furnished by art, in the all useful which have of late years been 'and commodious baths erected. ranches between 48"^ of the Saratoga Springs a low, and ^ • The temperature is and 51" Fahrenheit. SIMPLY THE USE OF THE SARATOGA WATERS MEDICINALLY. AS A DRINK, AND " FiVon hero, The thoughtless fasliion Tempt thee too fur.'* I I If used simply as a drink ! when no medical il 1 is II 1 moderation. and beneficial: operation ill jiiii^i 1 ii i in health, desired, all that is required use of but to use them to is not by those who are The temperate even to those whose health :''' is let of the giddy crowd sound. them excess is healthfitl, is dangeroufi �JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. In Invalids, and medicine, lipalili ill consult a physician. who those all they are unless 67 them as a desire to use themselves well acquainted with mineral water?", and Ih? nature of the disease with which they are a(llict;jd, should nover commence upon without their use cian, well effjcts of consulting with a regular physia knowledga of the medicinal iinst experienced in mineral waters. of diseases arc mentioned Thouirh in used beneficially, yet th-jsj indications to those who the hest authoiity; but in this desire to use it is resides His advice upon the variety founded on and authoiiLy emanating fr.)m tho th;.'ni, the experience of others, and not positive directions author. work a which thjso waters have been must be considered as mere always to consult a physician who and one who has closely studied is spot, the character of diseases in general, and who well knows the virtues and effects of the nudicinc to be used. To those tic, it is who desire tho waters to operate as a cathar- recommended and repair that they rise early in the to tho spring which they tumblers of the water; then a to the circular railroad, to the Spring, where one more prefer, little morning and take two exercise a walk Washington, or Hamilton may glass be taken. In most some persons require more, and a glass may be taken at Putnam's Concn-ess. the Pavdion, the Monroe, Flat Rock and Walton Springs, cases this will be sufFicient, in all about four pints. in health, 8 required healthful, dangeroufi seems but This is ihe utmost limit, and to be too large a quantity; but even six pints have m no case be presumed to been allowed; but more should be taken. Some however have imprudently taken much larger quantities, even to the extent of a half before the hour of dinner. By two gallons and the time the round i �JAUNT TO SARATOOA SPRINGS. 68 Halhifiii at Mie .S|»riii<;H. of the springs has been made, the nppclilo will be pre- pared for breakfast, and will be proper to return to tho it hotel. As a daily drink, from f )ur to ci^dit glaseca quantity; ordinarily When diem. mg H:' it is is a suitable not advisable to exceed this per the water lies heavy on the stomach, caus- unpleasant sensations, its use should be discontinued. 1 THE USE OF THE WATERS IN BATHING, AND THE I5ATH IN GENERAL. * Abana que ct Parpar, flouves dc Danias, no sont-ils pas nipilleurs toiitos iRH deviendrois not Nc oaiix d'lsracl! iii'y lavcrois-jc pas bien, ct je .'" Watering places arc not only frequented for the purpose of drinking the waters, but also for another consideration, often more important in the cure of diseases, the judicious use of the bath; and as the most ample arrange- ments are visitors ted. As extent, made at Saratoga for bathing, would be very incomplete, were it is any directions to this subject omit- dangerous to drink the waters either in good or ill health, to any great without a perfect knowledge of their virtues and powers, so the bath should not be resorted to without possessing some experience or information on the subject. know » li ill]! i<>L'l The bather should at least the kind of bath most suitable, when to be taken, the temperature, and the length of time to remain therein. �JAUNT TO SARATOOA SPRINGS. iJciirficial etlccts The },alh, as a remedy of the I{;,tli for "di^^J^^^T^;^^ Tl,c a„li,|„i,y of ha(l,i„g, He ccncral prevalence omonrr vinuca 01 the bulh, ,(a Beaswmblo an,l proj.or «ono,aIly appreciated, and b,a litlle regard d. loa^nt to 1 „ro not ZZ Z ef.eelual remedy l„ (l,e cure of tl,e manr „,„eU ™,.ki„d i. .„.ject as ,Ue J, ^ , "'""'""^ .0 f all I mo 01.. .ca.a OU of" > I ; f ;r;""' '"T""' ™"'- ^'""•SHMOral '» ">"""- renovator of the ;7.'=-^'""'" ""l"'™'-" »n give con,for,, the A,„encana have paid the lea^t attention to I'lo, Doct Bell, i„ hook its on hathin,?, observes: " bath ouse should be dcen.cd of iu.portaaco only secondary « kdchen or a cooking stove, and certainly should take recedencc of rooms idled with eos.ly Lniture devoted to company hi., A at keeping." As ' 1 f 1 to the eirects of bathing ;: ef of en • ! ,1 latn g. ° s Ti!: ; ^'" The hot n the use of „„ upon (he human system "^ -Native,;::':; r"-"'" "'"' "-""n ''"ths have not only rT '""'•"' bath „e is - held to be highly stimulatinL- baths much depends upon th^] hoa<th, the disease, and the peculiar stage of the discaae. :) ^i �PRINOH. TAUNT TO SARATO( 70 (^old Tbo ufio of the mineral wnl poBCB of the bath, one on wliich any great I is a Biibjccl of Snmtoga iniicli IJjitbing in lirrhl. has long been advantngrouply used tor diseaaes; and tbo warm sulphurous Imtli happy morit in its ctlect in relieving fer the i^ir- impoiinnc cems not as yet cxi)(;ricncc tloj,'rec "t oi' to bnv* For but The i&^ ranges sulpburouB water thai distressing on it latest the other waters of Saratoga, and indeed tho«' commended at the pame is most in general to celebrr.led, ir fore bo used externally in the bath, time that they are taken internally. They in the cold, teprid, It is ] ciee sh( Bathe \ un food are used in the ordinary warm to last. by those who have had an experimental knowledge any of these waters, that they are decidedly superior to others for this purpose. di: r>r>xt they have been re- said manner, c The vering course. which the place ( ters persecases of rlieumatiem, but always after a long and Of 1 An often proved many as it ay cutaneous L-.h t( wipe • tl] cient or hot bath. cl( To bo sufHcien A 1i!!i!i sin, dinarily THE COLD BATH. Soon shock, V " BatliR on, I my fair - body go to frnard thy Iiannt, To keep from thy recess each vagrant foot. And each licentious f^yc" -I bo I should and the 1] 1 of the b This being the most common and the most convenient, temperature, time of use, period of continuance, and some of the diseases for which it is recommended, will iew first degri Medici its water, I e known bo mentioned. li �JAUNT TO MARATOGA SPRINGS. 71 Huiiahleiiiiicfn-- IJathinp. I or those .n good honnh, proper hath in nnn.orsion. he temperature of th. eohl hntliihr ren.ediul purposes, mvres from 50- to 70- Fahrenheit. Some hove ranged It ns low as from 32lo 05- Fahrenheit. i I An extraordinary cHli;.ren«.e of opinion exists with wrion the power and effects of the cold hath; one holding hat It IS sUmuIating, the other that it is sedative. crs latest authorities are in favor Ihe hest time The of its sedative effects. hathing is allowed to he an hour bedinner, or after the digestion of the morning meal-xt to this is the morning, .r a .hort time, before breakiast. If a.er the hath the body is cold, moderate exerCISC should ne u.ed to raise it to for lore its Bathe when the stomach is lood uiitd the digestion over. is .:!.««M'- proper temperature. empty, and not after takmg Alter leaving the water wipe the body briskly, and imn.ediately dress with H' sufli- cient clothing to preserve the heallhlul temperature To bathe every other, or third day, is usually ueeounted sufhcient. A single dnwrily ,t plunge in Ihe cokl Bbould not exceed bulla i« olic,, biit cnuugh: ot- u Ibw niiuulcs See,, niter (he shock body glow of wurnXh is fell, ea.,Jed by the should withdraw, „„d not rcmoia until the becomes chilled. The cent inum.ce in the water we .ml theba hsho, d never be used when the temperature the body ,8 below the etmidard of health. If it ;. . iow degrees „bove, the bathin,. will be more agreeable. ot iVIedical vvater, >^i'own professors externally, by an in ...xeited have prescribed m„„y eases; the use of they arc ac„„n of the blood: ,o cold generally ,',an,tl J f ���iUo {./ V :/. :/, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 |5 I.I 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 1==== „ 6" Photographic Sciences Corporation _ MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 23 WEST �m^. &> ^ ^\ /^oV �-i-^; .f Mia 72 JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. Cases which tho Cold ill lions internal, ns well Katli may l)c Some as extcrnnl. used. of the most enlightened members of the profession, consider the application of cold, in some cases, as highly importont, and at times, a valuable substitute for blood letting. good health, to the fleshy, It is suitable to persons in to the temperate, and to those who use suitable exercise. It is injurious to thin habits, old constitutions, no and those live who men, children, cold intemperately and use exercise. It is dangerous in a state of perspiration, after vomiting, purging, watching, and to those who arc not accustomed to at. In nervous diseases, as they arise from different causes, cold may bathing be useful in some coses, and injurious in others Washing the head in cold water has aggravated the heaviness and pain. Bathing the feet in cold water is injurious to the dyspeptic and hypochondraic. An occasional cold sponging is useful to the sedentary, engaged in close and confined apartments, at the desk^ or study — who complain of troublesome heat, and dry- ness of the hands, and sometimes of the pulse and feet, with quick thirst. Cold washings and affusions in cases of wounds, bruises, and even old sores, when used persevering! y, liave hod the best effects in allaying pain and inflammation; and in many instances, have effected wonderful cures in cases almost hopeless. The fever; cold and bath has been successfully used in scorlet in pains accompanied with eruptions, called miliary, cold affusions have been used advantageouely. �^NT TO SARATOGA SPRINGP. Sun atroke- Lightning and In spit mg ^ 73 Electricity." of blood from tbe lunge, the cold bath has of o2 Fahr. applied to the cheat of a patient with this the flow of blood, without any accompanying or subsequent inconvenience. In vomiting of blood, and in bleeding from the bowels, disease, arrested - pdes, and hemorraghage cold affusions to the portion of the body affected has proved servicable. The burning of the skin from the sun's rays, the ac compnnying head-ache, violent sometimes insensibility, suns stroke,"- repeated have had the best used, fever, constituting cold affusions, effect. In injuries by lightning, or when freely Poisoning from opium and narcotics. fluid, and delirium, and what is called a when struck by the electric several pails of cold water having been thrown on have been restored. In convulsions and spasmodic diseases, the cold bath has been greatly resorted to. the sufferer, animation and life Obstinate constipation of the bowels, been relieved by cold in cases where there when no danger To much heat is exists same has been used joints, dislocations afliiaions. to has frequently be used, however, and irritation of stopping perspiration. good effect, in and The inflammation of the and fractures. Females with cold skins ar.d phlegmatic habits, and exhausted by previous disease, and who are clear of fever wdl be injured by cold loss of voice, bathing. Palsy of the tongue, or has been cured by the cold bath. °"y ^^^r^«t'on from intemperance, the cold bath .^. should not be used for some days. u 7 �'74 JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. Tepid and Warm Batlit*. THE TEPID BATH. Of cold this, its effects need be little and warm or ; ranges between the eaid, as it between 70" and 0*2° Fahrenheit, and are altogether intermediate. THE WARM BATH. The warm success of the l)ath depends upon the well regulated temperature of the bath, the time of taking t i: if, and on exercise and regimen. The limits of the Fahrenheit. A warm bath are between 92° and 98* thermometer shnidd bo in room, by which the temperature should every ba1hiii| l)e regulated, and not always by the sensations of the batht^r. In general, the water should be brought to a lukc-warni state to the ,1,1 bath ture. is arm, fooling neither hot nor may be raised Whether the warm bath entered it beneficial, or hurtful, I to is cold. After the proper tempera- its to prove pleaaurable, depends mainly on its temperature. ,1 For those in health, the best temperature is that state which produces the most agreeable seneations. ordinarily found to be I, Of I the two than warm. 'lit ! i it is This between 93° and 95° Fahrenheit. is better to have the bath rather cool If entered too warm we lose the judging the degree of heat most bencficiaU power of �JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. TJic urcut cxocllnncf of the Though Warm 76 Hath. the bath be of the same degree as the animal few minutes imm. rsion the heat of the be very mate.. Jly increased. heal, ycf after a body will The bath may be used before breakfast, or dinner, but ween the never immedialely after eating. nnd dinner, after the digestion of the be most generally recommended. heit, Suitable, An hour or so before morning meal, seems to though not severe exercise should follow the use of the bath. The apprehension of being cold by expoeiirc to the open not well founded; l)ursucd the well nking if, ond 98^ / ba11iin| cgnlalcd, \iler the tcmperaasurable, and suffering from the warm the usual occupations of life bath, is can be through the remainder of the day, not only withrenewed animation. out injury, but with The air in the bath house should be agreeably warm. With this precaution and suitable clothing, there is no more danger of going into the cold air after the use of from a warm bed in a winter's morning. The body in both cases is refreshed, and is truly the bath, than more able to kc-wnrni chilled, air, after resist the Doct. Coffin, of Boston, from whose treatise a portion of the compilation on this subject is taken, observes: << I have taken the warm bath in the cold. warmest and coldest seasons of the year, more with a its effects on my own health, than need view to observe of pciatiire. hat state This is from heat or cold. enheit. Lhcr cool power its restorative influence; and I can truly pay, after bathing in both extremes of weather, that I have been equally and uniformly less sensible of the inconvenience of I have always felt more light, cheerand more inclined and better fitted for a full and successful employment of the powers of mind and body." Among the means of preserving ful and active, beauty, as �JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPR1N08. 76 Duration of tho Warm Halli. well ns health, a lady recommcndB, that by such abhitionB accidental impurities arc thrown off; cutaneous ob- ** all Btructions removed; and while the surface of the body preserved in its original brightness, disorders are checked or prevented. women I of the cast preserve their health which sedentary Darwin confinement would otherwise destroy." ** To those who are past the meridian of to be emaciated, the m week, I believe warm batli, for life, eays: and begin half an hour, twicd a eminently serviceable in retarding the advances of age." The ^ 1i of the effects warm bath arc tranquilizing, it excitement, moderates excessive heat, invigorates allays after the fatigue of a journey, ' is many threatening By f=uch means the and always refreshes and f renovates. The '.! I, duration of the the cold. I It may warm bath is much longer than be continued from half an hour to an I hour; some have even taken a short and pleasant sleep in it. Though the most suitable time for using the bath considered to be in the fore part of the day, yet it is may be used in the evening, after the fatigue of travelling through the heat and over dusty roads; but not upon a full stomach. A part only of the cases in which ally, are it is used medicin- the following: Morbid sensibility; acute pain alone, or accompanied with irregular and convulsive action of the muscles. Convulsions of children; hysterical alToctions of females; cholic, i ...HI ters. lli from the simple spasmodic to the bilious and pain- �JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. Its blutions Cramp C0U8 ob- the bowels. body is dipped in bathing, and fumigations with cloths vinegar or calcning greatly relieve the pain. cnna tho lief to edontary in eays: id begin twice a ling the medical use. the stomach, and obstinate costivenees of Warm warm in 77 warm simple It is the readiest water, will and surest re- be offered in this dangerous and painful disease. Mania, and mental derangement, which extreme in wakefulness, and dry skin, are predominant symptoms. Infantile cholera, more diarrhoea, Warm and cholera morbus ; dysentery and particularly of the chronic kind. bathing is adapted to all diseases of the respira- tory organs. izing, it Catarrh and influenza, whether in the /igorates seated, shcs and gor than vous or spasmodic; first stages or cured. are greatly mitigated, and Bronchitis, to an iir int Bleep 3 bath t it ifl may especially of the at times completely sub-acute; asthma, ner- organic affections of the heart; chro- nic inflammations of the liver. The most obstinate eruptions of the skin have yielded ^^i to this remedy. When there is much heat and itching, the temperature of the bath should not exceed 90° Fah- renheit. ravelling In the early stage of fevers, a upon quently go far to arrest the disorder. t a Recent suppression of medicin- sickly bath. females; md 7* pain- respiration; pains sensibility in the fre- mus- and pains which often foljow after a mercurial course, are warm lee. bath would cles. The )mpanied warm very happily abated by the in �JAUNT TO SARATOOA SPRINGS. 78 The Hot and Vapor Baths. P pi fin THE HOT BATH. The hot bath undcrslood gencrnlly is and i8 often and marked violent, lo be of a It is highly stimulating heal exceeding 98" Fahrenheit. in eficcta its on the human body. which the hot bath can be used enfeebles; and is pernicious to weak and There are few cases ft with It utility. in delicate persons. The sanguinary and robust; those of large heads, ercise, or and who any exertion, sitive to heat The H tinued of the affections practitioners; and, has been judiciously applied; ledge of its use, not to resort to or it. admitted hns been number of a vast in are some long con- hot bath in skin, who hot bath. Persons in good health had better omit advantages of the and after ex- are very sen- whose skins — should avoid the habits those meal; after a liable to spitting of blood; or full drowsy are inclined to be other cases, but, without a full medical advice, it by it know- would be best it. THE VAPOR BATH. '* The od'rous drug, the blazing In wary clouds ascend its Home consumes rich perfumes; Mildly, perspiring prone, the bather While round H 1, There are his two kinds lies, form luxurious vapors t)f this bath; rise." one of simple watery vapor, or hot dry air; the other medicated or compound, l.l holding in solution various medicinal substances. 'viiiJ �TAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. Vapor Bath for tlip, 79 Hydroiiholiia. It is necessary, in many coses, to exclude the head from the vapor; and especially so, when the compounds are of a deleterious qualify. When the head is exposed to the simple vapor, the stimulating effects of the bath i I are greatly increased. The temperature of a simple vapor bath varies from 150O Fahrenheit. Vapor acts upon the surface, and produces nearly the some effects as sponging or fomentation. 90» to The bath i& information as to the medical effects of the vapor limited, though from the earliest ages, and in modern times, it has been much used. In cutaneous diseases, this remedy is considered valuable. Ulcers, are greatly benefitted by moist vapor alone, or in alternation with sulphurous and mercurial fumi- gations. It is useful in tumnfactiona of the lymphatic glands, especially those of a scrofulous nature along the neck. In painful affections of gout or rheumatism, it the joints, whether chronic, proves useful. Chronic glandular inflations of the and pancreas, liver and tumafactions of the epleen, are often and at times effectually cured. much relieved, Chronic afFections of the digestive passages, muscular rigidity, suspended animation, and some stages of fever. In all the cases mentioned, the head should not be exposed to the vapor. The Hydrophobia, all diseases, M. Buison, it is of the was * most strange and horrid of been cured by the vapor bath. too, that said, has a Parisian physician, in a late aseerta that he patient affected with this publication, disease, that on the I �T'''mmm JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRIXOS. 80 RusHJnn Bmh. ninth day after receiving the infection he was suddenly and seized with puin in his throat from his mouth, a current of bodies gave him pnin. not men, but with great nniiiinls pain seemed to the infection. saliva ran disposed to run and bite; He and inanimate bodies. drank distrrs. recurred every five minutes; the commence He felt The eyes. or the sight of brilliant and the sight of water was difTicully, The symptoms sing. lie air, in the finger determined to which had received suff'ocate himself in a vapor bath; for this purpose he caused the temperature to be raised 107^'-' Fahrenheit, when he was soon surpri- sed and delighted to find the symptoms disappear; and he ii left Since then he has treated more than the bath well. eighty patients, in four of i i whom the symptoms had de- clared themselves, and in no case has he failed, except in that of a child, seven years old, The mode who died in the bath. of treatment he recommends bitten should take n number of va})or is, that the perron commonly baths, cal- led Russian, and should induce every night, a violent perspiration, self by wrapping himself in He The with a feather bed. drinking freely of a declares that he warm is so flannel, and covering him- perspiration is formed by decoction of sarsaparilla tea. well convinced of the efficacy of this treatment, that he will sulfer himself to be innocu- lated with the disease. The vapor only peculiarity of the Russian bath in The readeif who is desirous of tior> on the subject of bathing, the work of John Bell, jHiti M' that the more extended informa- its history, general useful- ness, and in reference to its curative powers, I is, formed by pouring water on heated stones. M. D. " on is referred to baths and mineral �JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRIN08. The Ql Douclif! limh. waters," a work tbnt Rhoiild bo in Ihe hniuls of every phyflic.an, in every library, nnd every bathing hoiiBc. nutbor nck.iowledorcs his indebtedness inconsiderable portion r,f to work tli'it ibis compilation ,. . Tbe for no the subject of mineral waters and bolbing. THE DOUCHE BATH. This jot It formed from one or morn spouts that throw a of wafer on the body, or on a particular part of it. may be constructed so as to be descending, oblique, la vertical, or ascending. The Douche bath Fahrenheit, or a is considered most effectual at 100<? little rising. It may be of cold, warm, or hot water; or of vapor. Hot jot baths are had recourse to in diseases of an asthmic nature, and which from long standing are known by name of chronic. The duration of the jet may be from a quarter to half an hour daily. In delirium tremens, tumefactions of the viscera, with- I I the out fever; paralysis; "i cholics; chlorosis; swellings of the without redness or pain, whether rheumatic, gotaty, or scrofulous after the subsidence of fever, and clearing of joints, the digestive pnRsnge. These are but a small portion of the diseases that have been beneficially acted upon by the use of this remedy. I �JAUNT TO SARATOr.A SPRTNOS. 82 w IHsniHCs Jur liirli llie Snniloiifii Al)lution, or aponginp, K As it ndmifs of Wet any other method. way the eaine rcoonimcmlcd. lire n mild nppllcntion of a fluid. is locnl use, wiiUth often is it rlotiis more suitnble than applied to the skin act in Kilher cold or wnrin liquids as sponging. niay be used. the Allusion, or shower when hath, greater shoek than the bath, but there cold, is gives a more inequal- employment. ity in its \ DISEASES FOR WHICH THE SARATOGA WATERS ARE RECOMMENDED. " Tlirro For is sad Till- all Some an ncliinii; allciidiint void Id ev'ry hciirt, of inan's weary life — diseases else, kind iiaturo gives healiiijr For dranglu. Farlh yields no halm for this Iherc's none — " tliis. There arc a great variety of diseases in which these beneficially, and very often perfectly waters act most cure; yet so that tie stage of the disease, unsafe to give a wholesale recommendation. In diseases they are useful in the incipient stages, and it is some much depends upon injurious when In other eases it is it is difficult to the waters the same diseases are further advanced. the reverse of this. enumerate which might be the means of mis- may be used, as it who are too much leading some For these reasons fully all the diseases for disposed to confide in �JAUNT TO SARATOGA The RPIIINOS. 88 Hprlnjcs iipidicuhli* to piirticul'ir <liH«iMK'H. what they Hnd pubhshud; or to depend too much on their own ' diecretion. It niny ngnin be repeated, to use the waters wiih entcly, and inost advanlairtously, alwnys take the advice of a practical pliysician. Visitors hav«j been monary affections, warned against using them in and diHcanrn of the lungs; and yei needs L^nie qualification. Tlic ca«(; pulthis ran o/dy be decided by the medical adviser. In o|)hthnhiiia, cr inflammation of the eye?, they have been used to great advantnge. ln>: )p8y, thcyaro declared to be inadniifesibic. Dyn- pcpsia, both admissible in scrofula, I containing the and inadmissible. hey arc highly connneudcd. most Iodine i^hould be The Spring used— it is the Walton. in paralysis, they are very useful. In rheumatism, much benefit is derived from them. Tlwy should be used intciiially, and accompanied externally at the same time wilh tiie warm balli. The tiulpburous waters are ) l)e in bilious) diseaees, preferred for if (.his disease. not of lung standing. in nephritic comidaints, and calculu», they have been very successfully used. In ulcerous sore?, and cutaneous eruptions. Those Spr. ticularly sea, igs that are recommended most acidulous arc more for fevers par- of a typhoid type, nau- vomiting, and relaxation, and want of tone of tlie Such are the Walton or Iodine, the Hamil- stomach. ton, the Congress, the some Monroe and the High Hock, and others. Those waters that are most iron, arc useful as tonics; f^trollgly impregnated with they stimulate and increase the I �84 JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. The Sprin|t;s applicnble to ceriain diseuses. circulation. In chlorosis, fliior nlbus, diseases, and in general debility amcnorrhoea, nervous si and derangement of the whole system, they arc very useful. Of such is 3 05 the Congress; the Sans Souci, at Ballston; the High Rock, the Monroe, the iJamilton, and the Flat Rock. The Springs It :H: which the saline in 2g qualities predominate, are used to keep the body gently open, without severe 1005.7 1004.6 purging, by means of which the appetite and strength increased. Such the Congress, the Monroe, the is ington, the Hamilton, "id The sulphurous chronic eases generally. Such in to to glandular WW swellings, dis- tow one of the Monroe Springs, WW w gout, scurvy, is Wash- Putnam's Congress. are valuable rheumatism, is and cutaneous and the Sulphur Spring on the east side of Saratoga lake; and all the bath houses at Saratoga are provided with Bulphurous water for the purposes of bathing.* 00 VI <l w 41.51 43.407 * For many matters relative to the analysis of the Saratoga and and their medical use and properties, the reader is 3.71 5.95 Ballston waters, work of Doct. Steel, published in 1S38. >fi» w • referred to the excellent • too to ' I i T �^73 ra P* < f? 11 3 05 w > M r H O ^ o ^- Monroe. Br Springs S ? = . . = "T ^ w S » ;;: at "J 32g fe 00 A 03 en en en 00 o o oo oo • O o o o o o o VI o vj • bo 01 to to WW cn to to CO CO pw ^o^o CO CO 00 GO 0^ 00 CD coco Temperature. ^'ppcific gravity. ec 00 to to to to -. Quaiilitv aim00 CO CO ' I ^— "tO"^ 1 1 'oototo" 00 vl OA • CSCr.) r~ -^1 • • on Muriate Soda. CO CO JO on en Cl o^ Hydriodate of Hoda. CO O to o <!C0 CO CO *" ^•' • • • COOT • • '0» CI CD h-oi ^ CO • • • • to • 8 ^ o« o» en CO CO en ^o vl 00 en en CO CO »6>. on on to Vl^Kj o Ci ;tO 4i> ? ben vJO • • Carbonate of Litiic. C!).-I)onate of Iron. ^ pp o nc'H-co C.-irbonate of Mairiiesia. 00 »-»Va" to vl CO on C5 »U. on CO ^ 00 O ^ X vl g-o •S*.-' • on }o vl 4a. CO on to en C3 ^^J 00 • to 00 « to ^ "^^ -"-v Carl)onatc of fcjoda. CO t4H U'Jdine. t— to t— • on on on • to CI 05 coco CO o o »u OD 00 en lU en b C5 00 on CO 10 *-' o • Silix. to^ovj cfi3 .^^o^o2. Cnrhonic •— • • • o )U vt hU p5 acid !: on bo % At* losphcric au". I �r V I' JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. 86 9, Medicinal Waters of Europe. 'I ^________ at In addition to the preceding, the Pavilion Fountain, Saratoga contains the following: Graina. 226.58 Chloride Sodium, Oxide ' Iron, • '*•!" • 2.75 Iodine of Sodium, 2.75 Bromide of Potaseium, . '^«^* Alumina, The and use of the waters at a distance from bottling the Springe, are matters of importance to those who usg them. The residents of Saratoga say that none of the and Iodine Springs. ^-aters bottle so well as the Congress leave no ecdimcut, but They and pure. appearance. tary effects if others often cast are fine a red sediment, and uncorked, they are found to have a dull and milky when as The when drawn they In the use of bottled water, the same salumust not in nil cases be expected from them, used at the Fountains, with of new scenery, change of air, all the accompaniments gay company, music, and the thousand other excitements of travel. Of the medicinal wnicrs of Europe, those under the de- nomination of " Spa waters," are the most celebrated. Of this kind are Pyrmcnt, in Westphalia; Forges and Passy, in France; and Tunbridge and Brighton, in But the most noted arn those of Spa, a small mountainous district of England. town in the Belgium, which forms a part of the fount of Ardennes, the noted scene of one of Shakspeare's plays. was The Pouhon Spring water at this place, The following Saratoga waters arc much more analysed by Doct. Jones, in 181G. result shows that the richly charged both with gas and mineral properties.— �JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. The 87 village of Saratoga. Temperature, 50°; one gallon of water, or 231 cubic inches, produced Grains. Sulphate of Soda, 99 Carbonate of Soda, . . 2.25 , Carbonate of Magnesia, 1.80 Silix, 2.26 Loss, 2.94 Muriate of Soda, 1.16 Carbonate of Lime, 9.87 Oxide of Iron, 5.24 Alumina, 20 Carbonic acid gas, 26^ inches; to the gallon less by 68 cubic inches than some of the Saratoga Springs. THE VILLAGE OP SARATOGA. " Green arching bouglig hung over where I sat, And through the paitinj^ leaves, dazzling and beautiful. The flunbeains pour'd rich streams of golden light." The village of Saratoga, is in the town of Saratoga, is laid northwest part of the county of the same name. It out upon a plain broken only by the ravine of the in the I �;^s^*>*s JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. 88 FiXpeiiditure of visitors the source of wealth. Springe, through which there courses a small fresh water brook. is The direction off in an eastern ol" emptying direction, first into Saratoga and nfterwards through the village this rivulet upper end of the village northern; from the Lake. into which mingle more or The legislature, iguitably issue, with it, this brook whence all and the waters of yet to the taste it ap- be impregnated with any of their mineral pears not to qualities. less passes creek, Although passes directly through the low ground from the principal medical Springs it Owl villngc April, in in out; laid was incorporated by an act of the 1826. a part is It is for compactly its built, situation, and many handsome dwellings and seats are observed around; some commanding fine views, and others almost hid from eight in groves of evergreens. As a place of business, Saratoga has nothing to recommend it but its Springs from these its wealth and capital — is derived; and the expenditures of strangers constitutes to the business I'.. men of the place their only income and dependance. to The trustees and inhabitants of the village are entitled much credit for th^ order and cleanliness of the streets, for the shade trees that they have planted, and for the care and neatness in which the fine groves are kept, for which the place is distinguished. Saratoga being a healthy, fashionable place, have chosen The it act by as well as a pleasant many gentlemen and of wealth and dignity, as their residence. which the village is incorporated gives to the trustees power, by the written consent of the owner of iixB land on vhich any medicinal or mineral Springs �JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. !»nri»toga l;rfore it was 80 aoltlpi ore situated, to make erections about such Si)rings, for the accommodation oflbose who visit the Spritig^f, for tho purpose of drinking or olherwJee using the watora; and it their duty to see that the passage is is kept open to and from the Springs, and to appoint proper persons to atlcnd the Springs to draw the water for mich as wish to drink, or moke use of them, without demanding any compensa- tion. At an early day, the present site of Saratoga forbidding, wiki and uninteresting; it was most was more congenial the abode of bears, wolves, and other ferocioun beasts man. Of these great numbers resorted about the marsh, the waters being very agreeable for of the forest, than for to them. The ravine in which the Springs are situated, was an almost impassable morass; where it was not filled with fallen trees, rubbish and brush wood, black and noxious mire holes were seen, on which ture. Even the air it was dangerous to venwas impregnated with a foul stench which arose from the mareh, and sickness, especially fevers and chills, preyed severely for many years upon the first fictdera. What a change has the labor of man produced? Not only now are there beautiAil fields, shady groves, attractive gardens, elegant and comfortable dwellings' but the veiy air, from being noxious and insalubrious, has become pure and healthy. There arc very few places more thriving, or that are faster advancing in business and improvements, than Saratoga. i ii 8^ I �JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. 90 CliHractcr of Public Houses. PUBLIC HOUSES. f • A Yankee can keep a tavern." — Foreign The clicimctor is of the very Traveller. of sninc of the public houses at the Springs and order, first all nre respectable. Some particularly the resort of stntcamen, of ollice holders these are With and the great, and would be great. politicians; mingh are and d gentlemen of the turf, connoisseurs of the odd Irick, and the amateurs of poker. With these too will be found the exdiirives of society, whether Pres- Churchman; the l)ytcrian, Ilomani.il, or and hello of fashionable lady, high ^jretensions. In another house will be observe<l Clergymen, and their families, respectable professional gentlemen, and persons and characters who^e demeanor, though sober and are yet affable The substantial farmer ed at another house. atoga fall retiring, and genteel. and tradceman, are often observ- It is thus that people while at Sar- into a particular class; not one formed by any arbitrary rule, but as they arc pleased to rank themselves with each other at the different It hotels. would be a pleasure to enlighten strangers on this is so invidious that it must be omit- subject, but the task ted. must The advertisements of the keepers of the hotels in this respect Saratoga is regarded. lie mentioned at p«ge 16. furnished and unfurnished, for the The price of board at Rooms and tenements use of families, may be obtained for rent. On the whole, strangers can accommodation, at the meet with every desirable public houses, private boarding- houses, at the rcstiuateurs, or in their own hired apartmenta. �m JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS* 91 Aiiiui>eiuent8. AMUSEMENTS. LBR. *' And orne are joyous cords still ! — ring and a wilder bring forth wreaths Save and iurs I^'ig. A swifter Springs ! out again strain — wc will banish On, through the maze of the fleet For a place so retired, the amusements arc are so ordered as to suit the taste of those er Pres- take of them. Visitors from the green shades, pleasant rides, pure make eating, to md their persons and — !" various, fine fashions, to make and who are to par- cities find enough of nir, and fine the place agreeable; and those from the country, see enough of ters, ! dance, on th these jle lady, all the pure in heart from the festive hall With seurs of ! ! new thc^r country who are things, odd charac- time pass pleasantly; retiring, " And 1 vvitii sweet novelty the soul detain." observ- at Sar- by any emselves The circular railroad is a very pretty thing. the southern extremity of the village, race, It is at on a beautiful ter- completely shaded with ever green trees; and from the spot I on this is prospect. H i The road is in circumference the eighth of a has two tracks on which two light airy cars re- afforded to the spectator a charming sylvan be omit- niile; le hotels volve in opposite directions. The cars resemble the light body of a gig, and are provided with a seat for a lady and a gentleman. With much ease the gentleman gives board at snements , may be desirable joardingirtments. power it to the movement, and when both cars are flying round with the velocity of the wind, and passing each other as feathered arrows, a thousand fashionable promenaders, chatting and laughing, fill up Uie ground; the I �92 JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. C'oveiit Gnnicn— CJniiihlirig. and animating. All Springs can partake in this amusement, as scorio is truly joyous ting, and a diversion The in who it is visit the exhilara- every respect unobjectionable. cost of this railroad was eleven hundred and fifty and the charge for riding three times round, is twelve and half cents. Next to the circular railroad, are the public gardens. dollars; The Recreative garden has three bowling-alleys, one of is exclusively for the use of ladies. which Covent garden, besides rustic huts, summer and shady bowers, has a plalform of flying with their ii, There riders, arc horses. houses, These whirled around with great rapidity. are in the village altogether, thirteen bowling- alleys, several billiard tables, m and the season of visiting, the apparatus and paraphanalia of gambling and dissi- all pation. find their Such way are the accompaniments of the throng that to the Springs in the summer. They are not acknowledged as a part of the regular inhabitants of the place. The citizens of Saratoga are a steady, quiet and no way inclined to participate in the follies dissipation which is annually poured in upon them. Another great source of amusement is :.iding. Not less people, and than thirty owned is thousand dollars worth of livery property Springs, for the use of strangers, and owners produce a handsome income. Coachbarouches, curricles and gigs, are used. Of late years which es, five at the to the the fashion of riding on horseback, both by ladies and gentlemen, has been revived, and wM is much followed at the Springs. Among following: the many places to which visitors ride, are the �JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRINGS. litilld Barhyt'a fish and affords and Assemblies. pondj two milea eciU fine 93 amusement It producea trout, Ho to anglers. the privilege of fishing, aud requires that shall be cooked on his premises. charges for what is caught The Lake House, on Saratoga Lake, 4 miles; where game dinner, consisting of fish, and wild game, is fur- a nished to gourmands, for |2. and 3 wide. The lake is 9 miles long, Bemis's Heights, and other memorable scenes of the revolution around the eventful battle grounds of ^Saratoga, are still much resorted to. To Glen's Falls, about 20 miles. To Lake George, 28 To these places stages go daily. miles. Niskayuna, river, is the Schuylersville, is Shaker settlement, on the Mohawk 16 miles. where Burgoyne laid down his arms, 12 miles. Besides riding, promenading round the village, visiting and gardens, there is got up, when there is much company, balls, assemblies and cotillion parties. the Springs These are held at some of the highest public houses. and other refreshments Caive, ice creams, frui1», wines, are furnished. to $2. The tickets of admission cost from ^1,50 * A more costly, and of course more fashionable order of assemblies, are sometimes held, called Champagne balls. Tickets to these are usually $5. At two of the principal public houses a band of music is employed. The band performs alternately at each house at dinner and tea. There are also at tho Springs two public libraries and reading rooms; and two weekly newspapers. * « �I 94 II JAUNT TO SARATOGA SPRIKOS. Cliurcliea. CHURCHES, There is a Presbyterian church, a Baptist, and a small a Methodist chapel, and a Roman Episcopal Chapel, II Catholic church The middle reserved for the is now building. scats of the Presbyterian church I'.se are all of strangers; at the Baptist Church they are respectfully received, and the Episcopal chapel, and Methodist, are free. These last denominations are . ill; !; m ^ also building new churches. TABL 'ill iiii ill �PART III. THE FALLS OF NIAGARA, DESCRIPTION OF THIS WONDER OF NATURE, OF THE WHIRLPOOL, ISLANDS, A JAUNT TO CANADA, TABLE ROCK -BROCK'S MONUMENT, &c. �r*w.3 ' �I �Js^^'s,W.'f^ ? 1^: U. „ �wf THE ARRANGEMENT. The colloquial form has, in in affording directions some places been adopted, and information to travellers. The observations of the guide, and the remarks of the visitors, have been in some places transcribed. In this manner, the information which has been garnered np for years, is imparted to strangers in its appropriate place. The sketches are vicinity; and is made in a tour round the Falls, and divided into four Jaunts. The First Jaunt is to the Falls on the east side of the they are commonly called, the American It may be made, from the hotels, in half an hour; river, or, Falls. as but the feelings of those M'ho go, will determine the pe-' riod of their stay. Some have thought half a day a short time to spend in viewing the cataract from that position, and the other objects to which their attention is drawn. The Second Jaunt is to the Islands. Bath, Iris or Goat, and the other cessible. It may little adjoining Islands that are be made in two hours. Many ac persons spend a day, and repeat the visit frequently, asserting, that the interest excited increases the oftener the scene is uc held. 9 �ill'. 1 98 JAUNT TO TnE FALLS. The The Third Jaunt three hours; and, Village, nnd if is Arr;iiii:c!iieiU. the Whirlpool. to extended It to the Devil's old Fori Ningnra, a requires Hole, Indian day or more will be plea- santly spent in the excursion. The Fourth Jaunt to the Falls, but it may would be is to Canadn. This, like the visit be accomplished in less than an hour; Very few arc superficial. satisfied such a slight peep into her Majesty's dominions. like to visit Table with They Rock, and take a look below, through the mist and under the sheet of falling water. In speaking of the time to be consumed in looking at and around the greatest cataract in the world, reference is had to those who travel with railroad speed, and such are travellers in general, in these days; and not who have and opportunity, no period can be sions. To such leisure. fixed; all as have time depends on their If they are uncxcited will be short; own and uninterested, to those impres- their stay they will cast a dull and unimpassloned look over the scene, and hurry away. tcit diflercntly, Others who have have remained weeks and months at the Fallp, still extolling to their eatisfuction. them, and spending their time much �JAUNT A TO THE FALLS OF NIAGARA, ON TjHE AMERICAN SIDE. TnE TRAVELLERS. A pnrty from q diptnnt eity ore on o tour of plcasuro to the Fallc. There arc three principal routes on the Amcricnn eide that lead to this celebrated plncc. One from the upper lakcF, the south nnd the cast, through the city of Huflalo, from thence by railroad to the place of destination: One from Canada, and the lower lakes, via Lewiston, and from thence alto, by railroad: The third, from the east, by the Erio canal, railroads, etages and steamboata, to the city of Rochester, end through the vllage of Lockport, and from thence by railroad to the Falls. The J" — ; travellers that —c BCflu)a in vtie arc the dramatis pcrson<E of this xjOCiiport cuiu x^igagufa Falls roil* �JAUNT TO THE FALLS. 102 First road cars. si i,')it. They have nnivcd withhi two miles of tho — *' the exclamation is heard object of their visit, and the !" An imposing scene has, indeed, Falls ! the Falls takes place to broke upon them, and a general move Those catch a glimpse of the mighty calnract. and direct view in the right side of the cars have a full which, by their side, front, and of the Niagara river, seated at flows far beneath. the very verge of On its banks, at a rapid rate of eighdizzy height, they are whirling at the some passengers teen miles an hour. On looking below, have been known hold their breath in amazement; others protracted whistle, to express their astonishment by a low L,.' until the supposed danger 1 was past. of the ladies looking at the object before her, one replies a pasexclaims— '* is that the Falls?" " Yes," iluned Niagara u eenger, " and look below, there is the far On > I river." behold Another observes— ** after so long a period I "what a distance have we como this place;" and one — to feast our eyes ** A upon this scene!" great mist arises from the water concealed behind a cloud. Is it — the Falls seem always so 7" with the scene, mist which ** and in the clear cold weather of winter, the and smoke of somo arises in clouds, appears like the flame burning city. At such conflagration, or as of a ** Always," answered a person familiar great times the burning of remembrance." In a few minutes Moscow is always brought to my after the Falls are first beheld, at tho have mineral spring, two miles from the cataract, the cars stroet of the vilrolled on; have passed through tho Main lage, and have stopped at tho upper end. �JAUNT TO TOR PALLS. Renmrks of Travellers. Gener.'il The 103 — — of the pnasengcrs ore Bnlutod with " pnesen," " <rcntlepnrH ibr tlic ," << tmvnllcrfl (or the cui-fi show me your ^>nggasc," " for the \nrn, plcaec to — (< bagjjrnge for ," the Mndam?" " do you go to the Sir?" nnd all the jargon and noise which a full array of the runners nnd waiters from the hotels can , , utter. The travellers having made up their minds i)efore their go to their hotel, enter their namoa, arrival, or afterwards, Eccure their rooniB, and breakfast, dine or sup, as the case may for a be, and when prepared for a visit to the Falls, send Guide. The aid of a guide ferent views, and is to indispensable, to point out the dif- impart a full knowledge of all the localities. After having concluded their arrangements they start on their first ramble. Passing in a western direction from the hotel, they traverse the leaving narrow a street, bank of the continue river, or after along on the rising ground, until they enter a grove of trees; emerging from thence, they behold the Falls at once before them, rolling majestically, **How and displaying " Truly, the *' It is all their grandeur. magnificent!" grand half has not been told!" — it is dreadful!" " They are terrible, yet beautiful!" *' They appear small at a distance, and, at first eight, was disappointed. They exceed my expectations." "Never have I beheld, or imagined, I any thing com- parable to this. Such arc some of the many expreasiont) which break �" ' ,iM JAUNT TO THE PALLS. 104 Description. from travellers, generally those but and show forth tlioir emotions; they are of admiral ion, many gaze and wonder min^dcd with pleasure; in eilence. THE FALLS OP NIAGARA. *' Tremendous Tlic terrors ^' h torrent! for ot'lliy voire, on instant hui«li and cast aside Those wild involving niiadows \ May ; lliat my eyc3 see the fearful beauty of thy face." II On the western boundary of the State of New- York, runs the Niagara river, in a northern direction, and the centre of which is the boundary line between the United Ml 1' States and the dominions of Great Britain. is with lake Superior and is The Niagara the outlet of the va^t chain of western lakes, beginning its hundred tributary streams, and the principal inlet of lako Ontario. from the Indian, and was called Niagara fs derived by them Onyakarra, according to David Cusich, of the Tuscarora tribe, who published a pamphlet in 1827. M The Falls are twenty-two miles from lake Erie, and The two branches of the Ontario. fourteen from lake which encompass Grand and other Islands, unite a mile above the rapids; and it is there, two miles in width. river As it advances forward, the current accelerates in downward From IHiiiil Pl i course, tranquil the surface; it and and the channel contracts glossy, a its in width. slight ripple is seen to move next assumes a descendinff and cradle-like �JAUNT TO THE PALLS. Volume movement; the waves and are broken other, of Wuler. enlarge, the into 105 tops roll over each whilc-caps and spray. Tho whole body of the mighty river becomes agitated, as if conscious of the great plunge it is about to make. The placid stream has become a rushing torrent, broken into and cascades presses sweeping it forward with to ridge it bounds, until and there billows. Its own momentum it boils irrcsiatiblo violence; it from ridge reaches the perpendicular rock, sweeps over, and falls below. The water up from beneath, like a sea of white foam; the Sjjrny rises in clouds which hang dark and heavy above, or are wafted away by the current of the wind; and rainbows encircle below and obove this most wonderful of nature's workg. Iris island the water off is in by ProspecL and. The the mid,3t of the F«lls, and separates A smaller ehect 70 great sheets. inii. island, jiassing between that and is struck Iris isl- between the islands and American than the main channel which separates Canada from the United States, and passes on the western shore is portion lees side of Iris island. In that channel is borne along a volume of water of inmiense magnitude, the drain of more thau 150,000 square miles of surface of lakes and rivers. How sublime lured beholder! the object that is at once over so high a precipioe, larly into tho presented to the enrap- Such a body of congregated and chasm below, whose depth man to fathom. The rushing, roaring sound which v/ater poured falling perpendicuit is not possible for falling water — the is emitted by the variety of colors presented to the eye; I �JAUNT TO THE PALLS. KXJ Fiiiiiilinrilv willi iioiso. llioi the Bplcndor yot Bublimily of the prcne Bpnnlator, — nro new to Iho and create emotions Imrd In he iloscribed. ore Ihone of the stormy ocean and ovcr- The Bounds wlichning tempent; 1he-e Bounds arise Some and and filtul one continued roar, yet other hnvc at tJintR, ptn-fiojiH, myfiterioiiB; is varied. noiscfi, fjincicd the intonnlions of the hnsa note trumpet of tho — and even drum — the Blow, solemn and heavy report of artillery human the strange — the swelling voice in agony, has been heard by many imaginative enthusiasts. But the similarity of the sounds to the hum drum, and to artillery are so near, at times, that persons have been re- peatedly deceived. It requires a long residencG to regardless the of they sensations, hut generally To character. those which seems to prevail cent villages, makes it become To some noise. it familiar to, and creates unpleasant arc those of a who are when they visit any appear to them like residents, the contrary quietude of the adja- the stillness of Sunday. Strangers the Falls who remain is in over night, though the sound of when they retire to rest, awake from their slumbers, their ears when they happen to yet fre- quently fancy themselves in the midst of a tempest; the house trembles, the windows and doors clatter, the wind rushes and whistles round, the rain pours; and amid all, they hear the unceasing sound of the cataract. They out upon the raging storm; and when they draw the curiam, or throw up the windows, they perceive that the stars are shining sweetly, and not a zephyr rise to look disturbs the pendant leaves. �JAUNT TO THE PALLS. 107 Distance wliich the Falls nrc heard. to tho ' In heavy weather and farther; * d overit other has just bce.i ^veiling takes place, and in and , to been rc- to, nnd pleasant contrary at In a distance, heard though perceptible, often gradually, nnd sometimes suddenly, the increased roar of the cataract ear. change of weather immediately comes upon the lusinstp. and louder, ie live which sound n — tho I'oice who within hearing of the Falls, they are an unfailing barometer. After a pleasant turn "f weather, during the Rtrnngo the sound those to A is often followed by a storm. In some directions the roar of the Falls heard over six river or seven miles; is not usually along the course of the they are constantly perceptible for about fourteen been occasionally heard at the distance of thirty miles; and in one instance nn individual asserts to have heard them at the city of Toronto, in Canada, miles; they have distant forty-four miles. The concussion of the falling waters jar the adjoining and the houses tremble in concert with the un- quietude shores, he ceasing shock. adja- Btillness sound of rest, yet ers, frc- pest; the the wind amid t. all, They hen they they per; a zephyr This may be questioned by those who have only spent an hour or two at the Falls, in the clear, serene, and bland weather of summer; but those who have remained there longer will certify to the fact. If a door is left ajar it vibrates, if a window is loose quietly at their fire-sides, it clatters; perceive a tremulous motion, which the Falls. There ia much and even sitting the inhabitants will, at times, they can trace to difierence in hearing the Falls; at a short distance from them the noise is not unpleasant, but close to the sheets of water, to many persons it ia almost overwhelming. It is believed by many abroad, that persons long resident at tho Falls hearing. That become hard of this is generally eo, cax-iaot be positively �I JAUNT TO THE FALLB. 108 ijHinirics imsj\\»'rr»i|. A oBflertcd. visited Uio lady of Lovviston, Hint asserlB, Falls, who years eiiice scvernl to her the noise wqs so (hough inteiiBenH to deprive her of hearing in one car; and from ninny years have since pnHHcd, she has not recovtjcd And yet the deafncBrf v/ith which she was then struck. very many visitors express thenisolvea greatly diHn[)point- noise of the Fnll.i; ednsto the they expected to hear it hursting boilers, ronring Nothinjr hut thunder, or crashing enrthcpiakcs can henvier and louder. cannon, pualing come up to tho expectations of such persojis. INQUIRIES ANSWERED. " Trifles, on an interesting aubject, Cease Ah many to be trifles." inquiries are made as to places, heights, dis- subjects, the following tances, nml on a variety of other paragraphs arc intcjided as answers to such, and alibrd in the shortest practicable way, the information required. The form IG Iris island of the Fnlls and Canada The western or is is That a curve. called the part between Horse Shoe Horse Shoe Fall is Falls. about seven hun- dred yards in circumference. The Fall on the northern sido of tho island Is three hundred and thirty yards. The MM centre i all, bct-wxjcn Iris about thirtv-thrct3 vords. and Prospect isUmdfl, is �Ij. JAUNT TO THE PALLS. (liumlily of water passiiijj over ira Biiu'u WQ8 1 80 (liou^U yet inppoint- htar , kcb can The ia inchuhiifr Iria computed at one thousand four height of the Falla, on the American fide, hundred and fifty-eight From Chi])pcwa The descent from mated at ninety At the wide. It ferry to on the Canada feet; is ono side, ono feet. Schlosaer Ihc river is the widest. those places to the great pitch is esti- is fifty-six rods feet. below the Fnlls the river has been crossed in live minutes; it ordinarily requires ten. The cloud of ppray wliich nlvvoy? S3en, except sonictinics seen when arises from the Falls, is scattered by the wind. It is irom a great distance, even from that of one hundred miles. Computations have been made of the quantity of water that passes over the FuHh. barrels This, tlis- following nd afibrd equired. between ven hun- [ (liBtnnrc nroiind the curve, ielnridf^, hundred and Fixty-four it roaring llir I'jiIIh. hnndrf'd yards. red from A.iul whole Tlio and Profjprct 109 threo ieUmdfl, the quantity -'s Ibat 5,034,089,280 hours; is probably considerably more. The average height of the banks about the Falls is from two hundred to two hundred and fifty feet. You can go, for a short distance from Iris island, under the spray of the Horse Shoe Falls; some have called going under the Horse Shoe Falls, but that ioo is saying much. The is One twenty-four 211,830,853, in one hour; 8,5.30,614, in a minute; and 58,843 in a second. This statement is undoubtedly within bounds; and it Is descend in principal spot visited, for going under the sheet of water, is at Tabic Rock. Even there, it is fashionable to iueak of ihc distance advanced, in exaggerated tcruib. I �JAUNT TO THE PALLS. 110 Nuiiilier of ViHiterH. Great difibrenccs of opinion exist as mnny wonders. of this sccno of view of the Falls best view to is be had A One to the best says, view the best Another, "the from Tabic Rock." is ** from the centre of the in river, **at Ware's *Mhe best view is from the foot of the A fifth, ** the grandetair-casc, on the American side." est views of all are from the point of Iris island where it overlooks the Horse Shoe Falls, and from the Tower at crossing." A ferry. observatory, third, near the fourth, the Terrapin rocks." After Falls On all, in it Canada, must be conceded that the view of the surpasses any on the American side. side there are this many different views; your eye passes over the various prospects, piece by piece; on the Canada eide you have a full On front view. the Ameri- side, comparing large things with small, you not only occupy the stage box, but go behind the scenes. Persons who visit the Falls, to form a right conception can of the wonders of this country should pass over to Iris island, should visit the whirlpool, and great rapids along the river, and should cross into Canada. From been the rapidity of the water below the Falls, difficult to fathom it, it has but as nearly as has been as- two hundred and forty feet deep. certained, The ferrymen convey baggage safely from one side of compensation. The it is the river to the other, descending and for a ascending the fair hills is a laborious task, and they earn their money. The number of visiters increase yearly. the best authority, sand. The number the number exceeded In 1838, from twciity thou- of visiters in 1831), exceed d by one- �TO THE PALLS. JAUiNT Ill Niiiiics Mild liiitJalH. any other year. In 1840, though tho preBSuro of the limes wns impi ledented, yet the numthird, that of ber of visitors was about tho eamc as tho previous year. NAMES AND INITIALS ON THE ROCKS AND TREKS. •' IVen in tlie woody Of iliose we Busy memory seeks, glade, for boujo dear mark love." There are observed many names and upon the rocks, and cut upon the trees. initials chiseled Some high in and some projecting over the precipice. thought one sujjposes that the short lived the branches, At the first immortality thus to be obtained and is hardly worth the labor risk. It is not so much the expectation of fixing a lasting morial, as the pleasure of having one's me- name recognised by some friend, or acquaintance, in present or after years. These mementos arc like the registry of a public house, but possesses a romantic interest that registers do not. Here on the dark rocks and wild forest trees of Niagara, mingled with names from every pau of the world, will sometimes be found one dear to the heart of the observer, and the object will be hailed with pleasure. It may have been indented years ago, and he who made the memorial, may, when the name is recognised, have ceased to exist among the 10 living ; and then mn^' be broiif''ht t I �JiU^^^K#'- JAUNT TO THE FALLS. 112 Mists aiui Optical Illusions. " eccncfi long pnescd, never to relurn." nlfoclini; recof^'iiizfinccR ol thifi Ifnd the More thnu Enropf.'nn wlio visited this pjjot first once, kind have been witnessed. Honie lelt. and his own name, he woidd, by ineniorinl of tlie lime, thnt nh^bl cireuniRtaner, have secured an inunorlality for aiin8<!lf, and This nof, and is niiieb a will often allord and traveller labor; modern to Balisfaclion listless it is enciuirers. many, interesting to some data aad materials for the historian. MISTS AUOtJM) THE FALLS, AND OPTICAL ILLUiSIONS. " " Hc(Mi (liroiutli liio "Objects The 11 tiir, beyond the have lost familiar; not only so, but there are works of man about roads, pro.-^pect towers, itH' a6i)ect When and the ^U i like, of their loncpoa- first so many of the stair-cases, bridges, that the wild and which they once wore, has the ferry was at it now them, houses would not be a passenger quence, much majesty and awful ness which they once Frequently beholding them has nnide the scene eesBcd. savage life, ppctir." Falls, 1o rcsidenis, hi>3S8, the Iiulitilinct nuhid di6ai)peared. established, at times there for several would be often neglected, and days; in conse- travellers were �JAUNT TO THE FALLS. > 113 (iiscoviTv, l-'irst „„nu,,„,„ or ,i,„ ;„..,,,„,,,,,,, wijo««« <h„. ,l,:„,i„e,I, n,c «)a« wl,a. -rtm.t h„8,„,« „, e,.,„. 11,0 ,,,,jy ,,„j,,,„,: ,„.,.t ,.„.i„„s, ,;v„, ,,,,,„,_.. ^ on im- „„i,^j „__ <he Ainor,™,, bm.k, „„,! vv„tcl,c,l iLc „„„,„;; „f ,Ue ,;,,. ryin-n. C1„„,I« „f ,„is( w,„;M „,„vo ,lowu fbc river, cb- 8c.,r,ns, ..xcc,,l ,„ Al 8UC.L ;l*c, a,em e c .mt pi.--'. I>.-oWlv, „ cl.....i wco .«-,.,„k,,l in „i,l,|. „,. „„., I ,h. bm,k, „« ,t,e knew,,. ilret l.eforo. ycl ,r„„ght to light. 6cr,ho llu. ^j^^^^ (ill ;; ^^'^^ „t„ea of ,he „„th Us ol,.„„ro wny „„. _,,_^,_ „|| |.|^^^ __^^ ;^,_,^ .^^^^^^ ,|„rk„e8s „„cl n.ght n" ferryman's comin.' diecovered tbe F„ll., does no°t „ppe„r to ho They were "m..y yoar« ^1^ ^,^^ ,„i,t ,,„„,,i „j,j,„,„. lure n.o lo remain ^j^_^ ^._,_^_ ,l,i„k ,|,ey b,„| nil of) nil prospect of (ho Wbo ,^^ i,id,Io„ ,„„, «.,„„„I ;,, Ag.-,:,, „.„,„ ,b„ pi„„„„„, „„,,,,, Jutms would ^,^^,„,,.„^, „„o I „„ „^,^.„„,^^,,, „,,«l,i «.„.e i. ..« d.n.lM „n,l (rec. nn<l ,|,^,y each uihc. Irnly ,locc|,!ive. ,„ ,,,„, ,,„„,j |,|,„t „( „„„,, e ,.n,l ,b„ ,.oc .., Iml rf,,,,,. f,,,„ v^on.. „„s.,„,- d„„,, ,!,, i,i„ „,„„,„,„ „, .r (I, """y the |.™,,. „„ ;,„,,,,,,,,, Inius, l„„ „p,,oa,a„cc« by Father visited in 1(;57, Thi, i, and wilboul do,d,t (ho earliest notieo of (hem In 1078, they were vi«ted and de- Hennipcn. The deeeription is not Falls („)0 feet h.gh, it i. likely (he estimate was made from (ho top of (he banli (o the supposed bottom of tho gulf, or abyss into which tho waters ore precipitated. It 18 nut ccriainly known but (hot Ills Cfiuiiiaie mm poii.t of viov/ ii? er.r rcet. in (hut " ! \ i\ �JAUNT TO THE FALLS. 114 Fruiicis Abl)Ott. After having viewed the Fnlle, from the observatory, the travellers or brow of the bank, to thr ir satisfaction, down the Bummer house river, pass entering the pleasure garden. A stands upon the ground where once was the cottage of Francis Abbott. From this place he could sight look out upon the Falls, and regale himself with the to which he was siJcU-bound and infatuated. of the object This was not a favored residence; but as he could not be permitted to seclude himRclf on the island, to wbich he ; here. As every visitor wiBhca to hear about this eccentric gentleman, is he Borrowfi.lly seated himself so extremely partial, was all the information Ibat has been obtained, given in the following account. FRANCIS ABBOTT. my «'Frotn My epirit wi^lknil not, youth upwnnla, wilh the souls of men, Nor looked tiiioii tlic earth wilh human eycM The tliirst of their ai!i!)ition was not niino,— Tlie aim of tlieir existence was no: mine -, ; I had no sympathy My joy in tiie wilderness, to breathe was The diflicuU Where the witli l)^^aUlin^ flesh. air of the iced momitain's top. dare not build, nor insects wing 1)ird3 Flit o'er the herbless <rranitc ; or to plunge Into the rolling torrent, and to roll tilong." In the afternoon of the vwll built, 181 h of June, 1820, a t^l, and handsome man, drc&5cd in n long loose �JAUXT TO THE PALLft. 115 Fr.'inris Alihoif. gown or cloak, of through FallB. a chocolate ho principal .tree., of color, the He was .con village passi..g of Niagara had uiider his arm a roll of blankets, a llutt, and a large book; in his right hand he carried n Bmall stick. Ho advanced towards (he Ea^rle Hotel attracting the gn/e cf vis.lors and others by the singulara port foho, ity of hL. appearance. With elastic step and animated he passed the hotel; he heeded not the inquiring gaze of the .die multitude, but linn and erect he bent hit motion course to a more lowly, but re.pectable inn. He at onco entered into stipulations with the landlord, that the room 1^0 occupied should b. solely his own; that he sliould Imohistabe to himself; and that only certain portions ot h.s fare should be furnished by tlie landladv. He made tue U8unl inquiries about the FuUe, and amon-r other tlimgs, wished to know if there was a reuding-room or 'lary in the village. Being informed that there was a ibrary, he immediately repaired to the individual who kept It; deposited three dollars, and took a book; j.urcha«.da violm; borrowed music book.; irdormed the that his name was Francis Abbott; cw days a at the Fails, librarian that he should remain and conversed on many subjects with great ease and ability. The next day, ho returned to the same person; expaed largely upon the surrounding scenery, the cascades and cataracts, and of that sublime spectacle, the Falls n all his travels, he said, he had never met with any (Inng to compare with this combination of all that tia groat^ and N ngara beautiful. Falls except He inqmred how long was There was nothing so grand as Mount .Etna, during an eruption. usually remained, and traveller, I �JAUNT TO THE FALLS. 116 Mis opinion of the Falls. being informed that many stayed only one day, he obser- ved that he should remain at remarked, "Can this place, and leave it week; and further leant a be, that there are thoae it in persona can be found so one day! little I am who come to astonished that interested in these aston- ishing works of nature, as to spend so short a period of time in passing around and beholding them. As well two day?, attempt to examine detail the various mueeums and curiosities of Paris, as think of becoming ncqunintcd with the magnificent might in to a traveller, in one or scenery of Niagara, ^ such a short space of time." in In a few days ho called again, and again expatiated upon the resplendent scenery of the Falls, and said he had concluded to remain a month, and perhaps six months. In a short time after, ho determined to fix his abode on Iris island, and was desirous of erecting a rustic hut, the purpose of abstracting himscll from society, all for and The proprietor of the of becoming a solitary hermit. island having become acquainted with his eccentricities, was apprehensive might be alarming that his For this reason, he thought erect a building for permanent residence to strangers, it who did not there, know him. not proper to allow him such a purpose, but permitted him occupy a room in the only house then on the this house there lived a family that furnished with milk and bread. island. him to to In at times But he often dispensed with these necessary articles, providing himself in such other way as suited his fancy, and preparing his food to suit his own taste. their He mode observed once to a friend, *'that people, in of living, took a great deal of trouble and un- necessary pains; for my part, I have adopted a method �JAUNT TO THE PALLS. HiM residonce Which pmt I find wheat flour, ,t to down. me much eaves With a livinjr. very pleasant and agreeable. of water, in which I mix dnnk with — mode of give it n 117 I take about a eufficient quantity of a proper consistence, and then I find that it answers every purpose, and labor and inconvenience." his guitar by his side, supported from his shoulder sash, like an Eastern Minstrel, silken he would perambulate the banks of the river to the Whirlpool- and once or twice extended his Malk to Lewioton. The inmates of the houses on the way would suddenly hear the sounds of strange and unknown music, the musician would be observed standing at a distance in the road, but ns soon as noticed, or spoken to, would glide away without giving any reply. The island was ' permanent residence for about 20 the family removed; and to those tew persons with whom he held converse, he expressed his great satisfaction of having it in his power to live en- At months, his length, For some months, ho seemed to enjoy himmuch, and until another family tirely alone. self very entered the then concluded to erect a cottage of his own; and as he could not build on the island, he made choice of the high bank of the river, near to and in full view of the Falls; which, of all other objects, it was house. He his delight behold. He occupied his new to residence about two months. On Friday, the lOth of June, 1831, he went twice below the bank of the river, to bathe, and was seen to go a third time. At two o'clock in the afternoon, the ferryman baw him in the water he was partly floating — and partly resting his body on the shelving rocks. As the boat approached, to screen himself from (he gaze of Tv I �9mmM-. JAUNT TO THE 118 M'liiiKT drew tho pnRKon^Pi'8, ho not seriously tbouglit same the When ol' Ills (Icat!!. under Lin lioad and acting aituation, wnlor. llio us he bfid often of, same manner. the in An not there. body coidd be lound. wna It was jo examinalion waH inniiediatidy jiot seen on ; ueurdly deponited them. \\c svliiire It wjih been noticed in the ferryman returned, bin clothep the rocka, hiH PALI.H. niad(>, 8U['[)o8ed but have to been carried away by tho current. '• k The iircciiy siiriro li;ul Kwept down, liiia I'lr, fur Froiii iiiorlal krii." } On was the 2Ih<, llie body wan taken up and d(>eenily Fort Niagara, a( and wan on Ihe next eh'arly idcntilled, in tho interrc'I (biy removed ground at Nia«^ara burial FaUH. Thus tcrminaled Abbott — spent tho two career of the iinfortenato Francis tli;- luuAvn to indeed, lillle, laal more can only bo yems of th of a retyped able family; near wliom he Sv)uie f 'W gksam'nga his hfe. He way given. Iho.-o an Engli>h gentleman, was endowed with he a good mind, highly cultivated; and was eminently pleasing III his nuinnerrt. lie was not oidy master ges, bat deeply read sessed all tleman, drawing arti3 fa^scinating eolIo([uial in great perfection. had in travelling. trtivelled Spain, Portugal, eideruble the and BcicnccH, and pos- the minor aeeoniplibhnu'nts of the tininhcd gen- been spent lestine; in in of several langua- periods and He powero, and music Many had years of bis visited through Turk..y R;»me, and had Fgypt and Pa- niul Greece, France; and had resided o[ time in life Italy, lor cun- Naples, and Pari«. �JAUNT TO THE FALLS. His While cli.'iractrr. nt iho Fnlle, l)UHinrss hrongbt Foveral of the ' ii 119 "••"«» him t<-*v in in cnnlncl, ijiuiu with ue would somet.mos ho «ociahlc; to all others ho was distant and JLs conversations were always inlercstinrr, and h.s doseriptions of countries and people highly glowing nnd animated. But at times, even with his favored acquamtancc, he wonid hold no converse; but conununicated to them his wishes, on a slate, and would rerpiest that nothing might he said to him. Ifc would frequently, for Ihree or four months, go vmshaved,- often wifh no coverirtg on his head, ami his body enveloped in a rcsorv..!. blanket; shun- ning and seeking the deepest solitude of the He composed much, and generally in Latin; all, island but he do Btroyed his compositions almost When Ihem. his entertained that ound, of his kind. Ifis little comi)osition; faithful it as fast as he produced was examined; hopes were some manuscript own with difficulty cot dog guarded was persuaded or memorial might bo but he his left nothing of tho door, aside while it and it was was opened. J lis cat occupied his bed; and his guitar, mid music books, were scattered around Iherc was a portfolio, and the violin, flutes, in leaves of a but not a word, not even his name, of them. Many mory II confusion. large book- was written Jn any ' spots on Iris island arc consecrated to the moOn the upper end of the island of Francis Abbott. he had established his walk, nnd in one place it had be- come trodden and well beaten, hke that on which a sentinel performs his tour of duty. Between Iris and Moss •sland, 01 ' there is cm!,owcred in seclusion and shade, one the moat charming waterfalls, or casofldcs, iinamnable. I �120 JAUNT TO THE PALLS, Mis walk.-' This was his fnvorilc Bortcd nt nil he continued the toiiicritv lo re- In the coldest wcntlicr, ground, and ice in the water, llio bathe in the Niagara. lower extremity briiige leading over ol" the inland, there waa a are called the Terrapin Hocks; what from this bridge there extended a single lijpi;; Thoio bo rcjlrcut for balLiiig. floasons of the year. even when snow was on On — his jjiece of timber, eomc twelve or lifteen Ibet over the precipice. On thia bridge it was his daily practice to walk; with a quick step he would pat-H the bridge, advance on the timber to the extreme point, lurn quickly on his heel and walk 'back; and continue thus walk to for hours together. Sometimes he would let him.^eh" down at the end of the timber, and hang under it by his handri and i'cet for fifteen and twenty minutes nt a time, and this over a chasm so terrific, as to make remonstrated with, iji much On being thus exposing himself, ho would reply, that, in cj'ossing the sea-boy the strongest head. di'/.zy for llie ocean, he had frequently seen greater peril; and, as he should pro- bably again pass the sea, he wished to inure himself to such damxcrs: were not. if the nerves of others were disturbed, his darkent hours of the night, he was in the often foimd walking alone, in the wildest and most dan- and at such times he would gerous places near the Falls; shun the approach of men, as if they were unwelcome in- truders on his solicitude. He had a stipend allowed land, competent "elate for to him by support. his friends in He Eng- attended to the of his accounts, very carefully; was economical in his eircnditure of in his payinj money far all rav>n":j for his an-'i own gjivJccs, use; but generous v.r-d never receiving �JAUNT TO Hit oi)!l i');i m.y thiMK wilhc.t .„„k,„, ""•', ;'7 " -smdd :, • "'•11 lie --' . ndoretand. extended lo What it nil will 121 i„„„e,li,„„ .,„,,„„,„. j,^, "' -li^'i"- <i..L „„., The mo.dvind. |,e FAJ.LH. ofilip \i(.\vs ,,H,« behavior, ol,g,„„ w„s u «,l,j.et 1 " !''";g Tfli: ,,,.,, i,,„n,,,i,„ ,,.e rut ,,,,,„ J: l,c. „,,.,rcaalc.,I, ,,nd .ec„.cd clarify ho „ekcd from o.bora ' i„,i„i,.,,,, ,,„„,j ^„^ ^ -leslroyed s„ch a „,i„d a, hi,J What drive hi,,, fro,,, s"e.ely wl„cl, ho woa so woll cnlc.,l„,ed ,„ „d,.rn,-„nd what 1rm,rf„„„ hi,,,, „„I,ln i„ „er«,„ „„d uMkcl, i„,„ nn,a„laled a„e!,n,i,e, „h„„„i„g ,he nseociali,,,, „f his ,„ya.ery he „ovor unfolded, „,„1 hi, • .""J^ li..ve ,ou,ai„ed sile„t ,,„ the euhjeol. Jlo w„« ak.ut twcly-oight yc„r» of age, a:, the time of ellow The „,e,r 1 hi. With the .ce„cry of Iho Faib, he w„s pcrfeelly i„f„l- Mled,a„dcx„re:.„odhin,sc!fi„ ,he jvhen he .poke of lie ,|,„ h„,,,if„l Cai.adn, under and, his ns ho mptaro,,. ter,„„, island did not („ko up his residence in was „.kcd why be peo,, o; ,„„.,t ,et,o.lB of Iri, own (rove,„u,e„t-an,o„g his own prefenod hein;; near (he Falls, ho could 11,0,0 soleet a ,.l«ce lo suit hi,n, as the views on' Huit sulo wore conshiered hy ,na,iy, ll,o l.e«;. liis rculy "•as, that bo pieferrd his side, heeausc, in all that I 'n<'-.resling luc inlls and honuliful, the were decidedly was American seencs around superior. H �utigmt iJigtSgi H'i JAKNT TO THK FALLS. 122 Ah'x.'iiHlcr's lim|). h^ ALEXANDERS LEAP. hi?! "My (hoiiplils mine buck. AVlicrc wjia Cold, I ? An.l nimil), aihU'iilily, i"''«^''y P"'*^° Lifon-nssuiiiod its linu'criiif^ hold ; And llirob liy llirol), Whicli ]\Iy lill >rru\vr» a paiiff, for a inoiiKMit woidii conviilso. tlioiijili tliick blood rc-dow'd, rar witli nia-oulh noises rang and chill i My My heart be<,'an once more to thrill My si.^ltt reuirn'd, thoii'ih (Ihn, alas! •, ; And thicUen'd as Mcthoujilit ll('^ There was a m Sindded At it \\ere Willi frhiss- <iash frleaiu, Willi stars was of waves nigh •, too, of the sky, it : is no dream." a thrilling a Bpol, about thirty rods from the Falls, incident occurred in 1836. and number of men, employed upon the Lockport at a carousing Niagara Falls railroad, were one night A dispute, upon some relivillage. tavern in the A m small of Irishmen and a gious subject, arose between a parly few Scotchmen, who happened Scotchmen soon found 'Iff room ; it to be present. The necessary to retreat to another but the Irish blood, excited with whiskey, was upon them, swearing aeu\u and It had beccme one destruction upon ''Luther's breed." reason is lost in of those fierce and fatal rows, where whirlwind of expassion and intoxication, and in the up, and they rushed in citement, blows are which, happy is dealt, and life is taken; and from ho who can safely retreat. The Scotch- �t JAUNT TO THE FALLS 123 Hi8 filltroni the bank. me,, r.,3hed Ibrough Iho l,„ck door „,„| „ver tb. fenee» l"<l,„g .hcneolvc. hebiod ..cc. :,"'^^ „„,1 „„„„„, «uccoe,cd in dudi,,,, tUeir i„f„n,„od p„r, ,cra o,f„ rf then however, .,y ,he na,„c of Alexander, .bo,"h ho When ho got out of ,bc ynrd of Ibe t„vern ho found h,„sel, ,„„.,„a ,y ,„,„,„ „„^„„„_ , ;™'^; cq».,„ted w„h the place; it w»s about i, oVIoekT nd qu,te dark,, be o,.uld «co the wood,, „„ be thought «t « distance. He ran toward, then: be wa, .Icceivcd by bo hrush wood and acatteri,,,, trees growing along the ,^0 bank Ibe r,vor. As ho entered the wood, he rem™ . teed al,ppn,g: ,be .lope i, about SO feet, and the perpend,eular he.gbt 70 feet he recollected no ,n„re. : Tho next .norning, „t the beginning of day, be found him«lf wounded and bleeding on tho rock.. The shelving bank and nver on one side, and an inBur,nou„tablc bar ner of rock on tbo other. If. bad never been to the »ll.,nndd,d not know that there were „„„.« t„ „,cend the hank; but tho «hanloe, at which dre.dful the he knew was down workmen lived, the river. In bopes of finding so,no P^aco to «sce,„l, crushed and bleeding „s he was, ho made out to gather himself „p, „,d made his way over the rocks, and through the brakes and bushea. I„ this muUated state, he crawled along for nearly two miles. rhe next day, towards noon, bis companions began to Unnk of b,m; and, as there was snow teps were w,thout over the bank. of blood, A on the ground, hi. difficulty traced to where he had ;one party was dcs|,atchod below. and the manner in Mark, which he had drawn himself soon led them to him. 11 They fcand hi lu on mil , �JAUNT TO 124 TIIK FALLS. and l-'inli, Au^liiiL'. bis fingers ho bad a stick in bia bandfl, over wbich He solid. were clcncbod throuj^'b rncb olbcr, and frozen and was then in a bewildered was going round and round, he would soon Btate; and if timely relief bad n. t arrived, feet, He was wrapped have peiiBbed. in blankets, and con- His body was seveyed to the place where he lived. badly frostverely injured, and his hands and feet were medical attendance, and careful bitten; but, with good nursing, he recovered loss , of some man, and it fingers is in and about three months, with the Ioph. Yet, he an enfeebled is not likely that his former strength will ever be restored. FISH, «» AND ANGLING. The silver eel, in shining volumes roll'd The yellow carp, in scales bedeok'd with ; g'.vift trouts, diversified And gold ; with crimson sUxins pikes, the tyrants of the wat'ry plains." hook Thp'c are several places where fish arc taken with fond of those ar: line, and pleasant sport is aftbrded to The best places are between the two sheets of angling. in Canada; water, on Iris island; in the eddy at the ferry, There are also, Hole. and at the Whirlpool and Devil s The river abounds with several other places resorted to. a variety of fiih: white fish, salmon trout, pike, pickerel, �JAUNT TO THE FALLS. 125 EelH. fingerH is He .lid. iwildcred t)idd 8oon nnd con- W08 ' se- dly frostid careful with the enfeebled igth will Bturgeon, cnt-lish, while and black bass, the mueand many other kinds. On the subject of Hsh attempting to ascend the sheet of water, one of the party, a traveller, remarks l)crch, ciilnngc, ecia, htrrinjr, — thin, I am When I remindud how was a yonfb, I nces; and, while dinner wn.s preparing, the of the village came in. commenced We In schoolmaster talking about the He Falls. '« was amused, many years ago. was nt the Falls, on some busiI conminnicated to me his whole stock of information; and, with other things, gravely informed me that he had sat for hours together, in observing the exertions offish to ascend the sheet of water. They would rise for about eight feet, and then fall back, and attempt it again. Some would spring from the water; others would ascend the sheet by muscular strength." The must be put down as fabulous. Yet, ella do actually ascend from thirty to forty (vet, on the rocks, among the moss and grass, where the Falls story constantly picked mist from the and they have been there quantities but there of their reaching the river above. Eels were not formerly taken on the upper with hook se fond of sheets of n Canada; are also, Dunds with B, in considerable ; : is no possibility '1-, •e up, descends pickerel, lake; but they have been often caught in the river below, and carried and put alive in the stream above. It was supposed that they again returned, by passing over the Falls; but, for a year or two past, a few messes of fine eels have been caught in the river above, and carried to the BufFalo market. �hi JAUNT TO THE PALLS. 126 HiiiHiii^' groiiniiH, ,8 '1| nud (iiiiiM* i ' I HUNTING GROUNDS, AND GAME. The wholo m extent of country lyintj east of the Falls, on the American tract is side, is well filled witL game. yet new, a large portion of it being in This a state of nature, and deer and bears have not entirely disappeared; though the aio latter is quite a stranger. Sometimes wolves numerous and troublesome, but among whom the rifle is hook, their career a people with as familiar as the scythe and reaping is but short. Foxes, wild cats, racoons, and other wild game, are plenty. Similar descriptions of game are yet found on the islands. squirrele, For the sportsman, there are ducks, sometimes wild pheasants, quails, pigeons and woodcocks. The woods of Canada also abound witli some kind of game. Large stories have been related, by travellers, of water geese, fowl alighting in the current, t:bove the Falls, and, before they could One rise, of being drawn over. authentic instance can only be mentioned. gentleman was standing near the Falls, was playing and gamboling the water above. It rapid stream, just i where the water begins Ihe rock. It At it and length, it plunged in, I Mkm : r and rose again, several times. much game '^' ' in the frequently picked up, in the river below, such th« couatry. IIIH^mI ^^B is as wild geese, ducks, and swans, a bird not ll;':', in the to curve over was seen no more. morning ... a dived too near the suction of the current, After very heavy and dark nights, Si As he saw a duck in They fall common in the current, in the darkness to o'" �JAUNT TO THE FALLS. Itoiul down 127 the linnk. the night, or dash the.n^elves, in Ihoir paHeage, against rocks or sheet of wafer. They arc found dead, or du^nbled, With broken legg or vvina«. the An old English inagn/ine, called the - Magazine of to give ^' . true account of Niagara Magazines," pretends Falls ,n Amenca." the Indians, in A.nong other things, it states that their canoes, sometimes passed the Falls in safety. That the cjuantity of game drawn in, and carned over the Falls was so great, that oii a time, the French garrison, at Fort Niagara, consisting of ]000 men, becoming destitute of provisions, were subsisted for three months on the game picked up below the Falls. Surely, travel- lers in those days, u.iderstood well as those of how to exaggerate full as modern times. ROAD DOWN THE BANK. Between eighty and one hundred rods from the Falls the party arrive at a large excavation in the bank. quantities of earth have been Great washed away by the action of water conducted in a race from the rapids for that pur- and masses of the rock have been blasted longe and thrown down. It is the commencemeiit pose; of a carriage- road to the ferry. The road down the bank, in Canada was completed fourteen or fifteen years ago, and this was begun soon after. Very little progress was made, and it was soon discontinued. In 1836, was re-conmenced, un- 11* >M �JAUNT TO THE FALLP. 129 ii, Sliip Canal around ilie l-'alls. llatLil)un; and if his operader the QUspicGH of BLMijimiia u close, it would soon have tions had not been brongbt to been completed. required by be regretted that a work so much for the nccommodation of the citizens of the country, and bo permitted to linger along the travelling public, ehoidd the erection of a from year to year. At an early day to the ferry was Buffistairs to descend the bank It J8 to flight of the ferry produces a large income,, the river, both on and thousands are anuually crossing no description of stairs can business and f.^r amusement, convenient communication give to the public that safe and there is so much pasto be afforded, where eient; but now when which ought sing and re-passing. I'. wrong that travellers should tedious stair cases. obliged to descend long and and in the Welland canal, In the road down the bunk, of American enterprise. the Canadians have gone ahead claims the excluThe very cuter-^rising gentleman who road, has listened to public opinsive right of r.iaking this promised that the work shall be immedi- be III It is still ion, and he ately lias commenced upon, and continued until ^ it the connect But as to the great ship canal to vcsgels have been counted Forty American is comple- two at lakes! one time Canada, waiting to pass thro' lying in Port Dalhousie, not the western states rouse to Will the Canadian canal. Will they allow this on this all-important subject ? action waters to reconnecting link between these mighty in great fill ill main broken? Or shall the vessels of this proud Republic onerous regulations longer contiime subject to the dependency of Great Britain ? Aud exactions of a distant much �JAUNT TO THE PALLS. 129 Indian Ladder. When down the road the bank was first commenced, an Irish laborer was employed on a projecting rock, of several tons weight. Very unexpectedly, the rock gave and both went down together. way, rock passed down first, Fortunately, the struck a heap of earth below, and rolled out of the way. The man earth, and was to injured that in a resume able to his little fell on the same heap of few days he was work. THE INDIAN LADDER. A few rods in the bank. the Falls: further, Here is and the guide points out a notch the oldest place for descending to called the Indian Ladder. The ladder consisted of a cedar tree, lying sloping against the rocks. The natural branches, and notches cut in the body of the it is tree, were the only slight helps afforded to those who went down. The last person known to have descended, was a hunter, by the name of Brooks. He was in pur- suit of some game, below. and fell injured. He which he had got about half shot, and had way down, when he between twenty and thirty feet, fallen slipped, and was badly �JAUNT TO THE FALLS. 130 I'oiiil View. I'OINT VIEW. — "I am on Of the srreat Coes up waters •, Point View, on ilic brink and the aiiiid tlie rainl)')W Their chorus shakes llie jind their autiiealic tlie voice mist, ground." American side, not a neio position, as the clear surface of the bank and well trod foot path will i|,i |. show, but one hardly nienlioned by any who have written on this subject, was the spot from which Vander- lyn sketched one of his great paintings of the Falls. On View, the spectator the projecting rock at Point stands and beholds the unrivalled prospect which before Two him. which he hundred looks, lies the bounded on either side feet calm is spread below the rock from ilark waters of the river, with rock and precipice; the ad- joining shores crowned with native forest trees, and in the distance green villages. He meadowi-i, blooming orchards, and rising looks at the great object of his gaze, with sensations of reverence; the white sheets hanging in mid air; I* the waters foaming, and hurrying from beneath those i that impend above; cavern, and smoke over The rocky tall trees the spray rushing up from the deep rising in clouds, which hang as a pillar of this sublime sanctuary of nature's mysteriefl. base of Iris island, dividing the Falls, with its towering above the water; the Terrapin rocks on the American side, and Table Rock, in Canada:— �JAUNT TO THE FALLS. The Falls altogether the scene is, spoken of by 131 olht-rs. beyond conception, unique and imposing. It is thought, J'allH ore by some, that the terms in which the nnd usually described, arc too high sitoken of and exaggerated. If the English and Scotch poets are any criterion for descriptive expressions, (nnd that they are the true standard, all will allow,) so far then from being exaggerated, the terms applied to the Falls are but tame and feeble. Several of the authors alluded to, have afforded poetical de8crii)tions of v/aterfalls in Kingdom, in which all the United the epithets of beauty and ;rran- — deur have been exhausted in the labored delineation descriptions so lofty as to leave nothing to add, even when applied to the Falls of Niagara. Look at the objects as nature presents them: a brook or mill-race, to a mighty jiver a pond, to an ocean. Indeed there is no term of our language too high, or idea of our imagination adequately comprehensive to describe this profound — and im- pressive scene. and lost The mind, awe-struck, strife. And it is not only but the whole of that portion of the Niagara river, from the Navy Lcwiston, *l the overwhelmfid amid the elemental so as regards the Falls, below is is, commencement of the rapids the eddying and heavy current at without doubt, one of the most wonderful Island, to works of nature, and allords scenes, with but few more sublime and terrible than is exhibited in exceptions, any other land. The travellers having now completed their tour to all the most interesting points along the bank, conclude to return to the hotel. �JAUNT TO THE FALLS. 132 Villiifrc of Niagara Falls. VILLAGE OF NIAGAKA FALLS. " JiCail on — to yonder village lead, heaven 'SVIicre AViio Hcnk, in Jsucli decreed lias liappinCi-s tlioye tlie blessings prize For 'solitary ; ease, joys as innocently i)lcase, Nor \\i6h for other joys." #;i ? i I In 1805, Augustus Porter, Peter B. Porter, Benjamin Barton, and Joseph Aiinin, Eaqrs. became, by purchase of the State of New- York, the proprietors of a considera- ble tract of land, lying immediately adjacent to the Falls They laid out a village, which was called Grand Niagara, but was soon changed to Manchester, This name it retained for several years; but, as much in- of Niagara. convenience arose, from there being several others places in the Slate of the same name, it was altered to Niagara Falls, village ". In 1813, the is the name of the post office. was burnt by the enemy. After the war, the citi- which '^ene returned, and it has very gradually increased, since then, in buildings and inhabitants. of the village was In 1836, the survey greatly extended; the lands became in made at great demand, and large sales could have been enormous !,<»! prices; and some The water power, lots were at this place, some distant day must come largely There is now one turing purposes. saw mills, a furnace, sold. is in use, for manufac- large grist mill, two woollen manufactory, a and two machine shops. unlimited; and at trip There hammer is shop, also, two �JAUNT TO THE FALLS. 133 VillagRofNiuir.Mru Falls. blacksmiths' shops, two cabinet makers' shop, one shop manufacture of raihoad cars, four merchants' shops; for the one public library, several splendid hotels, and three other two public schools, one classical Institute, and one select school for young ladies; eighty-five dwellings of nil kinds, and upwards of seven hundred inhabipublic houses; tants. The location is rural beauty, it is commended unexcelled. for residences, for those for its healthiness, and for It affords the finest places who wish to combine elegance of of any on the Niagara frontier. Nature has done every thing; but as to the village of the scenery and salubrity of air, Falls, man has done but little. Attached to some of the houses are gardens, Iruit yards, and some orchards; and circling around are some beautiful native groves; but no pains are taken to remove rubbish, open walks, or to add to the attractions of nature. As to the width of the streets, nice stone or brick side walks, the banishment of each inhabitant on these subjects maintains a sturdy independence worthy of a better cause and much to the annoyance of fastidious mud and nuieances, travellers who have been used to dry and easy walking. The bad condition of the streets is a serious draw-back on the pleasure of visitors a great who happen pecuniary at the Falls in moist weather, and loss to the keepers of the hotels, and business people of the place. People will hurry away when they have but the choice of two evils, to be cooped up in their rooms or to encounter wet and mud. More money is the public way every year lost to the proprietors of houses, and the villagers, than the necessary this improvements would them. cost, if double the value was paid for �; JAUNT TO THE FALLS. 134 Hides of IMciisure. RIDES OF PLEASURE. By •* brook and river o'er the Springing light With i)lain, dances tiic carriai^c •, crested neck and flowing mane, Bold and (luick the gay horse prances; There's glowing clieeks whose bcjioty smiles, Cheerful hearts with joy rebounding Love with his bewitching wiles, Far offmusic, sweetly sounding." I A regular line has been of Omiribuees and pleasure carriages run every hour from established at the Falls, to eight o'clock, A. M. (dining hours excepted,) till sun- down. All the principal places of interest in the vicinity of the Falls, too distant, and which it would be too fatiguing for pedestrians to visit, are passed or brought into view from these carriages. Tickets arc obtainable at the " Whirlpool Omnibus Office"— To '* the Mineral Spring, the Whirlpool Lodge, " the Devil's Hole, «• Old Portage Road, ** ,£i-i- The auth r closes this part of his lowing charming pos ill wm lines, — Mr. Hooker the Falla. •il Fort SchloBser, " Old French Landing, He was work with the from Mr. Hooker's Album. fol- Apro- should not be forgotten by visitors the first person who became to a guide �JAi;x\T TO THE FALLS. Li II fs from an slrnngore, and ho has ever h,B cnre „„<! eivility („ the l„,lie8 engaged his He 135 k\ Album. ,lia(,„g„i„l,ecl himself by and gendcmen vho have aorvicea. haa g„i,l„l individual™ from airaoat every nalinn on the gl„l,o; Turka, Jewa, Greeks omnns, Kgyptiana and Chinese; ex-kings, prinees, J. Wemen; b.ahopa and prieala; l„on-focos and I be iwn tannys." '< less able whiga; besides IIo haa grown ohi, bul, he to aeiuit himaelf aatisfaclorily to those ploy him. is no, (he who em NIAGARA FALLS. " I lovp to pnzc upon tiiat craseless rush Of waters for it (fotii raise my full .soul To Iliin wlio the deep in wihl/iess flow ^Vho h -es the mighty flood from rock to rock And sends it dashinfr to (he dark ahyss, ; l)i(i,s ; . Where it doth thunder forlli His //lorious And sj)eak eternally Jehovali's j)rui,se. Bcarce And I less I sdv'ry behold the That how, And first Who ' might ' love to ?aze upon the circling foajn mist- for, on their milder front, sweet how of promise, arched — uJiich, \^•hen refnigent on his eyes was ' sent to cheer his heart, mourn'd the ruins of a world,- to him spoke of hope, and peace, and future calm. And, as awe struck, I gaze on yonder flood, It All terrible in wild sublimity, Trembling I turn away: — then do I love To fix my eyes on the bright pledge of hope And think that He who gave it to be oura Is not a God omnipotent aloue. But is a God of love — eternal love." 'Niagara Falls, 3(1 Aug. 1835." 12 wjlf .-*'-• �mMmmUdA. M im m �t If �""^StSf^i^'i^tM^ i m IRK All Or There i and pccul attracted visit, i to 8 have an o as it since, a or, island, i ] an( have giver appropriate !'iii|il!i|!i:iillil!i!'!|!!illiillr |t^"^'^il®l:;Vv'^':r,.v'' -t';,'^ ted. �A JA UNT 10 AND OTHER IRIS THE IN ISLANDS, VICINITY OF NIAGARA FALLS. " Say, shalJ Alonp Or the streams or walk court the foresi glade ? " There are several ? islands, and peculiar position in attracted the attention and we wind tlie siuilhig mead 7 which, from their locality reference to the have Falls, curiosity of strangers; and a viBit, to some of them, is never neglected by those have an opportunity. The one most interesting or, as 8.nce island, It a is commonly resident at called, Goat Island. Schlosser, put and hence the name. is Many who Iris years some goats on the The present proprietors of Iris island. As that is very proper that it should be generally adop- bave given it the appropriate, it is name �fiBMiilfn-ir.ii'-f JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 140 Iris Islaiul. deg. 43 dog. G min. and longitude 2 between and contnins 5 sec. west from Washington city; Though the soil is an accumuBixty and seventy acres. fertile, of rocks, yet it is very lation of earth upon a heap It lies in latitude m producing luxuriance. take, all country in great the native plants of the whicn visitors usually it, A circuit about a mile. is round the boundary commissioners, By Ghent, it was appointed under the treaty of belong to the United States; very properly adjudged to extinguished, it fell )nto the and the Indian title being Just at the upper end of the who were <i I • hands of private individuals. island, commence the terrific rapids that lead on to the main body passing and the lesser on the northon the south-western side, end of the ieland is like the main Falls. eastern. There the river divides; the The lower ehore below the Falls 'J* enty to ninety feet, -a and perpendicular bank, from sevthence, to the water's edge, a hundred to one hundred and sloping precipice of from one has been small portion of the island twenty feet. cultivation; but the princleared off, and is in a state of with native forest trees, of varicipal part is yet covered of some of which, when ous kinds: thro'igh the density sun are rich foliage, the rays of the A nm covered with their seldom admitted. ii lie attention of the public (s| ; ii,i ., ilHMl. will be the island, occasion In making the tour of such other islands that taken to mention and describe have in any way drawn thQ in the Niagara river, as �^AUNT TO THE ISLANDS. Jaunt 141 to the Island. JAUNT TO THE ISLAND. " Go and shady bowers, flow the wild cascades ; Stroll through each green and deep recess, And dark romantic glades. to the cool Where Then, on the mossy bank. rest thee, Or onward further stray. And gaze upon the mighty Tliat winds The its party leave the street, called Bridge hotel, street. with the guide, making usually interesting commonly made. answer to to and turn down a short They Buch into conversation fall inquiries travellers, The stream, course away." of him and such as are as information which follows, are is in such questions: Besides seeing the Falls, travellers, who remain for any length of time, find various amusements. The Garden, comprising about one acre of pleasure ground, a few rods south of the Falls, phce. It affords a fine view of the is Falls, an attractive and the enter- tainments offered by the proprietor are of a very superior and especially his evening exhibitiors of fire-works. order; For variety and brilliancy they are unsurpassed. For those who ten-pin alley. exclusively for like in-door exercise, there is There the is, use also, in the of travellers, a ball or village, got several up billiard tables. There is a library; and at another place a reading-room; but the locality ment itself, in general, affords abundant amuse- for several days. 12* .m^-^-^-M �JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 142 AmiiscincnlH. Some rcaorl to tho buths Some amuse themselves in nnd in hnlhe in the river. olliers : fiehing others in fowhng, ; Some seeking after <ho great bald eagb\ of tho noblcat of the species have been found in this quarter; specimens of which are seum, in The it to be seen at Mr. Burnet's mu- Canada. generality of travellers ride to those places which has become fashionable to river — the up the Old Fort Schlosser, visit. spring mineral the Tuscaroras Indian village — Besides these, considerable — the Whirlpool — iuid Fort Niagara. time may be spent most pleasantly in a trip to Canada. On Sunday, some travellers go to church, in the vil- lage; others go to the meeting-htuse of the Indians; some ride to the places mentioned; and some promenade round the island and FalU\ The party are descending a small declivity, towards the bridge, ^o the ipland. 'I ( Traveller.— '* majestic waves, Indeed, this prospect aiul curving bounding bridge lying at rest over ^ them her might; and the art of '1 is man ! Here very grand; those along, is and that nature, in all triumphing over obstacles appearing almost insurmountable." lsnI;* 'fm THE BRIDGE TO THE ISLAND. construction of this bridge appeared almost incre- The dible to when an individual who happened to be at this place the work was going forward. One or two of the �JAfJXT TO THE ISLANDS. Uri(l^-o lo Piers only were He laid d,»vvn. the object of the bridge, and 143 the Inland. to c.quirod of the w,)rkmen where '* it was going. To the island," was the reply. '' J don't want lo hvo any longer," said the stranger, '< than until yon get this bridge to the island." He could not be convinced that its conel ruction was practicable. It was built by first erecting piers near the shore; long timbers wore then projected beyond thein. After which, two substantial posts or duds were let down, and rested on the bottom, at the end of the projecting timbers, which were firmly secured to them, and a small supported them, until with stone?, was sunk. Then the large the piers were framed, put down, and fastened crib filled timbers for to the small crib. They were then filled with stones, the string pieces put on, and the planks laid. After one pier and bent were completed in this manner, the long timbers were again moved forward, and another, and another, constructed, until the whole were finished. The were Judge Porter and his brother. Gen. Porter, who are the owners of the island. The original projectors cost of the bridge The was only about sixteen hundred first bridge erected built further up the river, to the island, opposite dollars. in 1817, was to the residence of Judge Porter. was carried The winter after its erection, in 1818, it away by the ice, and in the following summer a bridge was built on the present island. is In 1839 more firm and The it was site, passing to Bath rebuilt; its present construction substantial than the first. erection of this bridge has universally received the commendation of travellers. It enables them, with a trifling expense, to visit the island with safety and conven- �JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 144 Hcd .Tiickel. ience; on undertaking which, before, was attended with considerable expense, and some exposure to danger. It has thrown open to the piibhc view, one of the wonders of the world, which, to the greatest propoKion of visitors, could only be seen at a distance. The income of the bridge is considerable, but no more work. Too much fair return for such a cannot be bestowed upon the genius that suggested the project, and so substantially executed it. credit than a The celebrated Indian Chief, Red Jacket, passed over shortly after the bridge with one of the proprietors, was completed. His sinister feelings towards white men, it and his envy of their superiority over his brothers of the forest, arc well known. As of hate, envy, gled emotions he walked along, the min- and admiration, which rankled in his bosom, wore expressed every little while, as he looked on the dashing waters, firm piers, and secure superstructure, with Yankee," '' Yankee," applying an epithet not proper though easily than good to mention, demonstrative more of spite will. Arriving enter the guessed, — one *' at Bath island, the travellers toll- house, ascend the bank, and pay the charge of twenty-five cents each; which gives the individual the privilege of visiting the island during his stay at the Falls, or at any time thereafter v!l for the current year. �JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 145 litnh LsJuikI. BATH ISLAND. •Tlip isle Sounds A traveller thus speaks of this island: curiosity worth bcholdin^r. be worth the it of noises, and hurt not." is full tliat f^'ivc (]olij,'lit, 18 nlong, which c()j.^t it is fast visit " this, It is itself alone, of the bridge which leads to a perfect chaos beating To it. a would Why- How the waters ru.h and roar vainly against the impregnable rock to ! bound. Those trees and green patches; and firm roeka arc all in unison with Nature has charms here, amid the the broken surface each other. boister- ous waters of the Niagara, that I On the south side of the island bclongmg to little is the Mos^rs. Porters. imagined." a pap^r manufactory, one of the It is lar- and best conducted in western NewYork, and which paper is made with machinery, gest in of the latest im- provement. The passed out through eheet of paper, The rags the are put in the engine, and are one continuous machinery, in dry and finished for use. islands observed just above nnd Brig islands. A foot Bath island, are Sloop bridge formerly extended to them, and they were a favorite resort of visitors in tho afternoons of summer. The shade of the trees, the commotion of the surrounding water, and the cool warm breeze that constantly agitates the air, make them, for social parties, a delightful retreat for an hour or two. Having passed, with much admiration, the bridge which ;i: �AipBaiiwnrrr JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 146 Aiiipriwui Flag placed in spans the beautiful and rai)id along, between Bath and llif* Hapitis. which courses piece of water Iris islands, they arrive upon the latter inland. was Before the bridge was built, Iris island boats, running the two down between To In the severe win1;-^r by currents, to the strangers, the navigation upper point of the island. appeared very hazardous, and visited it was not without danger. of 182!), the great accumulation of formed a communication from the main shore to the island; and, though the bridges were then pre"built, yet many persons, for curiosity and a ramble, ice in the river, ferred crossing over on the In that winter, ice. adjacent islands were accessible, and were persons; and the rocks in American the middle flog of the all visited by the many was planted on a ledge of stream above Brig island. There, surrounded by the dashing waves, it floated gal- lantly during the succeeding aummcr, to the admiration and wonder of strangers, of how it came there. A DARING ENTERPRISE. " From a lioy, wantoned with thy breakers AVere a delight." I The most hardy and — they to me daring enterprise known of lafe years to have been performed upon the rapids of the Niafrara. was undertaken bv Mr. Joel R. Robinson and Mr. �JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. A 147 Slory. John Smith. There was observed to be in the river behanging to the rocks, and waving in the water, something that had the appearance of cotton cloth. These persons got a boat, and low Bath island, launched near the paper mill floom. boat, and Smith Robinson was to secure the prize. in it to the river manage the TI.ey succerded in gomg very near the point, of the island which lies to the southwest of Bath island, and just above the Falls. They secured two pieces of domestic sher ngs, and returnod in safety, Robmson having managed the boat over the driving and impetuous water in perfect self-possession, and with apparent ease. Iris island had often been visited both by the French and English, previous to the Americans coming in possession. The initials of names have been found u^ion the trees bearing a date as far back as 1742. In an old En'^hsh magazine, it is related, that on a time, were, by accident, cast ou the island. of the bark of trees, and passed Thr two Indians v made ropes down the lower bank to the river, but being afraid to enter in between the two sheets ot water, returned. An ingenious French blacksmith, belonging to a corps of artificers, who were then in this quarter, seeing their suffering and perilous condition, constructed a pair of stilts, by which means he passed over safely to them, carrying them over supplies; and by the same means finally succeeded in getting them off. The story is doubted, but it is not altogether incredible, borne years ago, the construction of a bridge over the roughest part of the river, to the same place, would have been considered more impracticable than the performance juat mentioned. �mm .vHOi 1 JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 148 The On ascending the presented arc (Jrove Btair-cnse and : hill, — Ho^'h Back. from the bridge, three walks one to the right, leading to the to the Horse Shoe Fall; the one Biddlo in Ironi, goes directly across the island; and the one to the left, passes near the edge of the bank, to the upper end. The party continue the jaunt, taking the road leading It is the course usually taken. to the Biddle stair-case. On advancing a short distance, they enter a lofty grove of trees, through which the walk passes for some distance. It is one of those delicious places done every thing, and road to which that passes tbrough it, for art can which nature has add nothing. accouii)lit<hcs all Tho that ever should be done, nnd the sound of the axe should never bo heard upon these trees, to disturb reigns around this spot, or to profane to the stillness which what nature seems have consecrated. As the road nears the lower end of the island, the height of the bank, from the edge of the water, increases; from which circumstance, it appears, this part of the isl- and has received the name of the Hog's Back. The name is considered very inapplicable; but, as some travellers have spoken of the Hog's Back, as being something peculiar, to it has been thought proper thus succinctly to refer it. At the northwest corner of the island there is a fine prospect of the river, of Canada, and of the American Falls, suitably so termed, aR they are entirely within the United States. The actual boundary is in the centre of the river, between the island and Canada, and must be about the middle of the Horse Shoe Falls. By some means or other, the public have been led into a mistalce on this �TO THE ISLANDS. .TAITNT 149 Trosppct Ixland. tbo Falls »o d ,« e.velu6,vcly i„ ,ho State of Now- York, and of the n,„i„ ehannol, as it eonsti.utea the „„„ rnOSPECT ISLAND. "Whore Icfips The torrent in io wihl oaroer, While sliake its l)arricr.s, as> in From Fa the point of Iris fear," i.lnnd, fronting the Americ«n descends a path towards P,ospect idond, sometimes ca ed Mrs. Davis's isia id. as, wh,!e she was visiting the l-alls, a foot bridge was thrown o/er to it, and on its extreme point she planted a few seeds of the Is everlasting which were observed some years afterwards in bloom with their beautiful little flowers hanging over the side of the bank, near the Cave of the Winds. The bridge pea, this island, is to generally carried replaced again in the to summer. away It is in the winter, worth crossing over, ramble through the tangled evergreens, to look the hi^gh bank, and enjoy the prospect which 13 and is down there dis- �:| AM XT TO THK IST.ANDS. 150 Iii),'r»lianiN Cnvc. IN GRAHAM S CAVE. «« rocks ilislil, with coiiHlMnt Hpwh waters lienwivc ihuuglits infuse. Tlie gushiiiK Here a viist iirrli, the cavity so wide, The weeping Scarce, can the oyc rvtciid lliflli o'er tlie roof And sound in This cave was Esq. who gave it from side lo side, echoes wave, iillernalc distant tliunders, tlirough the cave." first the ; discovered by .Joseph name of the W. In graham, Cave of the Winds, one dcany that can be u^cd; yet, the public, to the amiable award some meed of tb- .r esteem as applicable as sirous to discoverer, have, in many instances, evinced a desire to Ingraham's Cave. It was tirst Mr. Berry Hill White, entered by Mr. George Sims and use his name, and call it They passed over the rooks, and of Niagara Falls village. It was, they alleged, through a port of the sheet of water. theii.pelvcs and hazardous, but they acknowledged and magnificent scene which fully rewarded in thn new Mr. Ingraham soon afterwards the lofty cavern presented. and a few himself, and Horatio A. Parsons, Esq. difficult visited it It is represented to be others, have since ventured in. wide, about thirty feet near one hundred and twenty feet ov. r head deep, and a noble arch hanging in front. high, and the sheet of water rolling It is said to Rock: The er's it is a be quite much a;i feet adventure to go imder Table greater one, to visit this cavern. following beautiful lines are taken Album: eighty from Mr. Hook- �- m' JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. Tije •• Dread awe-inspirinjf cavorri AVild, wond-roiKs None 1 «irikrs my houI like th.o naiurc_:,.s hidden around ol.je.l.s tli;,t ,.t lir-r ' view I Thou .cn'st .u aio ! if dr.-:..|i)i-r ,„ aiyslerir;.. ! ' new '^fMnj? f|,n ! he very porlal of Huhlm.iiy And The expose ini-nv tliroes- Hath (hrovvn over thee a wi.ie .pread, henuteou« oven fro,n ,he nir-hnn. M wat.rs- Their wonted A,uJ dyed , it tints fhro..irh„,u ! What More shall we : And Or call the ht ih;u. las, Ftrst oje'd thy ^ es « who VVh.t 7 (irst ?,li.Hity to lid scan w „„d'ruig inun Dene u w.ds thy viuilie.i arches wiM shores the ru.lnu^ waters thou have 7 sv. eep ' lave, thiiidcr there terrific xi'jlU He thon forever known - • ..a.ne ^ould'st ,hy depth rocky doorn eavr hile thy veil. ..atched fro,u out .lani.el f.ir this stronj,' avail with the lovelirst en trin^'cd it with a rainlx.w K keep,— as Inoraium's A. H. (kve P., of \ Georgia." THE BIDDLE STAIE-CASE. The pnrfy, after (heir progress to Prospect island, reand coi,' nue their route to the Bddle trace their steps, stnir-cnsc. This convenience, for deecendin; the bank was erected at the expense of Nicholas Biddle, Esq. \i was a great desideratum to travellers, to be enable to reach of the island, to range niong over the rocks, and to advance near the sheets of water. The stairs are of the spiral form, well secured from the weather, and about th's part f 151 Ilid.iie ?<lnir-fase. ( �JAINT TO 152 TilK ISLANDS. llornc (•(Ijrc Fulls. Near (ho fi>ot of those staira, at the Sam. Patch, in 1H:J!), nimlc two lea^ a bifih. ftM-l i'i<,'lily f*\\ov. of Iho wiitrr, from n plnlform, iiinoty-acvcn feet hiuh, orccted for the Sum. cnmc oil" with credit, lion"; hut shortly p\ir|)o.sc. ono aflor, tlio poor foUow mmlo two lonprf nt Ilochostor,— Tho huiidroi] ajid twonly-livo foot. (lid not vmif ami Aftor tho was fatal; he on each side as they dobired, and thom and resume provod have proceeded below, and gone, na vvat(.'r had pointed out to Kiat novor found. travoliorti near the slioots of return, ami tho othor of one oiio hiuidroil foot, from the hoi^ht of all tho ohjoota of interest, they walk thoir alonj,' tho brow of the bank. m^s THE HORSE SHOE FALLS. " TIiou I llnw do m And till tliy my terrors tour rfoul foiirfiil me I'roiu with wonilor slrcani '. niy myself, !"' This sublime prospect opens to view suddenly, between 'j he rainbow, seen below, encompassing a the trees, obuul of pprcy, coloring, is as the as beautiful, with same oi)jecL all its mellow tints of appears after a summer's ebowcr. The rainbows are seen according to the position of tho spectator with that of the sun. viewed from Bide. bow , sii SHUI't l.ii 1% At this side; night, when in the encircles the Falls, In the morning, they are the afternoon from the British moon shines brightly, a lunar with rays well defined, but pale �jfAuxTjro Tin: r.srA\i)s. 153 IVcispcci 'I'owor. at the , lea^s 'o for tbfi shortly r, — one r «nd murky. 0„ ,„,„ ,„•,.„,, ,,,,, „,,,., congregnfe on the inlnn.!. nn<l nuU ,o|. to pervade every bo.on.. sentiment of the jmet — ,^ .,Mu.J^^Z ..t.ellv ^ ;i ^"^ The mind 1 7 of one iitiil; How many he Ihy at, Tlie cnr«,,(..rc.,l they woe on which ' 8e,„i„„,„|„li«i lingers around this scene, and be bnnk. scenes of I gono, na reel, .-.r.Ml.c pureli;fht Ijeamctli !" becomes wrapped great F„l s, in sad „„., „nwo„,ed n.editations. rhe lovely „,„„„ conr.ins i.s The way throjh M act, the sombre woods, ,bc deep n.yslcrious s„lf, the waters, all eon.bine powerfully ,o affect the mind ^o no,sy conviviali.y, no boisterous mirtb prevails at such ;;n.c. and ,»s.u.d is beard e.eept the de^^ ™hmg between ^inssing a V In the centre of the Hor.e Shoe Fails, the wafer "'"' feerde,.r™ ""'' '' '"'^'"'^'"'' '" '"' is I of """" '^^^'^ tints of uimmer's , on of the PROSPECT TOWER. they are le British y, a lunar but pale Jtl^ K ."""'f budl below the op, r.pm rocks. From '""'*"°"' *'" "" «''«"vafory on the point of the island, the observatory is among the Ter- presented a full m �JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 154 Impressions of Visitors. view great •^reat Falls, O'ld into the very midst o into the chasm below. It l)ul)l)lc3 up, it fiurgles fortu, .1 and hisses it roars, pours As when on nitfiiiK fire a stream of Rushing water waves thunder Wild sheets of foam shoot throu</h the air, ; towards heaven, As forth from out the hlack abyss the hiUowy flood ia driven." around, timber and fragments that are scattered The by Gen. Whitney, a are the remains of a bridge, built It was on a over the bank. part of which projected bridge, that it was usual single projecting timber of this and, at the extreme end, for Francis Abbott to walk, turn on his heel and walk back. The Terrapin bridge should be It afforded an re-built. chasm. And unqualled prospect into the white and misty ligiit bridge hanging over to spectators at a distance, the moving forms upon it, the clouds and rainbow below; the and anon ourrounded by the flickering spray; now seen, an impressive interest hid from view, gave to the scene deeply felt by every sentimental mind. THE IMPRESSIONS OF VISITORS. " When nature's might some wond'rous And awe-struck man the glorious scene unfolds, work — oeholds, — th' enrapt imagination In silence fix'd More than loud words, shows forth its admiration." It is frequently inquired, sions of visitors? They what are the usual are various. A impies- very few think �JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 155 I'aiiiftil iiii|)rrs.sioii. I>ghtly of ihc FnllB, or oxprc.s .urpri«e that others are so absorbed n,Kl pleased with them. Sueh persons usually remark, '^ Is this „Il7 I b,„ve been deceived!" or the ciimax of their admiration is cxprosyed in — " Some Oh are so ment, and wli.-it ! !i place to sponge a coat :' much moved, visit Ihem as to form a lasting adaeh- ofien, even from great distances. Others have been completely iufatuated, and seem only 1o bye in beholding this subli.ne work of nature, and in inhnhng the pure though mist-imprognated atmosphere, which arises from the broken v/aters. Some look upon the Falls with fl'elings of dread, and the impressions they leave on their minds, are those of terror. Many years since, when travelling, n party at a public house. come I fell in with Niagara Falls happened to be- a topic of conversation. who was present, " I '^ The Falls," said a lady saw them three months ago, and neither sleeping or waking, are they out of my mind. hear them roar, and see them before me continually." 1 "Is their impression painful or pleasant ?" I enqm'red. " Oh, very painful and distressing They are dread* ful !" was her reply. 1 When a party of Indians, from the far west, were on their return way. When from Washington, they were brought this they saw the Falls, they evinced emotions of reverence, and cast their pipes, wampum, and trinkets, in the water, as offerings to the of the place. Many several Mighty Spirit gentlemen have expressed themselves as expe- li P'fli �JMMtiiii'.' JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 156 •.mi Winter scciicM. while riencing very strange Bcnsations, a perception ot weakness Fear Falls. — l)eholding the — trembling of sensations are those of the nerves; but the predominant reverence. Traveller.—" Siu-h ecnsntionR are becoming the place; rising cloud?, this rush of for who can look upon the.^o many waters, these walls of rolid rock, and this abyss without reverencing Iliin who made them, and of foam, upholds them still." «i: 1 WINTER SCENERY. »' The its c;in ]);iint Lisn iniagiiiiition boast, Like nature? Amid Who gay oreution, liuc^i like hers ?" Falls, in winter, present a very different appear- ance from that of any oUicr t^caaon of the year. Large quantities of ice accumulate in the river below, which, gradually gathering brought from bridge. in the eddies with that which is above, join together, and form a natural This bridge of iee extends, frequently, to within n short distance of the sheet of water, hnd to the rapids, two miles below. It is in places from twenty to forty feet thick. On the rocks, such large quantities of snow �JAUNl TO THE ISLAN- DS. 157 AVinter sfoiierv, nml con^rcalcd nnst nlrnost to the collect, ns to form pyramids, reaching upper surface of the Falls. On the perpen- diculur banks are sKspcnded fanciful shapes, huge icicles, iMfeU of the most which are white as alabaster, and appear magnificent columns. But the most beautiful sight iB the spray congealed upon the surrounJl-ng trees and shrubs. Every branch is incrustcd. It looks like a forest of coral, but of dazzling whiteness. Towards the close of the day, iii winter, when tiie rays oi the dcchiiing sun passes through the rising cloud of inist, ,t appears as if tinged with burnished gold, or as a bnghi flame of fire, floating in mid air. This, with the trees, in their dress of perfect whiteness, makes the scene a distance at like 80 novel, so strange, that a« one of ern-hnntment. it appears like fairy-work, or Nothing is wanted but the palace of Cat.nrine of Russia, to make winter paradise to the e.vc. The ..ghted; frost to every other sense, and cold -of place for ancient ice like a perfect eye only can be dethe very essence of is vaix>r and glittering snow; a meet winUr'a mint who have when the tree, Travellers say that it it visited the Falls, in the winter are thus arrayed, the views afforded are superior to those of summer, .fust to look on, for a short period, it is, indeed, unequalled; but you must Boon hurry away to the warm rooms of the hotel. lu summer, you can ramble through the groves, wh^re na- turc IS clothed in her beautiful dre.s of green; then, you seem?- ''all nature smiles." Noth- pass from scene to ing can compaie with the beauty as well as gi-andcur <^ while summer holds her cheerful aiid iiapuy this place rcign. .* '11 iim �« JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 158 &!hriil)s and PlautH — InsectH. SHRUBS AND PLANTS. « F>UTimcr ! doliclods summer Ihou dost ! fling earth Thy unbouglit treasures o'er the glorious Music iH in thy step, and m thine eye Afloodofsunsliine! On thy brow is wreathed and in thy breath GarhmdH !" Are all the perf.mics of Arabia that wither not, many plants found has been reported, that there are to the surrounding country. island, not commoti It * on Iris This is not correct; but there iff, certainly, in the small of plants to be obspace of the island, a greater varicly For this reason, many tained, than at any other place. visitors are in the practice of collecting her])arium8 of such as they fancy. island, which There is one peculiarity reputed of this is at a desideratum vainly desired many places. It is, or other insects, to anthat there are here no musketoes, rcpoee of those who seek these seor interrupt the noy eluded bowers. but, in support of the This has been contradicted resided for over twenty assertion, an individual, who has he hua Falls, states that, during that time, ; Ml. ! years at the nor been bit by one; and not seen a dozen musketoes, island, and never observed that he has often visited the an insect of this description on it. The path, by the side party, in advancing along the place where the walk is suddenly come to a of the river, terminated by the caving ,1 fl i i 11 : i f , in of the bank. �JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. Vessels sent over the 159 P\ill.s. The river, at this spot, has made advances on the shore several hundred feet and the road, which a few years ago was made to encircle the island, is here for some distance washed away. The water is continuing lis devastating power, most forcibly. large piece of the island will soon lie carried over the Falls, or a new channel will be formed, dividing it in two. ; A VESSELS SENT OVER THE FALLS. " Like thee, full man)- a frallant bark on its faterl way The wave, the jrulf, tJie cavern dark, Ope' to receive tJieir prey," Ha.stes ; The «>l party, being on a position that commanded a view down Ihe river, and passing over the some account of them is usually requested. The the vessels going i^alls, schooner Michigan, an old merchant vessel, of lake Erie was dismantled, with the exception of the masts, and iiggmg enough to hold them up, and sent over in September, 1827; and the Superior was sent over in October, two years after. Thoy were towed to the centre of he stream, between Navy islan,] mid Canada, and loose. The Michigan came maje;.(ically representing men, were placed at proper number of animals, both domestic and board. let along; figurcB, stations, and a wild, were on �V JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 160 Vessels pnssiMKovcr llif I-'iil! -. destrucputting of nnimals on board, lor cerlnin not generally approved; tion, for mere nmuscmcnt, was taken it was eaid that none had been extenuation, The but, in would have been but the useless and vicious, and euch as for this purpose. destroyed, if they had not been Beieclcd and the vessel floated, the river was smooth, Onward all was quiet on board. The poor animals, having been of the tormented as they had passed through the hands worn out, had laid themvicious and unfeeling, tired and She arrived rest. selves on the deciw and in corners, to at the All down descending swell, and passed first was yet pid descent; in repose on board; she was came gallantly. to a more ra- tossed to and fro, and the animals were Bruin another. Been running about from one place to amid the doomwas more actively engaged than others, he took an observation from the rigging, Still which he ascended, and then returned to the deck. ed throng, passed along. Anvery near the centre of the river she her bow points tomade other, and a greater pitch is — wards the Falls— she rocks from side to side — vainly masts go by the she labors to pass the rocky reef :— the One deep descent more: she groans harshly over board. her bow descends, and with an astounding the verge in two— the timcrash, falls upon the rocks; she breaks — bers sink to the water's edge — and the whole moves on, The the Falls. u doating, broken mass, and pass over animals, reached alive the •>ear, and one or two other Canada shore, above the Falls: all 'he others perished. toBetween fifteen and twenty thousand persons came gether, to witness this sight. The large vessel, called the Superior, which was sent �JAUNT TO THE ISLANUS. over in 1829, did „ol proccwi in its ^'^^^^^^TTiiZiZT' in a„ch gan„„t «.,,e. ' S„e ,„d,ed t „nl\l mamed (here for several day«, „„d wont over u„ beerved xcept by two or throe person. I„ ,U„ i„„„„„, mals were put on board. t"l' -MOSS ISLAM). "In IjKiulili.l Wasting ii3 iviMness ii uUirls auny wcallli in lailljery spray." The walk round the i«hu,d passes near to the beautiful stream of water, which ru„a on the north side of eland. Th. stream is overhung and enshrouded with trees and evergreen .hrubs, whose mI vered water as leaves dip in it glides along. In ffae eil it, „„„„^, ,,,^f,: . most ovely water-fall, in rnuunUuo, and wh eh Fralei! A bott used as his shower bath. The adjacent »1 ed Moss spot island the°dT„TT; as ^b °' , on account of the mosly and v Ive "' """""• °" '^'^ '^^""'^ Abbott be of rough materials, with latticed windows, moss and evergreen creeping v covered w,th With the cottage, w,th a draw attached to if, that, he dea,rcd to be alone, he might be socure Ld „ee. when from all m �TO THE JATTNT 162 it The IRLANHF?. HcrinilaKO. a small and and ho himself the master of trnsion, solitary domain: Recluse, and hid from every eye, •' Suvc that of smiHn},' additions Such heaven." would have been quite an curiosity. great and the hermit, himself, a required just the kind of man to have been romantic scenes. these wild * ed, I On attraction, He appears to animate the subject, he observ- On some of the great estates England, where in give a romantic interest to their the proprietors seek to is chosen, where a forest or some retired glen possessions, a hermitage is erected, and a to play man himd the her- estate, with his the owner passes over his his flowing beard, and dressed friends, the hermit, with receives them at the hermitage. in antique costume, When mit *' 1 desire to would conclude, by saying, the world. voluntarily wish to retire from mankind." not to mingle with He islands lying The ble, beyond Moss is driven It suits me island, are not accessi- when the ice water around them, and dammed the excepting in some enow live alone; I severe winters, and oft; have been visited by a few this and the Canada The httle island which lies between above the water, is called Gull shore, and which just rises persons. at such times they i f island, from the circumstance of its being the resort species. great numbers of birds, of that There they of live secure and unmolested by man. to Canada, Some years ago, a bridge frcm the island to pass over Gull island, gentlemen. was a favorite project with some �JAUNT TO THE Navy ISLAx\DS. 168 Islmid. would bnvc been a great undertaking; and, It if pleted, a cunoeity not loss interesting than the fIiIs Having arrived at the head of obstructed prospect of the river jects are ebcted by the the island, where an unpresented, severa b- is inquiries of travellers. comprjsed in the notices which com- They are follow. NAVY ISLAND. "There is TJicre in There is By I the a pleasure in the pathless woods a rapture on tlie lonely shore ; society, where none intriuies,' deep wave, an.hnusic in its roar love not man • the less, but nature more'." This island contains three hundred acres of land. It and he American shore. Opposite to Navy i.land, Street's point, in Canada. It was once a ttavy yard the B i,,h, and late the residence of Captain one of the persons concerned in the Caroline affair, and Who was assassinated in December, that iB Us^ 1838. THE LOW FAMILY. " Ah ! never shall Uie land forget How gushed the Iife-h]oo<i tiushed, Upon MgeJ to of her brave with hope and valor yet, the soil they fought to save.' warm belong to the Britisb, Mr. John - Low made some �' JAIINT TO 164 THK ISLANDS. iiUMiienaiit Low, He .u, the eastern end. impruvemenls, and built a house They were A"-''^""";''/ fnn,ily. resided there with hi» eharacter of very respeetab e birth and in principle, and they lell the When the war broke out, and eonnexicms. resideuee on the '™""'"'"; island, and took up their unfortunate of ^iurenston, ho Bloody Hum. At the battle old Mr. Low F-^'^'y to the Ameriean arn.s, "^ ™ "fthus Whde eonduct the boat. as one of soon after wounded, and died employed, he was fatally had of his father's death, His son, John, at the tin.e the eounty of praetiee of the law, in just engaged in the pract e prospeet of a lucrafve Niagara; but gave up the the lieutenancy country, and accepted a "l",^ the pilots, to 1 m to serve his the the year 1813, when the disastrous clo.o of N,and seltlen^cnts on the destruction of all the vUlages the the combined forces of "Tn „„„ra river ?n^sh ler, of since, was effected by was at old Fort Bchlos and Indians, Lieut. Low was then, an'"^which, however, there nothing remaining but the name. The ^^^^ British overwhelming. along the border, was waited the approach o with a few men, force that scoured The lieutenant, could. made such resistance as thoy flight. by and his men saved themselves He the enemy, and was shot, f secured the ^ °°''. v'-f-. Ifter the soldiery had the hall f laying it on a table in the body of Low, and fire. house, set the budding on the aneLt Schlosser place, were conhouses in the This, and all the other Thtother, by over, entered 31! lyw 1 fl" 1m hI H ^Hi 1' 1 11 -4 '1^^ '^ ' A\ ''' iii the the name when the war was academy, at West Point- of Vincent, military �\Whf J ' T TO THK ISLANDS. VV'illiain About a y. „,„„, o„ ,h„ ine cannon 4, Wp«t Pr We8tP(> * »t b. 165 (Jhamhers. „„.„,,„, nnd ho wn- rf^np „ salute, • h\} "lonumcnt V I records (he melnnclu)ly Qt , nU WILLIAM CHAMBERS. " No But voice comes to tJic fiiin oVr the x nf waves wild dusJ.ing of the uiircIeniHig surge '" In the nccountfl of the of Navy Island, an old mentioned as being the o.dy inhabitant when -"• She was the widow of W-ll"" l,r\'°°^ Wdham Chambers, an indivichial among the woman nfTair ,8 J^— early set- lers of the country, of sotne notoriety. those persons often found upon the He was frontier t.ons; m m sometimes living in one, and at one of of two na another time living the other; taking a part equally with citizens or subjects political affairs, and entering with interest in matters nnd thmgs incident to the nation in which he happened to bo. Tn Canada, a most loyal subject; in the United States, most vociferous in the support of the dominant party. At the commencement of the war with England, he the United States, a few miles in the rear of Fort Niagara. At one period, he was suspected of carresided m rymg on a correspondence with dence appeared against him. the British, but no evi- When, however country was overrun by the enemy, he remained at 14* the home ��/O fjki W^ ^m^.. Vx IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) !.0 ^ll££ so ||M M 2.0 t 1^ I.I 11= 1.25 1.4 III 1.6 ^. #^ V] ^ c% V "C^ -u ^/. ^ &> V «' /A ^ C^l or '0^ '/ Photographic Sciences Corporation r^^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ^9,^ �^ ,<i^ #^. Vi ^ O <^ iV I �JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 166 ill, * Wininm Chambers. period, unmolested; and he and a few others, nftcr that at Fort Niagara. kept up a communication with (bem, with not generally believed that his intercourse was them was of a criminal It wry pasr^ed as a he character. easy, obliging With his neighbors, man, designing evil no one. to one of the pioneers of Niagara county, and a He was He was among the first that genuine leather-Btocking. Eighteen-mile opened the woods on the bike ebore, at tVcciuently sell out, as is usual with Creek. He would on his and realizing a small profit would pay oft' bis debts and commence of his description, persons labor, anew. His last residence was diction of Canada: trapping, and fishing. ands in the at Navy island, under the his principal occupation river, Grand island, juris- was bunting, and the other abounded with game. isl- The muskrat numerous, was the chief object of pursuit, being the most beet return: coons were also plenty and affording the The meat was acceptable, and the skins sold readily. — the mink, the furs. and fox, and the otter, afforded him more valuable bear, these, he occasionally added the deer, the To wolf. He had one arrived to near eixty years of age, when, very stormy night, another person in lbs came month of December, to a farm house, near the he and river, said they had They about seven miles above the Falls. whiskey, river, and had purchased a barrel of been up the They staid an in the canoe. which they had with them They were advised hour, and at nine o'clock, departed. the darknnes of the io remain: the Geverity of the storm, �fH JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. Expedition to Nuvy 167 Island. night, and the danger of the river, were urged them; but Chambers was confident in his ability to over the bay." upon '<get They lauched their frail canoe in the moment only, after leaving the shore, rapid stream: fbr a they were distinguishable - they driving tempest; ana or They went of. men were then lost in the canoe were never more heard over the Falls. THE EXPEDITION TO NAVY ISLAND, AND THE STEAMBOAT CAROLINE. " Nipht's blessed spell hath now Lulled every sound of crirth in slinnl;er deep. The sad heurt hulli awliiie forgot its woe — The weary frame Brings not its its toil ; Init such sweet sleep halni to soothe this fevered brain and b row." About the middle of the month of December, 1837, men, principally Canadians, with Rens- twenty-eight Belaer Van Rensselaer, and one went on Navy he and of Canada, and river island. all They William called to L^ n Mackenzie, them the patriots others the friends of that cause. In the space of three weeks, between three and four hundred responded to the call; some from the United States, and some from Canada. They brought with them arms and provisions. They staid on the island for one month, and then, at their own choice, left it, and not in fear of their opponents. Opposite to them, were assembled five �hr- JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 168 ii. If- Steuinboat Caroline. incorpothousand men, consisting of British regulars, BatIndians and Negroes. rated militia, and a body of teries were erected, and balls and shells were at intervals upon the island. The islanders were would, at times, a state of danger and alarm; yet they For a month, a raw, undisfire. provokingly return the band of men, in the severity of winter, with no incessantly in cast ciplined and miserably shelter but such as they then constructed, clad, force, set defiance at which and laughed at the overwhelming them, that they frequently justice be done to them; and, Let lay so near conversed together. to differently however, by contending parties they may be the praise of esteemed, there must be awarded to them i5 fellows as ever being as enduring and as brave a set of They left the island because the assembled together. and in acUnited States would not countenance them, citizens, who incordance with the wishes of American An expression of one effect their dispersion. terposed to of the leaders, before leaving, enemies, but Theie is my was—" I fear not my r friends." island an occurrence connected with the Navy affair, painful to relate. The the 29th steamboat Caroline came from Buffalo, on of December, Schlosser and it was Navy said, to ply as a ferry-boat inland. It passed, between that day, forth was brought and back several times, and before sun-down for the night. moored to at the wharf, at Schlosser, and tavern. At that place, there was but one house, and that a British, The warlike movements between the patriots and had drawn to the a great number of through motives of curiosity, The tavern was crowded persons. frontier, — %ii!fr^ �r island �lodgir servir hoard the V kept, but b( riiGhc( crying No ar pectet uninji woiin( U f twelv< if t t^'^ i\ Ihe bo the fl shone On th burnin expedi boomii of thog The vod on ecene Iris ieli and el] the GUI In j accoun 8tructi( �JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. Beacon lodgings could not be Liehi. obtained— and serving the steamboat, 169 sought for severnl persons, ob- accommodations on and were board, received. In the middle of the night, watch, for a watch on board steamboats is usually kept, saw something advancing on the water. He hailed, but before he could give the alarm, a body of the armed men ruGhed on board, ehot at the sentinel, and all they met, crying '< Cut them down!" ''Give no quarters!" — No arms were on board of the boat; pected; and no resistance no attack was ex- was made. Some got on shore were severely cut and dangerously wounded. One man was shot dead on the wharf, and twelve were missing, either killed, or burnt and sunk with uninjured; others Ihe boat. They towed the boat out in the river, and set the flames burst forth; it drifted slowly, and it on its fire; blaze shone On far and wide over the water and adjacent shores. the Canada side, at a distance above Chippewa, was burning a large expedition. light, as a signal to those engaged in the In a short time, an astounding shout came booming over the water: it was for the success and return who had performed this deed. of those The beacon was extinguished. ved on, and cast its lurid light far The and Caroline still mo- H. wia.^, clothing the scene in gloom and horror; and just below the point of Iris island, suddenly disappeared. Many of the wrecked and charred remains were, the next morning, floating in the current and eddies below the Falls. ll i iw^' In justice to both sides, it difl'erent fli f iSIsc* accounts of the i should be stated, that the parties connected with the de- struction of the Caroline, differ entirely from each other, u si u I'ffii ' �JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 170 Grunil Inland. made by as to the character of <hc vessel, the resistance the persons on board, the politicians of the he has adopted, and killed, These the author leaves other particulars. by the number is two in various to be settled The account which nations. the one most strongly impressed upon the American public. OWANUNGA, OR GRAND ISLAND. " Here, lofty trees, to ancient song unknown, The noble sons of potent heat and floods," This island seven wide. is twelve miles long, and between six and It lies mid-wny between the Falls and Lake and contains seventeen thousand acres of land. It principally covered with large and valuable timber, and Erie, is the soil is rich and productive. In 1816 and '17, a number of persons, from the United States and Canada, went on this island. They marked out the boundaries of their different possessions; elected magistrates, and other officers, from among and gave out that they were amenable ment, but an independent community. tion of boundary was passed a law to drive till the severe measure houses, which county. settled, the themselves; to neither govern- After the ques- State of New- York them off; but that was not effected was resorted to, of destroying their was done by tie sheriff and posse of Erie �n JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 171 Burnt Hhip Creek. Grand ,riand was selected by Major N„.h, of NewYork, on which to build a city, and establish a colony of Jews, w.th .he view of making it the Ararat or eating hat thcr government would bo organized, and thenee the awe would emanate which were again to bring together he children of and re-establish them as a na^on of the earth. The European Rabbi did not sane on the scheme, and .t vanished as a day-dr,am of the learned «oniea and worthy projector. Wl, A company, from Boston, have since become the propnetors; and the great improvements they have mad^' evmce a noble spirit of enterprise. BUCK HORN ISLAND. At the north-eastern point of hundred and Mudget fifty .eres. It Grand island, lies Buck- was occupied first by David American Revolution a veteran otficer of the flS^rhrrrover"™"""' '"*' "-"^'-'-^^P-ion, Burnt Ship Creek .sand lies between Buek-Homand Grand In 1759, the French, in preference of their ^ lus place. The.r remains are yet observable, and con«derable iron has been obtained from them; and, not long �JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. 172 Fort Schlosser. to since, Borac timber, suflicicntly firm ing canes. Two miles from the landing, Tlirec Cayuga is Corner's work into walk- and near the steamboat Falls, island. miles further, and opposite Cayuga creek, is island. Six miles further, and opposite Tonawanda, is Tonawanda island. Between that and Lake Eric, there are several others, of greater or less magnitude. The next object to which the attention of the traveller is directed, Porter's storehouse, or the steamboat land- is the end of ship navigation, on the American It ing. point for the side of the Niagara, and is the proposed canal, around the Falls; commencement of the great ship is a work which the extensive and the upper lakes are requiring, and p»>pul()us countries on will urge forward until accomplished. At this place, the pcrsorB going expedition, embarked; and Caroline lay, when she it ie waa cut on the Navy island there that the steamboat out. remains ol Nearly a mile below the landing, are the The name is derived from the Gerold Fort Schlosser. man, and means built upon banks castle. It was anciently a stockade, slightly raised above the plain. From appears that there were two each other, and of similar construction. contiguous before In a historical memorandum and map, in 1755, the remains, fortifications it to the " country was subdued by the British, Store House" field, over. only. The site is it now a is marked cultivated and the grounds have been frequently ploughed �JAUNT TO THE ISLANDS. Jaunt 173 coiicJiKjfd, Tl,c parly move on, and posa tho house whTiTiwia Ahbou W.o,„o .in,e re«„K a„.l ,u,, pW„ „t „ enrlh I been 1,„, exe«v«le,l. ke e,„„a have been dug up. iiintter The vvhore ' of conjecture. enclosure, which ,n fruits are is aeon at the the aenson of llowerB kept for X" Here, several human How ,hey e«„,e there,"" and left, is fruits, a garden boquets and g«]o. From every part of the upper end of the islnnd, a Hnc View 18 presented of the village of Niagara Falls, and ' intervening rnijjds. The residence of Judge PoKer is much admired. It stands on rising ground overlooking the river and rapids. The Judge is a gc>ntleman of much industry, and of dislingiushed talent.. He and his brother, General Porter purchased mn.iy years ago, of the Slate of NewYork a large tract of land around the Falls, of which they are etill the princii)ul proprietors. Gen. Whilney'. place the island. JJo is aleo wa. among the seen advantageously from liist inhahilaiits, and has proved himself a pioneer worthy of all praise. Enterpri ^ing in a most eminent degree, doing at all times all that industry aiid his means could afford in making ments around the Fall., and ori his own accommodation of visitors -lirst improve pi-emises, for the putting ladders the bank, in and then a building bridges, platforms, and enccs. round the island is down stair-case; establishir.g a ferry ended. many and other conveni- �v in woiiKI Niago than one, 1 bo fan called that p and th �A JAUNT TO THK WHIRLPOOL, DEVIL'S HOLE, TUSr\RORA INDIAN VIJ.LGE, AND l-'ORT NI AG All A. THE WHIRLPOOL. "AW. TlK- hoarse and (irowH w Tpou If the irrrMiIy tJioy rape! ra|)i(l \vliirlp(..i|'ri ilirrc my senses wander, as the Iiurrying wuter." il.l : 1 My |,rain I .raz- FoIl« of Ninjrara did not exist, the Whirlpool would be the most diatiniruiyhcd curiosity aObrded by the Njagam river and, in the estimation of many, greater than any of present notoriety in our country. Every one, brought up in or near the city of New York, mur* be famdiar with the far-famed and much dreaded strait called Hurl-Gate, formerly Ilell-Cxate. The horrors of hat place are well know i to all youthful imaginations, and the dread of the "frying-pan and pot" can hardl^ ; �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 178 rr<MiiiiiiK>ry notice eradicnl'd be Niagara, pool of mature obeervalion. But ptiRS wikl ami rnehing Whirl- by more once from the East river and to the the imaginary terrors of Hurl- the strait will on your return, will pass away appear placid, or only seem agitated as with a summer's Gate : breeze. m^ the great Maelstrom Whirlpool, of Norway, is none have dangerous tlian that of Niagara Even more not ; passed the vortex of either, For the nor fathomed their depths. satisfaction of those wlio visit Ihe Whirlpool of Niagara, a short description of the Maelstrom ' in this work. It is inserted is from the pen of an American gentleto man, who visited the place he describes. If travellers all the the American Whirlpool would wish to experience sensations of danger and peril which come over those who passed the disk of the Maelstrom, they have but to launch a boat on the Niagara, and atltnipt an excur- examining more closely the whirling waters. feel In so doing, they will truly peril their lives, and sion, for sensations of terror, their to hearta make buoyant waves of Niagara will infuse courage, more than who ifi, ride over contc'-t their ; or the bodies, and natural, in the hearts of those them. i OLD PORTAGP] ROAD. " Rent me, Oh bear me to scipicster'd sccncg, The bow'ry mazes, ami surrounding greens."' The J3iie or party at the Falls having taken seats in the omnihavinf cnf'Qp'ed a barouche or carriage, are on �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. I79 tind Pierce. "'" ""' ^"'"=""" "f "- Lowiaton road w h ,h '^with the Nragam I" Falls and SchlosBcr roads In ™" '"' ^-^ «" Sroat ,h„™.,„„hfar; be" tween the lower and upper lakes. When all the enrround,„g country was wild and solitary, unimproved and u„.„h„bited exeept by ZZ^ri the natives of Thl works"I I have These greatly °* ' .. 1 ! canal opened a Pri. Ene IL fore "tW: changed; new communieation, and the E™ the Wei- /"' """"'"'' '''''™ ^"d Ontario. drawn the business from the Portag^ road, and now, although the country through which It . .^proved and productive, it .s far more lonely tban it was former passes m days. GAD PIERCE, ESQ. " Who does the Does well.-acts nobly utmost that he can angels conld no more." ; At the junction ofthe Portage with the Niagara Falls some years since, kept the public house of Gad Pierce. He was, in the time of the war with Great iintam, an active frontier partizan. road, was, commenced bet..en the two small number o^ tr^-r" "" li* When countries, there -^i, a American hostihties was ^Z side of ^ the �: ; I JAUNT TO THE WHIRLrOOL. 180 A cavalcailc — An river, gara. u altack. Fort Niaand a single company only to garrison the fort would It was expected, every night, that large body of men be attacked by the British, who had a aware of this state of things, Mr. Fierce, at Fort George. one day raised all the inhabitants of the near,— young and old. country, far and The country was then thinly Lewiston from several populated, and they assembled at every kind were brought into Horses of miles distant. when the citizens were mounted, they requie'tion, and troop of cavalry. appeared at a distance like a formidable Indithem, too, were several of the Tuscarora Among ans, the entered with spirit into the manoeuvre. In used walking canes, sticks, and swords, they who place of ramrods. or iron, .*. J The steel Several of the ramrods were of polished flashy appearance. made a very bright and which moved from Lewiston, along cavalcade road, in sight of the the river enemy, and entered Fort Niagara in the wind, and the blankets of the Indians lluttcring habiliments of the farmers the many-colored and various ; the limping and gait ovcr-straincd plough horse; the nibbling and twitching head of the wild pony ; breed then a noble horse of the Pennsylvania to those who now with ; and formed, were near, a most ludicrous spectacle. In performed some slight the fort, they dismounted, and At the command evolutions in the most laughable style. in mount, some of the Indians executed the order entirely such a masterly manner, as to throw themselves British, the imposing appearTo the over their ponies. to glitance of the troops, with their steel ramrods, which effect tered in the sun like broedswords, had the desired the contemplated attack was not made. �JAUXT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. iNriiieral 181 Spring. At the time of tho general invasion of the frontier, Mr. ^ Pierce had hiB family conveyed to a place of security, but would not himself quit his premises. He, and three or four others, formed the little garrison, with which he determined to defend his honee. They approach of the enemy. At length, waited for the company of British and n fire was opened upon i^ a regulars appeared in them. sight, They continued the defence for some time but, ; as their opponents were numerous, it was impossible to keep them at a distance. part advanced upon the front of the house, succeeded in breaking down the door, A and fired their pieces as they entered. The defenders effected their escape in an opposite direction, without an individual of their uumber being wounded. Whether the attacking party suffered any loss, was not known. i>' iMINERAL SPRING. Two m,les from the Falls, a small open building, painted white, with Grecian columns, is j^ointed out by the guide, as one of the works of Benjamin llathbun. It stands between the road and the river, and is placed over a mineral spring. The spring is sulphurous, and the water, it is said, very much resembles that of Harrowgate, in England. In rheumatic and scrofulous many other diseases, several cases: and .} it has been and used to advantage, in it nnlu * 4 '^^ ^'. L ^.iij rnnii.r-^'^ .^-^ '^ o "c^;cBoaiy ;^ o— improvement; , nil. :. ! �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 182 Drscription hathfl, Wliirlpool, ot'llir and other acconiinodnl ions, and celebrity and favor with the it will Bt)()n Tiic situation, too, puhlic. very pleawint, and a distant view of the Falls is from the road — the view which admired, and which UmW Capl. so vividly, ohtnin is obtained much ][m11 so he says, reninijied iixed must he awarded the credit of liavin<f a very sound judgment in making his lie selected the most choice and valuable purchases, upon Afler his mind. situations and, had ; it Knllihiin 1o all, not been for his unfortunate aber- ration from Ihc path of rectitude, his high expectations, would have been as to value, realized. 4 i! THE WHIRLPOOL. " IiiiajriiiiUion, hanied, strives in vain The wildest 8lrciuns tliat ever poctH Tiicrc is no Thou (lost transcend ! To wonders paint the that around This grand and beautiful scene Falls of and lour Niagara, is miles ! foifin, i)o\ver in song nie tlirong !" three miles from the from the village of Lewiston. Sttmding on the right bank of the Niagara, two hunfifty feet above the river, you behold at a dis- dred and tance the advancing waters agitated, rushing, they hurry on. tic, solitary, formation, i <' \i and floats ; not mild and gentle, but and roaring, They come, alone. No with deafening sound, in all their vessel, or on the raging torrent : power majeswork of man's ; nothing of life �^AUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. of Vcssols. Fr.'HriiiriiiH rules ovor bn roMom the misLcrowned ionoly lcB«. '"" nn.l n,y«tenonH TI.Ih Ihoy rn.:o, man ran only reverence hollow ot «till in th.ir b.>hoid that ]n"s forward, lood ; and monunt : an inst r.t, i. wave in all ,|,.t Rwifdy alone,- ever for • enrotions of awe' -who weighs the water, of the ocean in the after Jf it wave, rushes the l!oa,H therein, an object ; in i« resist- podcd, h.held, dis- it is hut pa.srs the hollow of the crested feathery nn'^t-and then, again, ,:li„,,.d I.elow. mm>e,.,ed IVon, si^ht »>e Rtill solitudo, thorn with hand." waves-risesann-dtho in on n,ore is Ahni.l.fy Pown- H.en.hend and cr.^hrd. /-r a ii„ocl tlmn nllH.n ahalnn<.e,ancl hold, lo.s u„«calh.;l cornparafivc J.n. tlie flcntn mi.hfy tlusolitary oronn. Man scrurily over tho vasty doep on these vvalorH, livi,,., I,c n.oves not : he is power' }'»««"« >"t, wavon, or billovvH. Willi 183 and, more wrecked and if It i(, remains for some a.ain appear., it tin.e will hrokeii. The river widens, opposite the spectator; and, on the (nnada.Hle, a counter cnrront, equal to the main channel, rusher, up the Rtream. lariie basin of warrin.. water IS presented to the eye of th(. enraptured A beholder. sees the great Niagara, pouring therein waters of a thousand rivers and lakes, irresistable inij)etiioHity, against the •In; and the counter m Ho accumulated and driving, with rocky shore of Cana- current, with equal power, passing an opposite direction. observes, the With absorbing interest, he between the contending currents, the deep entrnlh:,!; eddfes, and the yawning whirlpool. There ho sees huge masses of timber, dismembered trees, the fracrments of vessels and water craft, the wrecks of ail timt ^1 �THE WHIRLPOOL. JATINT TO 184 Now view. If' calamctB ..l" the river nhc.vc. bnH paBsed the Falls or lLi(3 approach the They go roun.l, and round they gradually f^wallowed up then they am drawn in, and are centre After a while, at a sln^ani. in the deep vorlex of the rethey arc propelled upward, and again ; ; distant point, and again arc drawn helow. Someupwards with bo nmeh times trees, and logs, are cjocled feet perpendicularly violence, as to raise one end several Whirlpool, have above the water. 01)i('ct8 drawn in the weeks. been knowu to remain there for several water lies below the spectator The wliole exijansc of openseems to take in the whole scene; and no new 4:1 tueir circuit, ; 4 'his eye constantly increasing Hood, ing or outlet for this vast and Sometimes, travellers, who, in past years, is observed disappointed. place without a guide, returned visited this They did not see the Whirlpool , but, mistaking a rapid appearance, portwn of the Niagara, something similar in of the magquarter of a mile above, their expectations n nitude and interest of amswcrcd. were not the scene, all about it Others have seen the Whirlpool, but not to feast their eyes upon the not having turned the point, ; fine and noble view of the retreating water, or not of the stream, as having descended the bank, to the edge it thunders along. The i traveller should pass a brink of the precipice, diat the turn of a point near the There he beholds, what at rect his attention beneath. first deep like some appears a small, dark and heavy stream great and narrow mountain torrent but unlike the Niagara, so mimt ! fl ^B |H H '^H ; ; much moments, the RMife I^^^H I^^H l^^l' t ^p 1 K ^ 1 n^H ^jjB 1' few paces to the north, and the object of admiration. illusion is complete. For some The Whirlpool and �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. Hddiea nhovc. fonnnng eddies -its deep gulfs and encircling waves, all forgot and (he imagination in seized with rapture and Burpriso, at this unexpected and newly discovered Its tho veil 185 luid Vorlicrs. are ; wed up at n le, rc- fQiii Somco nmc'li scene. He advances— tbe reality is discovered: tbis is, indeed, the Niagara, escaping, as it were, from its prison house. The charm is not immediately dissolved ; the great river is contracted to a very span the opposite shore of Canada is within a stone's throw; and the deep waters are literally poured out from the broad basin of the Whirlpool. ; liciilnrly ol, hnvc relator ; opcn- 10 l)g ll()0(]> yCQllB, t pointed, a iPi)id When can, tbe waters are at their where the river disgorges usual height, the vsitor from the Whirlpool, walk out from the shelving bank, to the very verge of the pasHe ca.i there, if his nerves are steady and strong, dip his hands or bathe his feet in the deep, green, impetuous Hood that rushes along but, to do so, he must be firm, or, at beholding the advancing waters, hearing their astounding roar, and glancing at the fluctuant current, the head may become dizzy, and, like other daring unforlunates, he may fall a victim to the dark and troubled waters of Niagara. The more wary traveller will retreat a few yards, and try his strength to cast a stone to reach the opposite shore of Canada ; a feat which has been done by the sinewy sons of the farmers of Niagara. sing torrent. ; K^aiaiK'c, [he ma<,'iiswcrctl. hout it npou tbe or not leuui, ae )rth, ipice, and di- The Whirlpool is a place combining many objects ^11 to wbat at ike some smg. tbe great lower, the eddies Por some 8cene then appears to the best advantage. After a storm, ,* when brideea have been rarrind r^ir ,r^oR„i„ -l,- Ipool and interest ; but, at times, the spectacle When the water is at its is not alike impo- usual height, or rather and vortices are the largest, and the , :!:'! �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 186 "Sow (lirii'ovcry. nway from their liiHtoning, and Bwcpt down from the upper hdic, then all bonts torn the place are prcHcnted, and of the sistibly passes through the Lewiston eer to ; loga scenes are alike the result oongrrf!;ation stupendous and Ihe terrors of only inferior to the ^reat it is The two cataract of Niagara, trees of waters, which irre- niounlain gorge, from Schlos- but there is no similitude existing be- tween Ihem. Sometime Hi ? since a raft of logs of more than seventy loose above the pieces, belonging to Gen'l Whitney, broke they lodged in cataract Falls and were carried over the ; Whirlpool where they remained careering round for The scene was then very interesting; several weeks. tlie some were gliding over the smooth undulating water, some were dancing and bounding on the waves, while deep. others were springing on and driven forth from the and crushing each They were in all positions, striking war of other, leaping and moving round in a commingling elemental commotion. A visitor in the month of September 1840, while in- tensely admiring and studying wonder from the American that any thing thrt)wn side this waa scene of beauty and lead to the impression, into the river at a particular point, would not be taken down the stream, strong as the current other swelled itself along, but would be carried to the experiment was made, and a The next day the side. most interesting feature of the Whirlpool discovered; showing more clearly than had yet been known, the very singular action of the water. were set adrift, the stream, then one full after Several pieces of timber another into the main first floated up channel, in which they ; they �JAUNT TO THE VVHIRLroOL. 187 rf :, tSuspension Mri(Jge. moved rap.dly towards the Canada shore, to which they approached within a few ro.ls then wheeling they ,assed up the stream entered the Whirlpools where they renmined driving round during the day. : A short time after a a quantity of gravel tight barrel was put in was taken for ballast, to this pointto cause it to a slender staff with a ting attached to it was secured to the other end, and thus prepared on end float ; it was launched mto the river. It took the same course, passed to the Canada shore, entered (he Whirlpool where after many hours It was left, still moving and dancing ; round. This simple, yet beautiful experiment more than any thing vet Witnessed, shows the very extraordinary movements of his flood of water. This experiment trom the American can only be made side. It «how8 almost conclusively that nothing passes floating from the Whirlpool, but such things as enter it from the rn-er above, continue therein, until swallowed up in the Whirlpools, they are carried ofl' in the depths of the cur- rent. At the outlet of the Whirlpool, the banks of the Nia gare river approach each other nearer than at any other point and it a suspension bridge should ever be erected over the Niagara, nature seems to have designated this Bpot as being the most suitable, as it is here the most ; practicable. > " There is In God's created work.. a beautiful, undying charm The whispering wind, and waves, 1 he mountain brook, ihe creeping grass, /lowers, Quivering leaves, even to Jhc lowliest Do things, lisp their Maker's praise." Illi! �;; ; JAUNT TO THE WHlULrOOL. 188 Tlic llnviii^nrrived nt the upon the grounds is Lodge the charge puid at the gnte. ary to drive to the hnidv is left i)r(»s|ifcl. with n This course in waiting. It has entering and the carriage cnrrifige, is for been custom- not recommended ; the enchanccd, the visitors are hurried to return by As look around. the hackman, and have not time to ground for visitors, there arc now accomodations on the J- expense is hacks and ample conveyances by omnibuses and I for their the bridge on the return at all hours, it is better to stop at The distance is short and the walk road und walk out. Before coming in ride. will form a pleasant one after the bowery of forest trees, sight of the river, the road enters a which forms a cool and the close and luxuriant foliage of sombrous shade, very refreshing in the prevailing heats of summer. summer-house near the party advances towards a guide, one of the the bank of the river, proceeded by the " Where is the Whirlpool 1" pnrty inquires From this point, you is the place. As — Guide.— "This the waters perceive api)roaching, with great velocity. the shore of Canada pass before us, towards right, but a large then they devidc, part passes off to the counter current portion is propelled back, forming the eddies and thai and the main channel, arc the They between the Whirlpool. By you will distinguish looking through this prospect-glass, more plainly the logs and timber to the naked which, from the distance wc arc from them, you will also pereye appear quite small. With this, around which they are ceive the magnitude of the vortex To view the Whirlpool advantageously, c glass carried. fiVinnlrl 1 alwavs bo used." �; ; JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOr. 189 Tlin oullRf. ntering After contemplating the prcmpeet ;u8tom- much ^arriagc id The guide turn by lend. short distance. As id. made, fl.r '' some time, with What course docs the nver take, from this ?" the ; aatiefaction, in.iuiry is ll»o Now way, saying, - We advance a will look below." Traveller.-'' Snint Mary what a scene ia this !" One of the ladies.-" IJow beautiful and clear, and yet how powerful and rapid With ! vieilors, their iT what coiumotion ! on the bounds away he walk ning and ise Niagara it ? of the chanthe high and approaching banks, and the dark and swelling water of the outlet, strikes every one with sensations of admiration." nel heats of \c la this a branch of the Guide.-'' Still move a few steps closer to the bank, and you will perceive that the stream below is truly the Niagara. Its sudden turn, the contraction in st trees, ;ool I near of the Traveller.-" Tastolcsg to the marvellous and surpris.ng beauties of nature would he be, who can behold these, her noble works, without int, you velocity. Canada t " Nature here Wantons in her prime, and Her vifgui fancies." ; a large current dies and 3Ct-gla88, timber he naked also per- thcy are Yj e glass emotion." Guide.-" These are the plays at will points spoken of, as practicable to connect Though beinrr together by a suspension brid the inhabitants of Lewidon and Queenston J ha've companies incorporated for that contemplate to build a bridge the distance across the river, at purpose, ^ I. , . and ser.ously their villacrcs, yet - iston, is muHi fur- ther than here." As nearly all the travellers, that visit the Whirb.ool descend the bank, and consider thcraBelves wellpa-^ {br Jhe trouble, the party conclude to go down. �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 190 StniiP The guide lends the way, to t'aiiadu. imd with eorno labor aud is healthy exercise, they lie conducls tlicni to the Smooth Rock, against not more than exertion, thovi^'h dcBcenu. which thrown dnshcB the powerl'iil nnd resifitless current. "Here." ho observes, **a youns,' man by the name of Snnniel Whitner, of this township, threw a jtone that Btruck the (-nnndn Bhorc." Several of the party, being disposed to try and strength, make the same attempt. their skill Whether they Bueceod or not, has not been reported. " I think I have seen it mentioned in some Traveller. — pul)lic'ation, worthy of that there notice, we is a cave near the Whirlpool. If will visit it." The guide acknowledges that he is ignorant of its location; that he knew but one person who had visited it, and his account was very vague an that he entered but a short 1 unsatisfactory; stating distance; that it was very The same dark, and that he did not like to go in alone. said, that he observed, near the cave, many person also valuable mineral specimens; and, that spot not having been visited by travellers, he thought more minerals might be picked up, than at any other place. The cave, he that said, was about thi:'./ rods up the river from the path The .>uide exi'f? ues a desire to lead descends the bank. the the party in that direction, and explore it out; but, route appearing very ditFicult, the offer is declined. The almost impenetrability of the trees and bushes, the rocks hanging dangerously above, and the necessity of climbing and again descending many steep and forbidof ding passes, have, as yet, prevented a full exploration The this place; but it will be different for the future. L^ �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 191 Iniproveineiiis \ito\iOHin\. doHcent down the bank will I,, mmle convenient, the whole v.cimty will be exan.ine.l, nn.i many obstacles will be removed Ihot impede (hu rnn.biee of visitors around IhiH and without elFecting the wild ronmntic aspect of «pot; • '<' '"nke every l''«''^', desire fo view. p(,int aeee.«iblc that visiters may no person Heretofore near ha.s re.id.'d the Whirlpool, and there was no ncconunodalion or prov.H.on for the condort of travellers. It will now be made n.ore agreeable for a protracted stay to those who desire to tarry. One of the parly expresses some surprise, that this water power has not been brought into use; - :he rapids, though laiger, are similar to those above the Falls, and they may be controlled in the Guide -.'^ The hill, or o:ily obfctaele." Traveller.-- That, now, ns power may be u.ed t^l^ Some foi " ' same wuy." high bank appears to be the is little consequence, any distance, by n^enn^ "'' coniined and conveyed in cast of the party seek for .his place, of but at almost new and dec Iris island, produces strange many not readily found in other parts of the country. " And midst the cra-jry piles andlmuldcrs, here Wild 1 plant.s ncommon and in trees, with vcrdam tops, uppear place • herl.s, pe<-iili:ir to the Peep throu'^h Here the sa^'e And plants, varieties, the fissures, and the prospect grace. hotanist delights to stay, deep study wiJe the time awny." Having spent some time below the bank, in ramblin. over the mcks, and engraving .heir .amea npon the rocks �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 192 Return to tlie upper bank. Arriving at the top of or trees, they retrace their steps. the they proceed along the upper bank hill, Here of a mile or more. are presented for some a quarter Ae views ih of the formidable river, driving furiously along. Thou sec3t not all: but piece-meal thou must brenk To separate contemplation, the great whole And, as the ocean many bays will make, *' ; That ask the eye, so, here, condense thy soul To more inmiediate objqcls, and control Thy thouf;hts, until thy mind hath got by heart, Its eloquent proportions, and unroll Its - mighty graduations, part by part. The No more glory which, at once upon Ihee did not dart." scenes more enlarge themselves on the mind, the thoy are vie'- 'ed, than those around the Whirlpool. and then hastens away, and drinks not of the cup of inspiration enjoys but which nature here presents in nil her greatness and sub- Who casts but a furtive glance little, limity. air To those and delight in who live not distant, floods, again and again with renewed pleasure. who have cast but a slight love the pure brown and broken the wild woods, the rocks, deep caverns, and roaring who re-visit Many this spot from afar, and hasty glance, and turned unsatisfied away, have afterwards regretted their apathy, have longed to retrace their steps and to review the and scene. The following inscription, without date, found at that place: " Flow on in the garment of spray Which God hath given thee. And fill all other souls, as thou w With wonder and praise." hast mine. was lately �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 193 Maoisiroin, of iN'orway, Having traversed the shore till wearied with the walk, they return to the siin.nier-house, where they seat and rest themselves. While enjoying the cool Is and retreat, the beauty of the prospect, the conversation is still on the scene before them. O IK enquires '< Do you not suppose it possible to cro.e the ?" — river, The sible; guide replies-'' though a tained, there life No one has ever thought boat has been spoken n person is at the Joel R. Robinson, a mont skilful not hesitate to attempt it."* To boat, here, in safety Falls, bv it and, of, mm pos- if ob- name of waterman, who would the which, another no doubt, it gentleman adds— '< With such a might be accomplished. While look- ing at the Whirlpool, of Niagara river, been drawn the two my thoughts have to the Maelstrom, of Norway together, to discover if there is between them; but I find none." An American gentleman, who the Maelstrom, says: " every form. ; contrasting any resemblance The sailed along the edge of The waves foamed around us sensations in I experienced, are difficult to describe. Imagine to yourself an immense circle, moving round, of a diauiefer of one and a half miles, the velocity increasing as it approximates towards the centre, and gradually changing its dark blue color to white foaming, tumbling, rushing to the vortex very much concave, as much so as the water in a tunnel when half run out; the noise, too, hineing, roaring, dashing all pressing on the mind at once presented the most "awful, — — — — *This- wfis puhlisli-,1 of Rol)inson two inonth=i of Ch;ipin from the island. l.pfore liis rescue m �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 194 Slirnhs and I'lants. In grnnd, and solemn sight I It is evidently n ever beheld. From subterranean puBBP.gc. magnitude, its I should not would be the fate of they were drawn in the doubt, but that inetant destruction a dozen of our largest ships, if same inomcnt." I' As I to the foaming, tumbling, dashing, and roaring, our eyes and ears must witness that the scene before us cannot be surpL'Sried; but the great peculiarity of the MaelI,! strom, the tunncl-likc appearance, —" Traveller. which the place If is enclose as a jxirk; the imder-growlh, is, It? r it made, of would make a beautiful ground8, west of the road, forest part 1 would should be cleared of the leaving here and there, dense as it now a clump of indigcnious shrubs and plants, as impervious The whole as nature has reared them. If.- not found here. improvenienta were susceptible, The country retreat. 1* the is should be inter- sected with roads and walks; steps, also, to descend the bank; a bathing and fishing house; a life-boat on the The and a suspension bridge, from bank to bank. water power should be brought into use, in carrying on river; mills and manufactories; and my cottage should be in the midst of the active and rural scene." Guide. — **To which could be added a view of the Falls, at a distance, if the woods on yon the south, in Canada, were cut down. i)(>int of land at This place was one of the favorite purchases of Ilalhbun, and on which he very justly placed a high value. It was he who erected the summer-house, and it was his design to carry into effect many mentioned. of the improvements which you have just �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. Benjamin m 195 ilutlibun. HENJAMIX RATHBUN. " f?ny, Ami A8 there why we strive a lustroua name to pain Jivc in t-une, for vain ambition's sake?" at almost every important point in this is, Vicmity Bome work remaining of the taste and enterpn8e of this individual, and so many inquiries are relative to hin., made proper to give to the public such noticcs as have come to the knowledge of the author. Per.^apsno more strong delusion ever cnme over the public it is nimd, as to any man, than prevailed in reference to Katfabim. In 1816 he kept a public house at Sherburne, in the New- York. Near his tavern, he had a -tore of goods: he also issued notes, as a private banker. His State of store of his was fitted up public house tion of travellers. in a superior style, and the interior was really a model, and the admiraIt was much in advance, in appearance and in general accommodations, over the other houses of the country. He public soon after failed; and, much reduced, he sought for another part of the country. It is stated that the relations of Mrs. Ralhbun proposed that she should return to them, her hu.band being alike bankrupt in property and character but she declined employment in ; preferring to share adversity the man of h.r choice. He the offer, as well as prosperity ^viih first came and proposed to get a public house built to Niagara for his Falls, occupation �JAUNT TO THE WHIRM'OOL. 196 KiUhbim there; but, — ii»reer hngun. relinquiehinff Hint U\m, he succeeded in ob- Under Bullalo. taining charge of the Kaglo Tavern, nt of that bouse was soon his mnnngemcnt, the rcpulalion roised from a very low He acter. one of the highest char- and erected adjoining enlarged Ibe buildings, Every thing he did wna in good ones. lord, to state, he became ominciit pleased, all ; style. As a land- tbat called on him, were and commended him Ilia otbcrp. to bar was wines his table was eaid to be slocked wilh the choicest best evidence of a well kept his beds, the abundant ; ; and desire house, every thing the weary traveller could and obliging. It his servants were the most attentive ; the Eagle was, in those dayn, a luxury to be a guest at a citiz.ens of BuiValo were proud of such Tavern. The , and well they might: in which he was enga- public-house, and such a landlord he was a credit to the calling ged, and an honor to the place. While his hotel was so well conducted, many were without seeing the his guests that came and went away, yet were delighted with his landlord, to know him ; house. He moved through it quietly and unobtrusively, the comfort directing about every thing, vm\ seeing to of his company, without their noacconnnodation and tice. To Benjamin Rathbun, more than any other man, the United States, arc mainly raising the standing and character of Ameri- public, in every portion of the indebted, for can public-houses to their present splendid condition. In 18:11, he was employed to build the banking-house of the United States Branch Bnnk, at Buffalo. been rapidly gaining in chnraciur and credit He ; had and he �ip^ JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. Jtatlihun in ob- now Uiuler 1 vm acqmsition, bar wna ire kept and ^ing. le rose was ; It Eagle in and neighborhood. Hence business. It "He !y might: knows lalo." was the to be in his a most Whene/er be affairs perfect }eing the even distant with hcited him fixed his eye were The bargain. He was discernment and capability for " Hi« said, has went alive like } comfort their no- fact of his man man, re the mainly favorably upon to overbid villages, him, and obtain courted his surrounding, and acquaintance, and so- make purchases among them making a purchase in any place, was of Ameri- ing-houso ; ''the He length, had and he his and for the at once treble its he was called 'Uhe mighty Girard of will erect the a West"; statue and, to his it was memory." has laid his hands on the most valuable property the city and country." imlhons of dollars." ition. He At added, ''Buffalo in any inhabitants of the the cause of property advancing to double '' ''He in Buf- to former value. operator," clock- system." ; trueively, hands the proi,erty in the great Butlalo spe'>ula. nil the value of property better than any spot, speclulators the up arose extolled for his superior such a his carried which crazed the head of every body. tions, if iny were ideas, as to build- with ready encourare- assoonasitwn^known value, work." '08 engii- correct he met menced to buy lands, and build for hiinself. As he mado improvements upon the l.md.s, he j.urchnsed, every new a Innd- m, were i^ell extraordinary career which inent from an enterprising people. First, he erected houses, for others, on contract; then he gradually com- idjoinin^ able commenced on the Having ings and improvements, soon chnr- !Bt a — licivy npcratiorifi he altcrwnrds run. fairly 197 " He is worth more than two 8omc few had apprehensions that condition would not turn out so well, and hinted " fail that, after all, he might Would ' r'^n'u tk! -^ Ur. u u r.p4, " aiia u hQ Khouldj ihe people of hfi Ihe -JO fail. " No, he won't i - fm �JAUNT TO THK WHIRLPOOL. 198 Rill hburi — his character. Buffalo will suBtain liini." Tbc wifiost and Boundest men in Ihc comnmnity Pnnk benontb him in the public with estimation; and cvun sucb, eecmcd to bave parted their wits, as they fell in his train, lauded his talents, as to favored his magnificent undertakinga, and certified flooded with the oilers of property, He was his success. of bnrgains, and of plans and enterprises. No important work could go forward without his aid, as one of the llis name was considered as a proprietors, or managers, sanction — the guarantee of successful operation. multiplicity of his The business became such, that those who on him could have but so much of his time; and to run the highest in society thought it no disparagement to adround the city after him, and then wait their turn Now it was said, " lie cnn. do any thing." dress him. called ** hath the power of a sultan." During his whole career, he lived in good, He ostentatious style. but not Sometimes n party would be got up, case, there ofthe fashionables to go to the Fulls; in that The carriage, or sleigh, more bhow. would be a little that carried his family, ¥4Ul the most elegant, and would be the the richest, the harness horses the most noble; his why should whole equipage outshining all the rest. And All others sunk themselves to so ? it not have been '* he was oil eyes sought for him; pigmies by his side; He was the theme of every body's the admired of all." Phrenologists discovered an extraordinary conversation. developments contour in the formation of his head, and in far exceeding any they had ever noticed of capacity other subjects. Oil the day of the jircat m\c of lots, at Niagara Ftillh �, ^AUNTjro^HK ItatJibun — WHIRLPOOL. ~ I99 ' Iiis ' t'ttil. soundest public e ""'' -n ed with talents, :'"" ' « -''"« «'-y "f W« fraud, he ho p„., .hod to ,he ,v„rM; when the preyed „po„ i.»ve his cd OB to ,„i,„l l,k„ „„„„, know wout; b.,r.hl. „ " "";;' ,„„,. :)ropcrty, nportant le of the nmn, „f n„,eh knowledge of ,„„„ki„d, was unknown, desired to ered as a .•rsee„,g „nd ohservin« hin, for son,e ti,ne, How ,„.,eh ,„ore aetive and able . The who n. lose ime; and it to run rn to ad- thing." ^ but not i ~ and „,ost act,ve ,nen in the country. »,onlhatprev„,ledw,than, „s '"" ' •='''"'"^'" "'"' ""li'y- to the es,i,„„tio„ None l.yaw„rdn,« to him superior ,,,„ Su,h ,„, felt ^ ,^0 deT„ of r1 hi,nself den,eaned an.l exeelling powers I, gym not wonderful, that in beholdin-. ihe , .e,rer!l '"*"""'""' f he too, should bcome beside bU^^l " there tJr,-,-,l sleigh, harness loble; hia ay should iselves to '* and he'aid- ^,,Jt„ R„,hh.„, ""nl'"'"ng Ihe name of ,„,„ „f -' A„u ) out ""'" .' got up, ise, )r lilZZ to who,,, have hin, po.nted ho was ry body's aordinary }lopment8 loticed in ara Fallo '-'? His «"des, ain,. « ii, are, surr, ,„ ,r„„|„c,s „,,,„ ,l,i„_,,ar(i,io„3 Jo ll.cir ,„|,^,, bouu.la ,livije."' own sohe,nes of a„,biti„„ were boundless, and he had the visionary views of olber« hi and he heca„,e the broL, be 7 eolXit.^lr «1 .he spceulating mania of that time. He was f ttl .' ."'o an opinion of the perfectness of his judgment "»de to believe that he was worth mill,C„s s" ilM '" W-. of the means to ' earry into effl" „lf ,:;: h v.«.c,ns, or yet there remaine.l to be secured III "" som^f. 7 rtTitir Nothmg can be said in j„s„fiealion of sueh conduct it" �'*MiHtottf^> JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 200 Uailrottds, mills, factorips, yet, it is to cancel &c. was his intention charitable to believe, thnt it had brought to his every liability. As he daily of immense value notice, the hie estate, doubtless he at any hour, vainly supposed he could, But the volcano, on vestige of fraud. burst forth, and plunged him sweep away every which he reposed, leav- into irretrievable ruin; improvements, ing his buildings, his sacrificed, and to acquisitions, to be and all his valuable become the property of others. frauds to lavish the Rathbun committed no . ' avails m Very pursuits of any kind. debauchery, or in criminal attached to his regular in his habits, and industrious his own domestic circle; devofamily, he lived quietly in ; amiable woman, and beloved by his wife, a very He was just in his acquaintance. esteemed by all his labored for him, settling with dealing with those who course great regularity. them, and paying them with made him very popular with 80 honrst and commendable, have been to workmen.. His great aim appears to tedly A his give celebrity to the name of Benjamin Rathbun.. and that of he sought to do, by the erection fire-proof stores, spa- ex- noble hotels, and magnificent cious dwelling houses, adorn the country by useful changes, and to beautify and The building of railroads, and elegant improvements. mills, factories, and steamboats, plans. tions, or entered into his like these, his offence all were among his opera- For accomplishing objects was committed, and not for any He erred greatly, in not at once accriminal purposes. in not throwing knowledging the charges against him, and the court, and commisse.ation the mercy of himself upon Such boundless ambition, of the commuiiity. directed, can never be approved. however �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 201 Devil's Hole. tcnlion to his he less y every epoeed, leav- i; raluable )roperty The enda of juetiee have now been answered: he may again be an useful man. Let hia friends osk for the romission of the further penalty of the law. Let them do more: let them, at some suitable place, build a public house, equal, if nut surpassing any in the United States, and make Rathbnn tlic landlord. Such an act would be him,- would confer a favor upon those who and the proprietors would soon find their kindness to travel, stock profitable. ivails in Very . Returning to the their seats in their Lodge own, or d to hia in his )t ing with BATTLE OF THE DEVIl's HOLE. coursG h. iilar with been and " Once And that icent ex- by useful railroads, ilia ng operaobjects for once any ac- throwing tiiBse^atiou Vinwever this soft turf, the riv'Iet's Were to fiery hearts, find A mile from the feet of the river's sands, trampled by a hurrying crowd Encountered ores, spa- t one of the regular carnages. and inn, t in devo- e; )t at the road side, the party take ; armed hands, in the battle cloud." Whirlpool, the road rnns within a few bank, where a deep and gloomy chasm is rent or worn out of the rock. This is called the Devil's Hole, and the small stream which crosses the road and falls in the chasm, is the Bloody Run. In 1759, while the war was yet raging between England and France, a detachment of one himdred British were conveying a large supply of provisions, beef and munitions of war, to Fort Schlosser. Indians were employed by both parties. Those in the interest of the regulars cattle, .l«Hlii �^^^t^^fitlgg^lj^. .*. f* THE WHIRLPOOL. JATTNT TO 202 Th(* iiiiibuHnwlc. eome dnys hovering? about Ibc T5rilwere on the ish camp, and when the convoy set out, they their anibuscado, and nlert. At this place, they formed French, hnd beon 'ir never was there a spot more vre. The road passed such a manoeu- favoral)le for down and continued a small hill, on a level for about a hundrcl rods, when it again rose is on hifjher ground. The northern portion of the road were united by an donow slightly varied. The ascents vated ridge of level land, which was covered wilh wood, and commanded the road for the whole distance. On 't I ' !, the right of the advancing party the Niagara river, and on each extremity the two small pecting any attack, was the left hills. moved forward on the high bank of the ridge, The the .. front of the detachment reached the end and at party, unsiiR- "d; when the of the ravine, were opened upon them with deadly the Indian rim; then followed the dread war-whoop, as if a thousand wolves were howli.ig and yelling around them. Indeed, fiistes their assailants were more fierce and ferocious than the wild beasts of the forest. ' Pale ii'l terror innrcli'd nmid tlic yielding baivl, Chiird every heart, unncrv'd each iron Many hun(il." of the soldiers were killed at the first discharge, and the others were thrown into hopeless confusion. The Indians fell like tigers upon the drivers, tomahawked them in their seats, and threw them under foot. The tV waggons were backed cattle fell tilated and full ofT the mass. precipice, and men and in one dismembered and mu- Some threw themselves from the bank, with the loading mangled and dying on the rocks; others lodged �m JAITNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 203 Four persons rsrapo. Tlrit- ]c on tbo ) and ulo, nnnoeumliniied nin roHC road 1 nn y is elr- h wood, On re. bank ot and at , iinsiiR- •, ,hcn tho } ravine, h deadly Ibousand Indeed, than the in the branches of the trees, where they remained, disa- bled, unlil the affray be but faintly imarined. The mhawkcd The .of. :>n. men and and muhe bank, srs lodged when the savage- at their The horror of the e.ene can The quiek report of the fmec., over, the yells of the Indians, the bellowing of the cat,'- ^o shneks of the wounded and dying, mingled with the monotonous roar of the mngos of the Niagara, which rose from below ns in mockery of the follv, the strife, and dying groan« of men. The brook that courses over the bank, ran red wifj, the blood of the .lain. person, by the name of Stedman, escaped bv cutting the bridle of his horse, which an Indian had seized. The horse A fled with him up tho small stream, and came again to the Niagara river, at the mouth of now called Gill heirs, or representatives of this man have a creek creek. The since set up a pretended title to the tract of land he encompassed in his retreat, bounding which west on the Niagara river, and say that the Indians gave him the land, as ''a medicine," for his loss at the Devil's Hole No deed or confirmation of title being produced to our courts, the claim lischarge, was leisure despatebod thcni. was not admitted. Sledman's brother threw himself down the bunk and was fortunately, without injury, caught in thetop'of a pine tree; thence, he descended to the water's edge, and by swmiming in some places, and scrambling through brakes and over rocks in others, he succeeded the landing inn e now Lewiston. good their e.cape: all m reaching Two other persons, only, of the others were destroyed, tntil of late years, pieces of the waggons, and other evidences of this bloody discomfiture, existed; but they have now entirely mouldered away. 17* '» 4 !l''li?llMll *" I �ateawiiHitri.mni JAl'NT 204 TO Indian \ illauc. 'I'lii- Colt'R tavern, four At RtrikoH oir to the As the IrnvollcrH turn lo the — "there ohservcH mer, hy the dinns made their did in Ripht, Indians rushed iBpol. reach Whih< the ^niidc pointa to on the Jjcwiston rond, When upon him rond liidiuii villnjio. old Dutch far- the Uriti^hand (hMtructive incurHioti on not n Fnlls, tb(> tl.»(* rosidcd un honewt. Whih; he was rbcai)e. riglil, of March. name infornmtion frnni niilcfl oast, wliirli h.ndri to the next rising gro\ind and wimn.rofM-. TIIF tlie Iii- front i<T, mt.kc in season to hi.^ harnoa«ini( his hor^e.-, a party him, and the hloody (hn'd miirdcred him was goin« on, in (>n ol the front oi woods. the houHe, the family ellccted thiiir ewcape to the scouting party of Americans, Fomc days afterwards, hody. paP'^ing that way, foimd hirf own hogs eating his A Such are ihe ahhorrent EwJnes which war prcK(>ntR. l^'' TUSCARORA INDIANS. •' Tliat diff, nictliinUp, the T)iflinn cry IVals fronj They its siiiimiit, shrill ami hi;,'h." are n part of the trihe of Tuscaroras, formerly They came to this country inhabiting North Carolina. The 171*2, and joined the live nations. about the year whole formed the warlike confederacy called the Six NnThey live on a tract of land ceded to them by the lions. Senecas, of one by three miles, and also four thousand by lUree hundred and twenty-eight acres deeded to them �JAI^NT TO TifK vvirnu.pooL. n roiid villnjj[C. lointH m !»• flll- and ILdlnnd ]juh\ Iii- niov. d to (he wrHl. two hundred nnd Vynu-n,n\ chic.f is Our on llic i<\ woods. oivvard.^, Urt hndy. Slntrs, in tlioy nre to |,o re- nun.l.rr om!v, nl (hin li.nr, Tli.ir present Thoino^ Chow, the con of nn Kn-dinh" nrrivod nt the villnirp, Jook info f|,o oh^orvationH, and lako «uch notoH tlin ,Mi«toni8 an<I niannern <>' of the inhahilnnle, as n Mmrt nnd hn.!y vinil alll.rd.; purchase mcU gome Inmt i Tlu.y nnd ni.dity.tiir..c in(hvi,lunI.^ i)nr(y havinfr wi-wnnis; make (il Tho UnKod infrroflt, in.'iti. tVoiilicf, \)tn\y ('on.pnpy. 1HM7, purchnscd out lluir rond, ilcli <l«n 205 inaiiufacture: or, perhn].p, seek r.end.Io chi.f Sa'-aris.a, I artick>« of Indian an introduction who was I. to th'> ve- n connnisRionod olhcer A' the American a my, in the revohitionarv war. If it he Su.id.My, the travellers attend the place of i.ul.lic worship, where, bcHides the interest aflorded by the sermon of the nuBHionary, they will hear it translated to the natives, in their peculiar frutlural Inn-ruage and also hear HHisin-, of the n.ost superior order. The Indians HI ; 'Ml are, .iusdy, much extolled for their line voices. They are very fond both of vocal and instrumental nnisic. Anion- their distinguished men, there was* one, some time f-mce, by the name of formerly 8 )ne. ) The Six Nn- ixn > LITTLE CHIEF. country by the thousand them l>y Immediately after the declaration of war by our -overnment, in 1812, about a dozen principal '-n the men of (he village, with commanding of the much sachems !and formality, called oiHcer at Fort Niagara. The o/lh-ers m �JAU^T TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 206 Indian JSpcech. assembled at the commnndnnl's quarters, and himiself, thro' being seated, Little Chief thus expressed of fort tlic John Mountplcaoant, a noble Indinn: <' He 6ny,v," Bruff waa the spoke first the "that Captain interpreter, American that took possession of this He received it peaceably from the hands of the He and his troops resided here in peace; tk^c British. fort was no war, no trouble. He went away: he left the He did well." strong ns he got it. fort. says,"— "Next came Major Rcvardi, and still These fortifications remained firm and there was peace. "He ' strong: there were no enemies went away: he left all to He approach them. things as he found them. He did well." "He suys,"— "Then came Captain Wiley: yet there to was peace. Friends passed from one side of the river security, the other: the warriors rested on their arms in He went and there were none to call them to battle. He did well." fort strong. away. He, too, left the "He says,"— " After him, came Major Porter yet He also went away. He left all things there was peace. : as he found them. f "He You You, found the too, did well." came all fort strong. have done well. fort is of great that He says,"— " These You came next. did well, You have been here in peace. Now, war has come. This importance to the United States. before you, did well in peace. Those You must do we are well in war." " He says,"—" We have come to the friends of the United States: We wish to offer tell we you, that are as one people. our services to you: our warriors will �JATTNT TO An <Io '_ nil Ihey can for thifl country. THE WHIRLPOOL. Indian Advenuire. they bold Ihomselvos : When you need xib, rcndy to cnll, and come. The roinmanding that if their 007 ofTiccr services mndo should wc li.rht will a suitable reply, slating be required !;. i. for defensive purposes, the government of the inform them. United States would After Great Britain had set the example of employing Indians, the Tuscnroras were called upon, and no Americana behaved better than they did, during Ihe remainder of the war. The travellers leave the village, and descend the moun- tain towards Lcwi^ton. It AN INDIAN ADVENTURE. "In voice, mien, gesture, savage na'.ure spoke." Just below the mountain, and to the right of the road which descends from the Tuscarora village, lives Mr. Sparrow Sage. He had, on the ]9th of December, 1813, m the distressing invasion of this frontier, been driven For the purpose of securing his harvest, from his home. the summer after, returned with his wife, to their exposed and solitary dwelling. One day, when he was lie, at to work at some distance in the fields, an Indian, attached the British cause, entered the house. something to eat, He demanded speaking in broken English. was entirely alone, and immediately obeyed Mrs. S. his bidding, m �; JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 208 An being in hopes abduclion that — The rescue. he would, after After he had finished his repast, he eating, go away. told her that he lived Grand River, in Canada, and that he had come after She her to go with hini, and she must be his squaw. to him, that could not be, for she had a husband. replied nt "No, no," he angrily said, squaw — you must be my him that her husband and ''You very pretty— you shall go." In vain she told others were near by; that he had better go away, or he might get killed. then took down Mr. S's gun, and finding The Indian not loaded, it Afterwards he ransacked the house, commanding Mrs. S. not to leave his sight, am' keeping put up it hi3 eye agaii.. upon her. He firrst appropriated to himself all that he could carry; then, seizing her forcibly by the arm, dragged her out of the back door, and thence towards the woods, in the direction of Fort Niagara, then in the occupation of the British. The husband heard the screams of his wife, and hurrying towards the house, seized an axe which was lying at the door, and followed in pursuit. He came up to them at the fence, on the border of the Not letting go his hold, the savage fired at Mr. S. forest. His ball did not take effect as he ran towards them. and, just as he was raising his victim to throw her over the fence, he received a blow from the axe, which broke his rifle, and made him sulting his own let go of Mrs. S. He then, con- safety, leaped over the fence; but, in bo doing, he received another blow from the axe, which made him fill the forest with his yells, and he made off with all the speed he could, into the thick woods. Mr. S. did not think porper to pursue, but, returning with his wife, they immediately left their place of greater security. dangerous habitation for a �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 209 Anollier .ndventure. ,U away. JO he lived me after w. She I 1 Mr. William Molyncux, the father of Mrs. S. had, the winter before, occupied the same residence. About a month after he and his family had been obliged to flee from their homes, he returned very cautiously. He er tered his house, and found two Indians lying dead on the - hubband. ty— you she told that he ; Indian le loaded, t house, ic keeping ' imself all were, no doubt, abroad for murder and destruction, and met the fate ^hich they intended for others. Mr. M. dragged their bodies from the house, and as ho had no aid or time to bury them, he formed round them a large pile of logs and rails, and, setting fire to it, they were consum- the arm, tvards the n the A party of American militia-men had come upon Ihem unexpectedly, while they were carousing upon the good fare and liquors which (he occupants had left. They floor. oc- ed. The British Indians considered quite an affiont, and threatened vengeance. It was an empty threat, for they had already done him all the mischief they could. it screams ; ed an axe pursuit, I der of the at Mr. ke AN ESCAPE FROM INDIANS. S. etfect; " Though few Uie numbers her over — theirs the That neither spares nor seeks strife, for life." lich broke Ihen, cou)ut, in 60 liich made IT with Ir. L all S. did Another incid( nt, which occurred on the memorable invasion before alluded to, took place on the Ridge Road, a few miles east of Mr. Molyneux's public-house. The roads had been deeply broken up, and were frozen in that state, and it was impossible to proceed with wagons ; his wife, lion for a a very snow enabled the inhabitants slowly to move along with sleighs. They were fleeing from a relentless little M'".l ! �'^nWMnMHHIJHH^ JAUNT TO THE WHlllLrOOL. 210 Dealli ot'un liiduiii. The and cruel enemy. up with a twohorHu wart walking by Ibe rear of puiated just l)el()w was brought [n the sleigli lay bud hud his leg belbre, ani- was very His condition the thigh. who by u young man, Bide of bis horses, who, one week his i)rolher, lu^itives 1li(; nlcigb, driven and to proceed rapidly, rough as the roads then would have been death to him. There was no ulternutive, but to continue the moderate pace at which feeble, W(!ro, The they were moving. At tiiat, looked upon knew he was armed with a behind him, rille. ho alternately was near at hand. At accompanying yells, the foe war-hoop, the length, broke and for ; driver distrustfidly witli its The disabled brother beeougbt him to his fate, and by ilight to eave " No," he replied, *' if we are to die, together." The party of Indians that their cars. the other to leave his own we will jjcrish life. pursued them were in full night of the others, called to g(>8tures, and raising pace, the horses himself tor them bin and one, rille. proceeded within a few in advance ; the driver, coolly collecting The Indian sprang forward, and was when the yoimg man, paces of the sleigh, suddenly turning himself, firing, fatally wounded forward, and his body fell, quickly raised his pursuer. rolled his rifle, and The savage plunged out of the road. A vengeance, from the band in the rear, came like the knell of death upon the brothers. a friendly party of the Tuscaroras were the far making threatening With the same slow the conflict, in which there were such fearful odds against him. yell of ; to stop, adjacent mountain ; At that seen moment, descending and the well-directed fire they opened on the British Indians, obliged them precipitately �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 211 ijcwision. The to rel.re. Cooko ami pWot the drivor of the nlcigh i..valicl wa« wns Iho Hon. Bates hin brother, Lathrop Cooke, the boat that led the van on that oeraBion the washro.,.bt|o the exaet point designated, and the u^vn, though hn-d upon hy the eendnel who gave the alarm, were landed without lose. ot ; l.nat Pm 1,31111 Ul .r' iM TllK VILLA (;e Ot' LKWisi'u.N. *V\ii(I cnltn :Mi(I and pcjKvrtiirfll 111,, lirjiiul ray rural scciiory and woodland spray hcaa. another day had crou'iiM, ; Hu( eriMliiit, A {Thastly ruin inark'd ilm eliarin jiroiMid; u uv'd aionjr ij.c vonlrni' plain, Anollicr day 'twas crusli'd bpnoalli ih,. slain The LTCcMi jrraHs 'ri)o siroandet sparkled but — ; Another day The eve was liefore, — 'twas red with rhxtcd gore." party approach Lewiston. Ihe Village one llie burnt, the prospect The Biimmcr all after around was like extensive liolds meadow. Nearly all the fences in the had been destroyed by our own troops, at ditierent 'imcp, while encamped there, or passing through; but, it was burnt by the British, the destruction general : nothing was left that at (he ^vas I tmic would burn and no creature was spared that could be destroyed. ; Hie life of Not only the fields, but the yards and streets were covered with high, grass, and the prospect was lonely and 18 I �JAUNT TO THE WIHRLrOOL. 212 Tlioiiuis Hustler. melancholy A Been. to be spirit of ene'^v to doslroy Li'. mns . abovt .uc all — not o living creature was wanton cruelly had caused the ihat they could not carry away. the extreme in marked the tall fjraRS, creature lay, where of some What perished. try depopulated, As you butterflies, ilitting of emnll yellow ppot where tlie about carcass had been shot down or it scene can be more gloomy, than a coun- and laid waste enter the village, I'.y the ravages of war. directly the road fronting from the Falls, formcrlly lived sergeant Thomas Hustler, one of Gen. Wayne's old for many in battle. years, Ho ball a ler's traveller ; collee, He carried about, which he received grateful beverage of is mother Hust- many an yet remembered by old a slcigh-ride, and jauat of pleasure, and many was made by thigh, kept a public-house, one of the best of those times; and the good vctorniis. in hie the officers of Fort Niagara, to the public- house of the old sergeant. A little sician, further in the village, lived a respectable phy- by the name of Alvord. tered Lewiston, carrying before he was preparing to as he fly was mounting When them the Indians en- terror from danger, but he his horse, they shot and death, was too late ; him down and scalped him. Lewiston, was, in 1805, named after Governor Lewis, it was burnt in 1813, in 1815 of the state of New York ; the inhabitants returned and flourishing village. Ill i i I -4M it is now a beautiful and �; JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. Five IMile 213 Mradow was uro ised tho away. y FIVE MILE MEADOW. ig about I carcafis down . " ('oine, (read with me yoiirlmnjrrfiil (lellg, Whcie beamy imo ;4raiide.ur swells." or a coim- war. the road Hustler, xl about, received e best of er ly Hust- an old pleasure, 10 public- able pbyidians cn- This beautiful situation, celebrated in the early days of be country, as bein,. one of the first cultivated spots of be Wilderness, i« between one arul two niilea below Lewiston, and live miles from the Fort. Hence its name. It was the residence and property of Captain Nathaniel Leonard, formerly of the United States army. At the close of the last war, he retired to esteemed as the most attractive and pleasant the nver. Here, in the improvement and cultivation of " The post of honor is too late Youngstown Niagara or Lewis, 3, in 1815 Litiful and of any on mindat of a beloved family, his farm, in the and in the confidence of his many friends and neighbors, he lived happily for many years, and truly verified the adage, that nd death, down and this place old 1^ river. ort is a village, also, lying by the side of the It George, a private stailon." is in one .ile Canada, from Fort Niagara, and is directly opposite It name from John Young, formerly an American merchant in Canada. He was the principal proprietor. clerives its Here kept the only ferry to Canada, between Lewishorse boat is maintained. In summer time, it is very pleasant crossing ; but, in winder, It the ice runs, there is danger. is ton and Lake Ontario. A nil ! �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 214 Fort i\iii(.'ii»ii. FORT NIAGARA. '•I " IIoarr^R bnrkr^d The This a siiinll nn fortress spot oftic'.'r wns aiigol i)ity built. ifi tlio wolf-, tlio v\ilHiro scrcnnied afir slmiinnl wns enclosed by In 1751), it ^Sir William Johnson. of" i)nlliisndcs, is not authority to prove the charge. 1813, In 1G79, De SalU-, 1725, the Fort Stak's. known to be In iVM\, On was again taken by the the any existing it lOlh Brilish, was surrenDecember, by surpricc : the Ameriand in March, 1815, again surrendered to enormity and This old fort is as much noted for cans. it by the nation crime, as for any good ever derived from While in the hands of the French, there occupation. i^ *l it by M. In Franco. N. sec. \\m taken by the British, umUr The cnplure has been nscribed to treachery, though there dered \o the United -, walks of w:ir." 43 dog. 14 in Intilude in the i^ervicc tlif* in HHi 1 having been, at times, used as a prison dungeons, where light was its close and impregnable many years after, not admitted, and where remained, for instruments for exetraces, and a part of the ready Hp^^K^^B cution, or for murder. n fl [j^i a T^T^H ^Bt I^E^i J ^ i 1 ^^I^^B 1 fl ^1 WBHini K-N - ^IH Ml 1 HM klal is no doubt of ; its clear During the American revolution, all that wns barbarous, unreit was the head-qiiarter of There, were congregated the leaders lenting, and cruel. miscreants, and chiefs of those bands of murderers and that carried death and destruction into the remote Ame- There, civilized Europe revelled with rican settlements. America and ladies of education and rclinement gnvoire ; distinction mingled in the society of those whose only �"f; JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. Fori Ni.ij^uru waa to 215 — Mess-ho Use. wield Ihe bloody tomahawk and «oalping-knife. Ihore the sauaws of tho forest wore raised to eminence, and the most unholy unions between them and officers of the There h.ghest m rank, their smiled strong upon hold and countenanced. like secure y, for seven years, they upon the distant settlements a on the quehanna. It they pl„„,.ea teast, until the ne.t of vultures, sallied forth and preyed Mohawk I :;iili and Sus- was the depot of their plunder there their forays, and there they returned to ; hour of action come again. Fort Niagara is in the State of New York, and stand« land at the mouth of the Niagara river. It a traditionary St ^>ry, that the on a point IS ot mess-house, which very strong building and the erected by sti^tagem. A M largest is a the fort was, in considerable, though not power! body of French troops, Their force was inferior to had arrived at the point. the surrounding Indians, of whom they were under some apprehensions. They obtained consent of the Indians to build a wigwam, mduced them, with some of their an extensive hunt. The materials officers, to and engage in had been made ready, while the Indians, were absent, the French built. When the parties returned, at night, they had advanced 80 far with the work, as to defend themselves against the savages, in case of an attack. In progress of time, it aiid bea place of considerable strength. It had its bastions ravines ; its ditch and pickets its curtains and ; counterscarp ; its covered way, draw bridge, raking batteries Its stone towers, laboratory, and magazine; came its barracks, bakery, and blacksmith shnn a chapel with a larg, ancient dial r .r^^ mess-houee, fo. ^^--^'^--n ov^r the door, toTark III �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLrOOL. 210 Fort NiajTiira. Ti wan, indeed, n lilllo oity the hourly conrBc of the hum. <,rrente.>t phice soiilh of of itself, mid for n lonil period iLio The forlilicalions originMontreal, or west of Albany. At a few rods of about eight nerce. ally covered a npnco it was from the harrier gate, was the burying ground of human life mutabiUty filled with memorials of the large over the portoh of the entrance was painted, in nnd ; i* ; W' and emphatic chnracters, the word ''Iir.ST." generally l)elicvcd, thnt It is of the dii^tnnt fort- f-onio into slate resses of France were often converted 'n. «' well as for defenfive been used as such. called the black hole, purpo.nes. eHtnl)li.^h about Fort Niagara, to the The dungeon was a i)ri6ons, was much There belief that had nicps-house, of the strong, dark,, the room was it and dismal lixed the ap- and in one corner of as fell imparatus for strangling such unhai)py wretches of those days. der the dif-pleasure of the despotic rulers l)lacc The ; enwalls of this dungeon, from top to bottom, had names, and mementos in that upon them French graved That the pri^mers were no common persons was clear, as the letters nnd emblems were chiselled In .Tune, 1812, when an attack was out in good style. expected upon the fort by a superior British momentarily language. force, a merchant, resident at Fort Niagarn, deposited some valualle articles in this dungeon. He took occahe examined the sion, one n'.ght, to visit it with a light ; among hundreds of French names, he walls, and Baw his own family name engraved, in large letters. there, took no notes, and has no recollection of the other he intended to repeat his visit, names and memorials He iJ_t. ; and to extend his examination, but other avocations �JA-JNT TO THE WJIFFU.POOI, 117 ^Villiaiii JMorgaii. tie pity rniiBod the subjVct to bo ncudectcd onth to ot" origiii- mind arrnir) In further corrobcration jw rods scenes of guilt ofid it was ]8()5, in life ; in large t it dismal .1 the opfell nn- I irontrlii cbnnircd. murder, was the fad that, to clear out an old sink f.ul nec(>ssary in at- about the stories fort. lijjillil In was a well of water, but, having been poisoned by Pome of the former oecuj)ant8, in g-liouse, not )t was Fort Niagara had witnessed There were many legendary bad it was nil the centre of the mese-houtie miicli 8 it when tached to the me^s-house. The bones of a fenuile were found therein, evidently, from the place where discovered, the victim of some atrocious crime. int forll)ri6on-', became it Ilia' and ; until of late years, latter years the water wa.s not u.;cd ; arul it was a atory with the soldiers, imd belivcved by the Mipersitious, nn'dnight the headless trunk of a French general that at was often seen pitting on the curb of the old well, where he had been murdered, and his body tiirown in and, according to dreamers and money-diggers, large officer ; ise days, bad enin tbnt i pereoMH I chiselled tack was British r deposited treasures, both in gold and silver, have been" buried ia nooks and corners of the old fi)rt. JMany applications used to be made to the America:! officers to dig for money, and persons have been known to come from a considerable distance for that purpose. many of the Such re- quests were, of course, rcfueed. Of late years, matter of fact has been more strange William Morgan was kidnapped from in Canandaigua carried in a post coach, undis- )ok occa- than romance. nined the the lames, he covered ;e letters, the other his visit, wocatioiife jail ; and by violence, for more than one hundred miles, through a populous country the time, unsuspected ; ; the jjerpetrators, at was lodged Fort Niagara, for three or four days more seen. He was the last -n these recesses of oppreeeion in the magazine at ; and then was no hu-maa victim offered up and blood. I �JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 218 Juliii Ciirroll. the United States government In tho summer of 1839, commenced to rebuild the and it ie stated, thai fortifications of will be again it Fort Niagara, put in a rcspcctabltt, and commanding condition. JOHN CAllUOLL. ' \ A i;0(ir The old solflicr very luuiie iheir loves engage." In the palmy dnys of Fort Niagara, ing country conmienced to be first ing officer was in ways officers command- sovereign, not al- The Lieutenants ruling with a light or easy hand. and under the surround- settled, tho respects a petty all when were likewise persons of great conse- quence, and a very good feeling did not always prevail beurdy, tween the independent, but now the show and tary ; have vanished, and the man of business fill first settlers and the eclat of military faiiaer, the mechanic their allotted stations, mili- command and the without rivalship or annoyance. From many of the former residents of Fort Niagara there might be selected characters, a whom, their true nobility, some for will be here noticed, all and afuiy musician. his Some for their meanness, and others for peculiarities especially their of descriptive notice of would be interesting to general readers. own. But one, however, rank was no higher than that �N .TArXT TO TITR WHIR T. POOL. 210 Jnliii Ciirroll. Wholhnr he was brother or eouRin to Curroll, the ftimoiw Irish harper, is not known but, lik<. him, he was ; of dcvofed lo nil fliin<rK and whiskey. miif^ic One morn- Carroll phiycd the troops, on pnrnde, n vory Hprii,di{ly tunc the comnmndinnr ofliccr threw up his window, ing', mid ; " called out " What "Yon Carroll, the devil old tunc wli,-it ail.s you, What rascal! that ?" i^ sir ?" replied Carroll. tune that?" the onicer is again voeiffrnted. " Wluit ** the devil alls yon, sir ?" Come up way," was here, I will learn a,^ s,)on ai the rhiine is ho oi)cned day, (he response. in that but was very careful to the door, what the devil " Gj about your One was to an,^wcr nic next. Carroll lm.stcnfd to (ho room, pay, you ails buMn.-.sH," *' Sir, the name of you." finid the Major. when Carroll hnd been paying his devotions too freely to B.icchus, in the use of his favorite beverage, and staggering on made a ludicrous figure in The cominindant gave him q perand threatened him with confinement. parade, thc^ playing the retrcit. sonal rei)rimand, Carroll was not then in censure patiently, but rich as a became lord. Ho felt first so beggarly a state as to bear as great as his oflicer, and m retaliated in words, but shortly and ungovernable, as to make it nehim and, what was very unusual, he was conveyed and locked up in the black hole. h\ the so furious cessery to confine ; middle of the night, the most dismal sounds were heard the place of his confinement and orders were given that he should be looked to. He was found in a from piteouB condition ; ; declaring that he had been visited by �'^^imm^mmk' JAUNT TO THE WHIRLPOOL. 220 Jaunt concluded. all and the hobgoblins, the devils in existence all ; that immediately at his entrance, and had they came to him had been confined. He all the while he begged that he might be allowed a light, his fife, and that, by employing himself in some pen, ink and paper haunted him ; vay, he might be able to drive awny the horrid thoughts His request was and phantoms that assailed him. granted. met In the morning, when he was them the other musicians, ho produced he said he had composed during the } confinement. He called it '' latter released, and a tune which TAl hours of hia Carroll's thoughts on eter- nity." Besides this, he composed several marches, waltzpB, and other pieces many of which possessed considerable ; merit. He died in 1812, of the epidemic which at that time prevailed in the army. The patchc lakes river, miles, Ameri and tbree tl i �JAUNT TO CANADA, IN THE VICINITY OF THE FALLS,' VISIT .:::!ll TO TABLE ROCK, BROCK's MONUMENT &c. WITH NOTICES OF QUEENSTON, FORT GEORGE, &c. CANADA. ' Prinrcs and lords may flourish or may fade A breath can make them, as a hreatli has ; made But a bold peasantry, When their country's pride, once destroyed, can never be supplied »> That portion of Upper Canada, designated in the deepatches of Gon. Brown, as the peninsula lying between lakes Ontario and Erie, bounded east on the Niagara river, and extending west about one hundred and fifty miles, ia America. and the one of the The soil finest tracts of is fertile, scenery beautiful. tbree sides with navigable the Besides I "'' Willi country in North climate being salubrious, bounded on water communication, there I �.iMilart;iiiiiij%i.». i;v 222 JAT^NT TO CANADA. Impressions of also passes over it many state of improvemt!nt is is streams and rivulets. line ants, in New- York, whote inhabit- yet considerably in advance of settlementp, on the western side The those of Canada. The very respectable: the whole tract only eciualled by Western enterprise, are iravellorri. of the Niagara river, tooii place during and immediately after the war of the revolution. except at three points, On large tracts of the native forests are first settlers to the American side, commenced much it this part of still later, remaining. and The Canada, were from the nor- then and western borders of Pennsylvania, and New- York; Butler's rangers; the followers of Sir J. Johnson, and others, who preferred the paternal government of Great Biitain to the republican institutions of the people. The proximity of the two countries, the same language, and similarity of pursuits, have so assimilated the inhabitants, that a stranger, not knowing the political division, passing from one to the other, would still in think himeelf fimong the same people. was not so with Captain Canada from the United It in British ground; his chest fi-ee — the air seemed Basil Hall, States, expanded when he landed and trod again on he breathed more — purer; and, seeing a British soldier near Brock's monument, he hastened towards him, and embraced him as a brother. It is the reverse with an American. When from home, and he goes to Canada, he feels himself experiences a degree of constraint which he has not been buoyant than those of Capt. Hall, familiar. to his which own to With feelings no less when ready, he returns shore rejoicing, and grateful for the freedom hio forefathers won. Still, Amcricane always leave �'T¥ The t8. lole tract inhnhit- vancc of tern side nodiately m can Bide, titer, and The ig. the nor- cw-York; iHon, and of Great The )le. lagc, ' and jabitanls, vision, k in hinieelf he landed again on n hed more leh eoldier him, and 3 8 with an 3traint ^8 ^ himself to no Ices le returns 3 freedom tvays leave 1 ��1 JAUNT TO CANADA. The ' 223 Ferry. Canada pleased with the country, and gratified with the with which they are usually treated. The eensations that animate both Americans and Britons in civility passing into a foreign land, though apparently dissimilar, yet arise from the same source— love of country veneration for long cherished institutions. — of home, and VIEW FROM THE STAIRS. '* Hi And hark the bugrle's mellow strain, From hill to hill Is ringing And every zephyr, o'er the plain, The joyful note is bringing. The eagle from his eyry darts, To hear the flying numbers And echo, in her grotto, starts. Awakened from her slumbers." I'lliliji :i ! ; o Li i^ ' !!l ' • i'M! 2 ** 3 The party of travellers are at the top of the bank, and commence the descent of the long flight of stairs, in order to cross the river. and enjoy a fine They stop at the foot of the view of the Falls, ' "l,i' 1111 'n first flight, and the river below. The view below extends .3 ters again be .2 about two miles, where the wabreak into billows, and white with foam, seem to sink into some subterraneous cavern, as they disappear behind the projecting cliffs. 'i 'I .1 I I ,,i I' Inquiry is often made, before the stairs The " How III.'"'' I was the bank descended were built?" descent was half a mile further made by means of the Indian ladder, down the river, and hero k», oiir,„,„a. li 19 "If 11 iiiii) �JAUNT TO CANADA. 224 Perilous descent of the ladder. to the rocks and sLirube. ladder, eighty feet against the bank. The next improvement was n Last war, it perpendicularly nearly long, placed was thrown down. The before another same year that peace was proclaimed, and gentlemen from and ladder was erected, a party of ladies as it may appear, Boston, visited the Falls; and, incredible the bank, at this place, by holding descended and ascended fast to the rocks. observes— " Tbeir curiosity must to expose themhave been very intense, to induce them One of the ladies much danger." A traveller replies *' Even the ladder was difficult and the first time. dangerous to many who descended it for passing down the gentleman once described to me his selves to 60 — A ladder in the following terms: ' When company with a We came to 1808. visited the Falls, in It age. was in I was a youth, lad of about I my own the top of the bank, viewing the great scene from above, we reconmeans of getting noitered the prospect below, and the but the view down. I became very anxious to descend, and terrific than at present; and I more wild and after was much had some slight apprehensions. I declined. to accompany me, but he desired I my companion had not been used such wild scenes climbing or descending ladders, and and commenwere not familiar. I concluded to venture, discovered that every step I I soon ced to go down. but down I descended, I had to hold on still more firmly; to got. I then threaded my way along the rough and slip- to the mist and pery path to the water's edge, and thence chaotic scene to me; the water It was a falling water. the Fa'ls poured from above: the mistB rushed over, and �225 JAUNT TO CANADA. Perilous descent of the ladder. buried alone in the deep and rocky roared. I chasm. I looked up, and saw felt as if my companion, no larger, Like the and reported them apparently, than an infant. first travellers visited the Falls, to be feet high, to me six who hundred the bank and Falls appeared no less; and ii )'i "hill then know. their actual height I did not glanced at I the long ladder standing against the rocks, which again to ascend, and became oppressed with thought, if once eafe on the upper bank, that I had and would not At soon again be caught in thai horrid place. I fear; length I started up; I reached the ladder, and began the ascent. I looked above; the height appeared almost interminable. I my cast my eyes below; my head became dizzy. my only security to direct with weak and unsteady with my as if from a heavy load rising. On it my went, my I my to it power was gone, or my eyes hazids clinched successively let go to as if all was attached 1 it touched the ladder feet and When seemed the rocks, and exerting I steps, utmost strength. take another hold, found eyes in front, against the My black and projecting rocks. I '! arms still keep them to directed against strength almost to exhaustion. reasoned with myself, and endeavored to subdue the apprehensions that overcame me; I thought of the folly of my and that fears, to the ladder; and it it required but a slight exertion to hold tliat with such death-like was no necessity of grasping If it was twenty times energy. there as high, I thought I could ascend to be less exercised, but, if I it. At once had not instantly grasped them with I shoidd have strength I attempted I and took hold of the rungs carelessly; fallen to the was master bottom; and of, to recover my it all my might, required position. all I the found I �• « it 226 JAUXT TO CANADA. Convenience that I more had vainly Though hold. and with more and and more firmly was I obliged to flattered myself; difficulty did I rise, the ascent, for travellers. requiring but about five minutes to make appeared to be the labor of half an hour, at least. At length I reached the summit, and wilh joy I once more found myself on level land. I advanced to- wards it my companion, who was seated on a rock at a short distance, but, to office, my walking. I rallied surprise, for vinced that eflxirt some minutes I my legs refused their I barely succeeded in myself, and determined to walk erect, but in spite of every continued my knees bent under me, and to the contrary, to give way; and had been greatly frightened. I my I knees was con- afterwards frequently descended, but never again with such emotions.' It was certainly a hazardous and particHlnrly The public are for ladies much afforded to visiters, way of descending the bank, and pereon. of weak nerves. indebted for the present conveniences and for nothing more 'than the differ- ent staircases." The guide observes— "It is well thought of by some, and they are willing to pay for the many accommodations they receive: others think that these conveniences should be erected and maintained gratuitously, and complain of being taxed at every turn." — Traveller. <'It is very unreasonable to expect that people should go to great expense in providing these ac- commodations, and also give their personal attention with- out reward." Hji Guide.— " There is another class, that object to these conveniences, they are hunting for adventure and hairbreadth eecapesj about the Falls ; they wish, on their �JAUNT TO CANADA. Catliii'8 return, to relate the 227 Cuve. imminent danger they were in, or 1 '' '1 Ml the daring enterprises they performed." Traveller.- "As Hi' lo that matter, there is room enough Let thom go down the bank, where there are no they disapprove of them: let them wander under yet. ,1! ,1 Ptairs, if ti I Ml the perpendicular rocks; pass lo Ingraham's cave; take an excursion in a boat, and pass from Bath island to the islandiUying just above the Falls; swim the Niagara river; ' or, in a boat, pass to the rapids for the wildrst greater below. There is yet room adventure about Niagara; but after all, the portion of bcenes from safe mankind po/sitions. are fond of eecing And the first was by Gen. Parkhurst Whitney. He down the bank, and established the built stairs first ferry. Having arrived at the foot of the stairs, the very fine view of the the party. which is there presented, is noticed by Thence they wind around the sloping bank to Falls, the landing place; the boat is ready to receive them; and they are soon floating over the convulsed and agitated waters. Hoods, India rubbers, oil cloths and umbrellas, are brought into requisition, to shield them from the de- scending mist that gushes away from the falling stream. Catlin's Cave, is about a mile below, on the American eide. It can 19* onjj^ be \it:iicd lini li 1 i"i: for strangers, are The stairs that descend the bank were built by and belong to Judge Porter. The ferry also, from the American side, belongs to him: from the British side it belongs to Samuel Street, Eyq. The first boat put on the river at this place, '' exciting the various facilities of communication, and other conveniences worth all that is charged for them." 'i illi i' by going along the bottom n 111 'r'':;iii ! �JAUNT TO CANADA. 228 Crossing the river. near the water's of the perpendicuhir bank, or Travellers usually employ the ferryman edge.— to take then, in The cave is about twenty feet in circumference, about the size of a baker's largo oven: and the entrance or When disjust big enough to admit the body of a man. a boat. covered, it was almost but they have been large filled all with beautiful removed. qunntities of petrified Around Citalactitcs. the cave arc moB3, and springs of water gush out above and at the sides of the cave, and beautiful manner. in a peculiar on the Canada side, a little further down than Catlin'e. It is about twenty fort from side to side, is high enough for persons to stand in, and has a Bender's Cave, floor of is pure white caves are worth sand. visiting, To persons of leisure, both and afford a pleasant excursion. Before the bridge to Iris island was built, parties used to visit the lower end with boats, by passing up between the two sheets of water; some arc trip, as still fond of making the they advance very close to the Falls, which is to many very iixtt^/esting. Usually, visitors are greatly delighted with the view of the Falls which is obtained in crossing the ferry. To- wards the centre of the river, the mist is dispelled, and the prospect of the immense body of falling water is unThe whole sublimity obscured by any intervening object. of the scene is displayed. Besides this, the eddies are strong, the waters dance round the boat, the boat itselt rocks and bounds along, and some of the obtrusive waves dash over upon the passengers. The ladies become alarmed; but they hardly have time to inquire if there is not danger, before the dashing of the waves has ceased, the �— JAUNT TO CANADA. 229 VilhiKe of Clifton. boat glides smoothly edge. in lien, ference, o- er subdued and dead swells, and soon reaches the Canada shore. The pasHongers step forth upon the rocks that line the The mighty ntrance shore. ben ters before them, but, lactilcs. to be the only curiosity, and their attention ;ave arc persons and characters. dis- water )f peculiar cataract if is pouring its ocean of wa- they are Americans, has ceased it is called to Sentries, in the red and iiiii showy uniform of England, arc paceiiig the rocky shore; or a portion of the Brifi«h army may be observed performing The notes of the bugle are often hoard in the distance, and sometimes the martial strains of the full regimental band breaks upon their evolutions nt the top of the bank. further I side to id has a re, the traveller's ears. both icureion. lies used between Mill! VILLAGE OF CLIFTON. king the ich is to This village comprises a 3 view of rise of land above the ry. To- river lied, and un- The on the first and second road leading from the lies directly in front er is fine plat ferry. iublimity ddies are Drummondville passes through the centre. of the Falls, and commands a to view of the river, of the great cataract, It full and of the Ameri- can shore. Clifton House, stands just at the head of the hill from oat itself the ferry. ve waves The party proceed along the bank of the river until coming near a house containing a large Camera Obscura, which beautifully reflects the Falls. To many, it is a ae alarmre is not ased, the new and pleasing sight, and is always wo; th a visit. �230 JAUNT TO CANADA. Tuldc llock. Procecdirijcr further, eou who Mr. Barnet's museum attracts their No por- and <hey cnt^r attention, niurtuem will rcyict visits this ami trifling cxpL'n.5e; ted plcan. and ' eve his cu^io^itic8. tc. all that have viiiileJ gratified. It is preserved in neat style. a very if The living. and appear as birds have depar- They with. The animals and met birds are generally those of the country, as it, one of the heat coileoMonH of birds and animals any where to be are the lime or the eeum not and look almost have to own Barnct makes his manner he performs work, he beautiful He unexcelled. is pares for viditorn, animals or biids to order, or will them out of on hand. his stoek many other The j)arty, mals, there are worth seeing. Mr. fly. preparnlions; and, for the his Lather, lost a ready to raise their wings to if pre- sell to Besides birds and ani- curiosities in this museum, after 8])ending half an hour very pleasantly, bend their course towards Tabb Rock. TABLE ROCK. *' Aiul still From with soiiiit! disitiiit Forllt, forili from out the dark uhysa, The ruahiMsj Although much of time, within the jects some like liooming peal tliuiulcr jjivcii, siicum driven." rock has fallen from time to this memory Is of many yet living, forty or fifty feet over the bank. consitr^rable portion of evidencing that it it still it pro- Through a juus a wide and deep fibsure, will nut be many years before the outer �JAUNT TO CANADA. TusBing under ihe lihcct of 231 wuter. portion will be launched below. person who kept Some years since, the the winding Btoirs, at Table Rock, gave notice that on a cermin day, (it was on the occasion of one of the vessels going cynr the Falls,) he should put a number of kegs of powder in the fissure of the rock, and blow it off. It wns expected that it would make mendous cipal -'one, place a tre- But the gentleman who owned the prininterest in the privilege, would not allow it to be as it would have put an end to the charm of the crneh. — the visit under the sheet of water. Traveller.— " If the rock is safe, the gentleman did right in preserving it; but if it hangs jeopardising the life of human beings, it ought to be blown off." Guide— " We are now on it, and you must judge for yourselves." Traveller.— '< It give way while we mny stand for half a century, or are tolking about it. It may has no doubt, too dangerous a look for a man to think of building a residence on, yet, for a Niagara Falls enthusiast, and I have both seen and heard of such, it is just the spot." PASSING UNDER THE SHEET OP WATER. " The The Near gliuering stream, the Bprny with rainbow round, dizzy height, the roar, the gulf profound." to Table Rock, there uicH^vu, «.v proviucu, li 'll! is an establishment at which anu gaiaua uirnisDea lo conduct trdv- ','H! �JAUNT TO CANADA. 232 The descent. under the rock, and thence under the ebeet of water. Several of the party conclude to make the excursion, and ellerB The enter the house. ladies start bnck in astoniehment and dismay, as they see rising up, apparently from a lower apartment, half a dozen villainous looking characarrayed in canvass jackets, and in India rubber and necks, cloth cloaks; some with caps flapped over their ters, oil and others with tarpaulin t-louchcd hats, a good represen- tation of Italian banditti; but, as they seemed to be satur- them, ated with wet, and the water ran in streams from it was no of the great elrctch of fancy to imagine Falls. chatting gaily; them demons come forward, laughing and and the sweet treble of women's voice, The party mixed with the louder yet well modulated tones of the set men, would, at least, have passed them olT as a gay 11 of masqueraders. An explanation soon takes place; they returprove to be a company of ladies and gentlemen just sheet of water. ned from under the comers. Similar dresses were soon provided for the new cow-hide shoes, much The ladies remonstrated about the articles with which too big, and other grotesque looking heartily at Ihey had to array themselves, and laughed each others odd and frightful appearance. They descend the stairs, make their way along the arch overhanging rocky path, and soon enter under the In front is the sheet of water: below, of Table Rock. with foam, and on the at the left, is the river, white shore large bodies of rock that have tumbled from the winding their way arch under which the travellers are thousands of and above, is the mighty mass divided into ; fissures, 1 i i moand rocks hanging equipoised, ready every �JAUNT TO CANADA. 233 Termination Rock. water, if ment to fall and crush those whose temerity leads them through that dangerous pass. But, as no accidents have happened, visitors may look danger in the face, and move and ion, liebment from a cheerily along, cliarae- and )ber They soon rocks become slippery, necke, r not troubling turbing tl'jughts. themselves with any arrive dis- the mist, the in but (he guide directs and lends his assistance, aesuring them that there is uo danger. •epreeen- " be eatur- m them, The and 'b them, voice, 38 of the guards, very few escape being drenched to the skin. retur- tst it is of the deafening sound. comers. ,' fearful glance around, much les, th which eartily at main ilong the arch below, r: d on the from the leir way ; jueands of 3verv mo- Some just look and cast a in, and then hurry away ; others re- an hour, or more, seemingly enjoying the scene. Visitors usually go only to Termination for half terrific Rock, but It ;ing At announced that they have arrived at Termination Rock. There they stand and gaze upon the wonders of the place, until the eye becomes weary with seeing the white and mingling waters, and the ear tired they ice; water, driven by the force of the wind, pours over and in spite of India rubber and water-proof length, gay set , groping through the dark recess, we find 81 ncs of wonder, to ummc the mind." New demons [inig Slill is it is possible to advance 35 feet further. considered one of the adventures which Niagara 60 prolificly affords, to go under Table Rock. And the proprietor furnishes a certificate, at a certain price, to those who perform the exploit. vieited the Falls, a few years dollars, that for sum being double A German prince, ago, offered to pay all who two the amount demanded, a paper certifying that he had gone further under the any other man. The keeper would not take Falls than no KriKo Kll+ naTto \r\{r\% U^ «_J; — __-. i.;ii__^_ �— msmm:r JAUNT TO CANADA. 234 (ioing over the Having sumed enfely returned to the top of the rock, their colloquy observes Fall!4. — with the and re- guide, one o( the party " It would be a dreadful sight to behold a boat, in which there were human beings, coming down the rapids and going over the Falls." Guide. all — "That sight has never been witnessed; in were lost been the boats have have occured, the cases that capsized, and the persons thrown out in the rapids, and the eyes of those to before they reached the Falls ; who and stood on the shore it is generally sup- posed that they perish before they pass over. GOING OVER THE PALLS. •' What thoughts li'i J are theirs, who, in the wat'ry deep, For a short space cling to some hope forlorn, And tug for one more moment of sweet life For precious and desired life?" In 1810, a large boat, loaded with upwards of 200 barrels of salt, was sailing The wind was very up the laden, the swell rolled over masL at first ffoated. her, and from Schlosser. being too deeply on board, The seized the ; sunk. she projected out of the water, to the crew secured themselves three river, high, and the boat another, there being but steering oar, place where the boat The which two of sunk, on which he was at the �JAUNT TO CANADA. (ioiii;,' over upper end of Navy Islnnd. 235 llic Fjills. It wa^ driven along by the (Hi: force of the current, the boat touching the bottom, and, na it passed down, sinking deeper and deeper. the swells rolled over those who were on At length, the mast, and times they would sink from sight, and then, where the river was not so deep, would again rise. Ojie let go his hold, and made for the shore, but soon sunk; the other continued his hold upon the mast, until lost sight at ,|.i: of. Both of them, without doubt, went over the 'l*!liii^ The Falls. '^;:i!^ man who on got the steering oar, succeeded in sealing himself and was drifting down the river. gentleman, A it, about a mile from Chippewa, observing him, ran his horse to that village, drove some men in a boat, and jumping in himself, put out, lifted the exhausted and helpless with difficulty from the oar, and brought him In their humane exertions to save the shore. life fellow being, they got so far in the current, as to very near going over the Falls them The el /es. gentleman who was the means of eaving the talented and well known Doct. John this J. man safe to the of a . .11 come spirited man, was ! ii I It LafTerty, of fSI Upi)or Canada. The occurrence of persona passing over the Falls is so frequent, that but a small part of the cases can be enu- merated. above, It being fo very dangerous for a long distance might be 8up|)osed that people would be more but they seem to be heedless of the risk, and rush it careful; with imprudence upon the impetuous and deceiving waters. In 1820, two men were so neglectful of themselves, as to the fall bow mouth of Chippewa creek, was not fastened. It stream, and was seen to capsize in asleep in a boat, at the of which lay on shore, but was carried out in the �Caiiiil Ihe 1.1 \ JAUNT TO CANADA 236 rapids, when the lio.it iiiciilon;. mon were For the ihrowii out. year has parsed without space of thirty years, hardly a over the Falls. hearintr of one or more persons going CANAL BOAT INCIDENT. " Destruction moves on yon dorfccndins wave, A sccaiiii;^ iiuracleuloiie can suve." Besides the many fatal accidents that have narrow escapes. there have been a great many however, will be mentioned here. up the canal boat, in Js32, was going A Chippewa. When two Only one, river, from miles up, the lowing line broke. below; one of the hands drove a The captain was Bick horse that was on board into m happened, the water, and he swam overboard, and reached the ashore; the man, also, jumped on board no Besides the captain, there was left land. boat, but a boy. other person belonging to the a woman. sengers, there were two men and A Of trip pas- over blowing The wind was the Falls appeared inevitable. the ready presence of mind freshly across the river, and that some of the bed clothes of the woman suggested No time was lost, and should be got, and a sail erected. to court the propitious bre?ze. an old quilt was eoon hoisted They made way over, but much faster down. It was in pleasant day, their situation the forenoon of a fine and put out to their was noticed from both sides, and boats �h JAUNT TO CANADA. Canal ho; t 237 iticiileiit. ror the without The relief. perrons were taken off just before reaching the rapids. A navigation. 3. The dog only wan left to pursue the perilous down near the American The dog remained on deck boat passed shore, north of Iris island. "iiilii until she entered Ihc rnpido; and then, as she struck, and heaved, and bounded over the rocks, he would run below, look out of the cabin door, then jump on deck, and cast his eyes upon the water, doing as much as any in such a situation. Niagara ppened, one, Illy To sailor could the inhabitants of the village of came suddenly and unexpectedly hurrying along the rapids. It was not known to them whether there wore any ])ersons on board or not. It was Falls, the season the boat when M'il the cholera prevailed at Chippewa, Buf- Tonawanda, and through the whole course of the Erie canal. It was common, at many places, when infected persons were foimd to be on board of vessels or falo, from 31-, broke, 3 drove a swam le ched the )oard no Of pas- over rip blowing of mind clothes lost, and 8 bre?ze. t was in situation boats, to cause the craft to be anchored out in the stream. { was the general impression that this was an infected boat, and that it was probable that there were several i\ It miserable wretches below. and the filthy old quilt hanging out, boat, confirm- ed the impression. tors the scene The and dismal appearance of the was With these opinions, to the specta- painfully interesting, ps the boat groaned and drove along, every moment expecting that it would he broken to pieces. It however made a lodgment on the rocks, just above the bridge that leads to the island; and a brave African dashed into the water with a rope, and secured it to the shore. The boat was not bndly damaged, and was afterwards hauled out and transported half a by land, repaired, and agam Inunched ujjon the water. The building standing on Table Rock, is for nn'le the pur- if \i �JAUNT TO CANADA. 238 Concert House. poae of forcing water to the village, or, ns it was called, the City of the Fnlls. The first house on the hill, after passing Mr. Bnrnct's museum, is colled the Concert House. ]t was erected for the double purpose of being used as a bath house and for In the summer of 1838, it was concerts and assemblies. a barracks for eoldiers; and a beautiful display of white canvas tenls along the green bank, which were occupied by the forty-third regiment, added considerably to the scenery about the Falls. These troops had every week a making a handsome sight, exceedingly novel and interesting to American visitors. " Having passed over all the great views, it Guide. which they prefer, is customary to inquire of travellers eham fight, — — the American views of tbe Falls, or the Canadian ?" Traveller.—" perceive that I it is true, there is in Can- ada one grand unvaried view, which surpasses any single view on the American side; but there is not that variety, that enchanting shifting of the scene, that occurs as wc American shore and islands.'* While the party are yet lingering around Table Rock, sometimes gazing on the Falls, making inquiries, and despass along on the canting upon the surrounding scenery, several objects are brought The to their notice. island just above the Falls, with the water, called is Long and lying nearly island. level By damming the water from the side next the main shore, a slight injury done to the prospect. The hugs is half a mile above the Falls, island about in close to the shore, branch of Vne Niagara passes, Bometimca Cynthia island. which and around which a small is called Round island, and �JAUNT TO CANADA. Haiiiuel htrcct, Ksq. called, 3 Barnct'a Dcted for and 1 of white occupied to the / week r n novel ;ly the hill, trees, below the which arc seen at the residence of Samuel Street, and beyond the the side of the river, is in milla Epq. on American gentleman, long resident for wns S, it — Co!, (lark. The dwelling house emhowcred brow of 239 The house just on discernible the in hill Canada. beyond Mr. was the residence of Col. Thomas Clark, now dcceaped, and long the partner of Mr. Street. He was a Scotchman, and represented in himself an excellent Street's, specimen nf Scotch nationality. strong and hardy as his own In his youth, he was as mountains. native At an early period, he performed the extraordinary feat of walk- ing from the Falls of the Genesee river to Black Rock, news, it y prefer, in Cnn- ly single variety, :b 88 wo on the Niagara, Rock, He one day. He was a man of great capacity When exact and regular. in company with started a little before " business, and in travelling, a few years the author, although he millions, the Colonel pocket le in and arrived at Black Rock before nine at night, having travelled the whole distance on an Indian path. sunrise, memorandum was observed very since, was then worth make an to entry in a book; and he remarked at the time, and des- have never spent a sixpence without making a regular entry and account of it, and I do so still." He left a great jects ore estate to three already wealthy I and Canada, (where irly level Tiing the injury is which a email nnd, and sisters in Scotland, had been made,) was for- gotten in his will. At the upper end of Bridgewater. mills, 3, maiden his wealth There and quite a Round island, is the place called was once on this spot extensive The works had been and much labor bestowed upon little village. erected at great expense, bank to prevent slides; but during the last war, the hand of destruction was stretched over the rising prospects 20* the �240 JATTNT TO CANADA. liurniMK Sprint;. of lhci)lno.*, nnd the mills and mont of iUo houses of the were village nnd almost but the burning river is Since hiirnt. Ihrii, There forjTotlen. Of Rprinfr. has heen almndoiied, il now in nolhing Inte yeaiP, the infere.slinj;, water of the When eo hi^h an to cover the ppring. it is state to collect the gas, travellers very griicrnlly go to Two miles fr(un the Falls, is Chippewa, a in a it. village of considerable con8;;qnrnce, and more noted from its con- tiguity to the great battle which took place in 1814. waa fought juf-t above the town, and the ground undietit.guifihnble in In fiures. the any way except by winter of 1837 — 8, Bcene of action of JMcNabb's forces. batteries, whence shells fields is It now and enelo- Chippewa was the There they erected nnd rockets were thrown on Navy island. The party now pass from conclude to remain for the Clifton House; and Tj.ble some time al in Rock, and if they Canada, they go their leisure visit to Drummond- — go to the \\ on the British which — Brock's monument nnd Queenston, eight miles — Niagara and Fort George, fourteen miles. If ville jirlpool four miles n - side, is to they conclude to return to the American shore, they take " new route back, by rising the hill nenr where stood the Tavilion, round and thenco to the ferrv. pass on to Drummondville, and �JAUNT TO CANADA. t'iiy 241 of the Fulls. THE CITY OF THE FALLS. The propnrljr of William four biuulrcfl ncrcs of land, Forpyth, and lying comprising nboiit in the immediate vicinity of the Falla, was purchased eome years since by Thomas Clark, Samuel Street, and a numb-r of other gentlemen. streets, An The grounds v/cre laid out into squares suitably fur the accommodation of a large city. was talked of, in which foreigners be allowed some special privileges, and meaoures act of incorporation were to im and were taken for '\m the encouragement of those disposed to purchase and build. Some sales were made. For a while the prospect was favorable, and several advantages were offered to induce people to make investments; and more would have done so, but the proprietors becoming lax in improvements stopped, and the place has been stationary for some years. As it is n commanding their measures, situation, on a dry and pleasant the finest prospects in the world, soil, it and enjoys eome of only requires the en- couragement which the proprietors can well afford, to have it go ahead at any time they may think proper to determine. It has around it a flourishing country, thickly populated by wealthy freeholders, whoso farms ore in a high state of cultivation. m �— 242 JAUNT TO CANADA. Druiuinonilvillr:. .'... .^-^, .id' DRCMMOXDVILLE. '* Wlint boots The rrpenfed talc of llic ofi feast of vultures, strife, and the waste of life " This flourishing village sfnnds on ihc ground on which the mis-named battle of Bridgevvatcr took place. more properly known as the battle of It is Lundy's Lane. After the battle, the American dead were thrown into n N'lf' k heap and burnt woundc'd — and who were were stayed in the Indians carried some of the same fate, but inhuman conduct by the exertions yet alive to share the their of the British soldiers. Of one, it is related, that seeing an Indian dragg'ng a wounded American who was begging threw his for his life, to the flames, he dcdpatched the Indian, body into the heap, and saved the American. This was the greatest battle which took place on the frontier. The report of the cannon was heard for the dis- tance of a hundred miles, and, to persons within four or five miles, the incessant dischar o of fire-anns sounded like the continuous roll of a was not heard amid The roar of human combat. drum. this din of the Falls �JAUNT TO CANADA. 248 (joneral Urock'd IMonuinnit. iiitii BROCK S MONUMFNT. * Away, away, earth's pageai. ry, Her ifiehtest genia are dim Anfl glittering wealth, and power and ; How Brock fihort Monument distance south of whitish base ^ worthless is t* now stands on tiifi twenty built of a soft It is nonntaiu nearby. tht foet square, the shaft round, hundred and twenty-six feet was b lilt The and rises one from the ground. nbout eight thousand dollars, and of tb? Provincial "'ovexnnicnt. 1 me, Q'eenston heights, a vil'age. me, taken out of f to liim." at the It cost expense It occuuies a bfiaii^ifnl and ifii �244 JAUNT TO CANADA. Extensive pro9|)crt. and overlooks Fort Grey, on the Amerbattery erected mainly to cover the commniidiiif,' bUj, ican side, upon nttack farniB low largo a Quecnslon, and the beyond the opposite Lewiston, with lies its streets and roads beiijlits for the east the celebrated brow of the the The fine. which passes Ridge Road. Thence along heights, the prospect extends north as far as the eye can reach, and On ern bounds. Be- and orchards spread out before the sjjcctator as a gardrm, and from to cultivated several miles. acro:-;s Canada the Lake Ontario side, beautiful little village to its north- the view equally is of St. Davids, distant a few miles at the west, i)ceps out from under the but diverging hills ; and far beyond, a large tract of level country, interspersed with improved farms, but generally appearing like a dense Below, and directly i forest, to the shore of the lake. in front, is the antique looking village of Queenston, and the Niagara river, bending its serpen- tine course to the lake, and fornn'ng the great nations. can side, where is rise boundary of two At the mouth of the river, on the Ameri- the fortifications of old Fort Niagara, and beheld waving in the breeze banner of liberty. On the ptar spangled the British side, Niagara and Fort George, where is floats the the town of proud stan- dard of England. General Brock did not ment is erected, but fall down on the spot where the monuthe hill, in a northwesterly direction, about eighty rods distant, near a cherry tree, in the rear of Queenston. men, cheering them on He was at the head of his He was first interred to action. in the northeastern bastion of Fort George, four and a twenty- pound American cannon contured with Hull-, olaced J �JAUNT TO CANADA. Dralnielion of Hrock'n at his bend. Alter the 245 IM(.niiinoiit. monumc.t wna /itb those of his aid, Col. built, his remoinB, McUorinld, were deposited hero with miieh pomp, on one of the anniversnrica of the battlo of Qucciiston. To Americans, tion — sorrow thia One fated battle. conflict, related fellow citizens wh) by an eye witness, monument is hill, and as many after they lire in upon them. ceased firing, the tihort To- Americana as could, For a short period, they pursuers from the doora and windows; but ments A fcufRcient. stands a log house. into the house. ill- and bloody close of the bnttlo, a portion of the were driven down the that fell in part of that badly dirfcfcd distance below the wards the moinmicnt must cause but one emo- for their lircd crowded on their for some moenemy continued to This yight, with the piteous cries of who sought to escape the car- our drowning countrymen, nage of that day, by endeavoring to swim the Niagara, makes Brock's monument, to those Americans who were eye witnesses of the battle of Quoenston, no object of veneration. On the 17th of April. 1840, an attempt was made destroy this memorial of the gallant Brock, by blowing The up with gunpowder. ument were wall, act and waa Lett. was rent from the bottom it to the top. attributed to the noted radical paf He to it mon- torn to pieces, stones were Ihrown out of tho it neither observed to those lay circular stairs within the to ,ot, This Benjamin admitted nor denied the charge; but who spoke to him about it, ** They may me." In the August following, a great meeting of the Canadian authorities, of the military and Canadian subjects, 4,*,w>"~ �246 JAUNT TO CANADA. Town of Niagara. '-^1 was held rebuild on at the An it. it, flag monument, means to devise to repair, individual ascended to the top, though the monument and or fixea a in a shattered con- Vi'as dition. Contrary to the opinion of many who had monument since the attempt supposed, that though shattered, many fell, years, in the and it is now month left was made it to seen Brock's blow up; it who might yet stand tor of February, 1841, a part of it a perfect ruin. TOWN OF NIAGARA. This is one of the oldest settlement in Canada, pleasantly situated on the left bank of the bounded on the north by Lake Ontario. river, vantages that insure prosperity; but as was expected. prising other men places; Many it is had the It once prospect of being an important place, and had It is and all the ad- has not advanced of its most wealthy and enter- ha^^e carried their business others appear to have and resources to umbered over the advantages which they enjoyed at home, and suffered their neighbors to advance ahead of them. place of considerable wealth, and from its ol fine location, eminence and respectability. more it enterprise Still it is a is evinced, must eventually arrive to �or MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES. MEDICINAL VIRTUES OF THE AIR AT NIAGARA P\VLLS. may This appear startling, though more than what is admitted by all it is indeed nothing who have spoken or thought on the subject. While some waters possces properties, the medical virtues of which are admitted, others are deleterious. So with airs; while some are destructive to animal others are ambrosial, grateful, and invigoris not only a salutary and exhilarating quality in the atmosphere of Niagara Falls, '-ut also superior life, That there ating. medical virtues, is have prevailed here. the country, no misty cloud. believed by many. When No epidemics the cholera raged through all case Here occurred within the domain of the there arc no poisonous vapors arising from stagnant pools; no miasma from marshes or swamps; but the moisture with which the air is saturated, is driven up from the fall of broken n-aters not raised by the in- — fluences of heat or cold, but purified and buoyant, away from the clear stream, and we breathe it, as it is with ten thousand great alembic.^ •ss^e, SRu: 21 We particles, fresh floats from nature's not only see and hear, but breathe tho Falls. it charged feci, and �MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES. 24B (ieology of Niagara river. GEOLOGY OF NIAGARA RIVER. Here search. depth, is a great fuld for geological and mineral The rocks in many olaccs arc laid and many of the most interesting re- bare to a great spots for such examinations have never yet been visited, owing to the Slight m)tice8 of the formof getting to them. ditliculty ation and character of the rocks in this have been laid before the public, by the geologists, but it iri not known t^iat neighborhood, New- York State they have devoted a careful examination. There are known Mea'iows, and sulphuto be saline waters at the Five Mile Argillaceous rous and gas springs upon the mountain. much time to on the bank of the river; many specimens instance a largo lump of lead ore are obtained, and in one Common ami water several pounds was picked up. iron ore is found of abundant, and lime, and building stone are gypsum is also the supposed to be plentiful. In a late examination abng of the bank, where it is exposed for river, at a bare part of the two hundred feet, there was observed to be in one width, a dark lower strata of the rocks, of several feet in It may be neither; Btrcak, much resembling lead or coal. of the but the careful examination along the borders will undoubtedly lead to some interesting results. river, �MISCELLANEOT'S NOTICES. Mmeral 249 spociiiims. MINERAL SrECIMENS. eral re- a great Large quantities of beautiful fipecimens have often been found, or broken out of the rocks, around the Falls. Many of them arc olfored for tale to visitors. Some of them are very valuable. e forra- Niagara Ftdla has also become a mart for canes and Indian curiosities; moccasins, worked with beads and porcupine quills; Indian work pockets, needle cases, war clubs, )orhood, bark canoeSj maple sugar in fancy boxes ornamented with or such to the f k Slate quills, &,c. devoted known eulphii- illaceous JOHN DOWNING, AND THE WHIRLPOOL. lecimens go lump ** He lives from out the wliirlpool's depths, From out a wat'ry grave !" ! d wnler ni is also bug the This is not the celebrated Jack Downing, but may be 10 of the a remote relative of the family; however, he performed a voyage which the navigator of the Two Follies would 1, a dark hardly )08ed for neither; he river, attempt. was cutting cedar In 1811, Mr. Downing, with others, posts at the Whirlpool, on the British Fort George. Th.oy were made into small raft«, and set adrift where the current passes out Bide, for palisades at from the Whirlpool, and were afterwards picked up in the m^r between Queenston and the Fort. While he waa nxing soitisihing on one of the rafts, the end lying on the m �IMISCELLAVEOUS NOTICES. 250 Dcall'i Bbore, it flipped into could help him, he the ofDoci. wntcr, niul before his compniiiona llir wnH Iliiiiycrroril. Slowly cnrricd out of (heir rench. receded from Ihe nhore, rnfl ])nfising up the sfrenm. It remniiied in Ihe Whirlpool nnd eddies, for nenrly hiilf ndfiy, but wiiR not drnwii into \hc Ihe thrown \vn:s rnfl him renehiMl out to nnd e8cnp(>d from times. n long wna linu; re hi' lenglh, on which pol;', JNIr. D. seized cnrricd round with his rnft Bcvcnty ho wn.^ on the outer circle of n whirl- pool whicli des!cend!:d to Tlu At priricipnl vorlex. near the shore, Ihnt his compniiiona his perilous, situntion. 113 pnid that he A\ one t-o th:' thought he eliould !)(> c'Mitre nt IvnM thirty feet. engulphed, nnd he consid- ered d:'nth as eertnin, in an instant; but very fortunately, his raiY nnd singularly, carried it in n within n few was Firurk wilU a current which contrary direction, and iuinlly brought it to feet of the bhorc. DEATH OF DOCT. IIUXGERFORD. "OIkIchiIi! plern tyrnnt of our III flectins; hours, tlionsMiiil slitipes ilioii trifk'st lliiiie aiuic V<)u;li, uiaiiliooil. asiP, are all alike to tlire Creation IjcikIs Ijciiealli Mnny narrow powers ; ; thy s:crn decree." eacnpcs, nnd runny end and serious dents hnve occurred nround the Falls; but at length become the pninful duty of the nnnnlist to record dent of n ery i li new nnd of these visitors fatal charncter. Since the profoundly interesting yet first fearful acciit has nil inci- discov- scenes, have with impunity rambled above and bcnouth �MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES. 251 Dcailj of Doct. llungcrford. the overhanging rocks; and though the danger was evident to the eye, no accident had happened, no event had taken place to warn Ihem of the hazard to wliich they were exposed. About ten o'clock in the forenoon of the twenty-seventh Doctor IJungerford, of Troy, N. Y. with Mr. Nile, of Columbus, O. and Mr. Lindecy, their guide, were viewing the river and Falls, near Ingrahani's cave, of May, 18:^!), below the point of Iris island. Doct. Ilungerford was standing between the guide and Mr. Nile. After looking awhile upon the eccne, the guide concluded that all had been seen at that point interesting to the travellers, and remarked that they would now go to another place. At that instant, he stones; all saw the air fdled with earth and falling endeavored to spring aside. Doct. Ilungerford Mr. Lindsey immediately raised him, and, with the assistance of Mr. Nile, bore him to a more secure place. They were not at liret aM'are of the fatal injury he had fell. The received. rocks had struck him on the back of the head, and on hie neck and shoulders. He breathed but a few times, and expired without a groan or the least convulsive motion. Mr. Lindsey, too, received several severe contusions, and had not notice his own his coat and pantaloons bruises until some time torn, but did after. About half an hour before, the party had been standing on the edge of the bank immediately above the spot where Doct. Hungerford engaged met his death. While in taking notes of the scene in his book; and, the last words he wrote were ** I fear not, I The 21* there, he — dread not. though cataracts oppose, rocks that support nie I'll feud us my was memorandum foes." �MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES. 252 An nrlvcntiiro iiiiioni; Uio UapiilH. It is not vvi>iul('rfiil tbnt this find happened hut centuries ; may roll nccidont bIiouUI have awny, nnd thousands in and tens of tlioupands of inchvidunls pass and repass melaneholy safely, as they htive done, hcfore sueh unolher disabter is n-rain witiu's-ied. AN AUVENTLIIE " A3I0N(J Tic colIoctoJ No more niii;./.iMiioiit ; tell THE JIAPIDS. -, yoiir pitcouH hc.-irt There's no liarmdone." hapthe twenty-fifth of July, 1830, an occurrence drauialic elli'ct, and of much at the Fnll8, of Sfcat On pened those anxiety and inlereet to the actors, as well as to who were lookers on. The trrcat rapids which pass down the American between the main shore and among the islandi?, side, that lead with astondirectly to the Falls, have ever been beheld bridge which spans this ishment and awe. Upon the impetuous stream, two men were at work, Myron Chapin in the and Wdlinm Murray. A plank accidentally fell water on the upper side of the bridge; Chapin was struck rune by one end, and thrown in. To say the water here like a conveys but a slight idea of its raging Murray misbed his companion, but while he mill-race, violence. was for a moment wondering in his mind at his sudden bridge, disappearance, he cast his eyes over the side of the water, which wns bearing Btruggling in the and Buw him �MISCKLLANEOUS NOTICES. 253 Cliit|iin in tiic riipidn. him rapidly was the air poseeesed The day was alonf? to Iho ontarncf. gently undulated by the refreBhing and bracing powers for all tlu)8<; the Niagara alniowphere has bcconu' so A number of great visitors A Budden (l(,'\v, " num a ful in oil' the bridge, It going over the FuHh!" and was ridge.s, them a to (Quicker than the cry of fearfid night. atul the wordri FailH, and island, man contending with the driving tovrcnl, pitching over descending and rolling hendlong towards the which much esteemed. were aroinul the were passing on the briduc several boaiiliful, water?, and dafihiiifr fell like a i-liock ' lire!' io the ra[)id8, on the ear, hurried to witnees a fellow being in Kuch a dread- all extremity; to see his agony; his struiigle for looks of despair on that terrific the deep and foaming abyrs.s. his life; verge; and the j)Iange into The eyes of all, a.^ they assembled, became rivctted upon him, as he vainly eon- tended against the powerful billows whicli were bearing him along to destrnction, apparently so inevitable. It was a spectacle of thrilling interest and anxiety to the beholders. The raging waters dnslied resistlcssiy along, and the Falls roared their hoarae and hollow moan, aa he forced over the dceeending neared him to his his downward might reach A fiite. steps, It rny of hope was moment left of arose that he was evident for that isolated spot. A that he was struggling moment more and he will reach the island, or pass on to that moment every small island lay at the course, and a it. and terrific plunge — it was a of suspense, in which the fate of a fellow being would be determined for life or death. He gained it — he rose from the water, and stood forth aa one escaped from destruction, This isle is about twenty feet wide �254 MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES. C'liapin and about thirty reacheH an and feet long, the sheet of fnlhiig water: a between is eight or ten rods above fiiimll bul (h-ep channel runs and the next island; the it before pressed upon many among isliiiid. its turf, or trod foot of upon man had never rocks. Tho' its iiad dared to venture in the nuist dangerous places the rapidi, yet this island had remained unvisitcd, and was considered There, on that lonely inaccessible. cut off from his fellow men; what could be done for (spol, his relief? An hour or more intervened; a Canada; but who was Joel tion. this work llobinson, 11. as a moat skilful written of him six lately met with an his hand, had wound was to been boat was got from sjjoken of in another })art of waterman, and which had been months before this occurrence, had His thund), and a part of accident. by a circular saw, and the tnk(>n off yet in an unsound t-tate. words which had been spoken of him going over the Whirlpool in a He was and he related to him; disaster hastily snuill attempt that dangerous luiviga- life found, the true tho jiroved in relation boat: "He to his will not hesitate to attempt it." He enters the boat at the lower end of Bath island; examines with a careful eye the oars and the condition of the row-locks, and seating himself in the usual position, with his back to the prov.' of the boat, he shoves off into He the white and foaming waters. bends his way against the strong current around tho ieland to the corner, leading to the Falls: it northwest descends stern foremost; the eyes of Robinson are upon the raging stream, on the Falls, the island, From and on him to whose relief he is going. the time Chapin was precipitated in the water to �MISCELLANEOUS 255 NOTrCF.S. Holiiiisnn jrops to his rcsciio. bis roncbiiifr iho islaiid, a f.vv It was not 80 wifli Uobinpon: in minutcB only llial fitronj; IratiHpirocl. and bounding flood he (loscondcd slowly. JIo niad(! true the language oflbepocl: bo " wantoned with tljo hillowe." At times be eat composedly in liie boal, but sligblly skimming iho water; olhor linuB nl h(> wouhl throw out When to wrestle with the driving Biirgep. ed a pcrp(.ndc\iiar pitch, he would and bis oars, fhained Thus to bin ' );it the spot, or would a,^ for a statul hi« powers, all be bad descend- moment repose on spell-hound, as if waiting his further bidding. if leisurely ho descends, the spectators beholding bis progress in breathlops solieitude. The wile of Chapin too, bad arrived, and her heart beat with interiPO anguish, as she witnessed the attempt which was making to relieve ber husband. At isle; length, after about llfteen to reach the current prostrates bim; '' ho bo nears the gone!" js *' the force of tho boat slips from bis hold and passes on; the aspiration bolders, minutes, ho springs into the water; it dies ho is upon the ^,)^t!" lips of the be- In an instant be rises, j)lunge8 at the boat, seizes it, bounds into the seat, looks collectively arouiuJ, deliberately takes the oars, dips them in tho water, and in a moment more, boat and boat- man have from fight in tho rear of the island. pni-Tr^ed Whether be had him down, was landed, or whether the current had swept uncertain. Not long was the suspense. minutes he was observed upon tho \u\> of the highest tree, and severing tho topmost branch, be waved In it r ^v\v in the air; while the excited multitude answered in Before Robinson had mounted loud and repeated cheers. tho tree, Chapin had met and embraced bis debverer •t| �MISCELLANEOUS NOTICES. 250 'J'lirir siif«* rclurn. After socuring minr hnitichcs of morinls of the it-Iaiul, llic they eiiibrnk in docs not tnke the wuno eonrso l)fick <n>0H uiul other [. mc- llol)inson o l>'>nt. that he rnnic; but ono obliquely neroHS the river, jn sing through the riuule divide the nbove the that ib^lnntU Falls. It wan whole distance. ward to a Iris island, most perilous and dillleult nav- them from view nearly tho The niuUitudc receive them with exul- igation: but the inlands ting cheert! on north of lie t and just hid Iris ihlaiul; embrace her to the assembly the wife of Chapin rushes for- tli;^ re.-(;ue(l Robinson diKtributes hui hand; branches of evergreens which he had lorn from tho island; a spontaneous collection is made for him, and he and Cbai)in being placed in the boat, they are triumphantly carried on the shoulders of the i)Cople across the bridge to the in mam shore; danger and imminent hazard of hilarity The and it^land is concluded in on which Chapin landed has, by gen- eral consent, received the name next island lying southwest of known by having visited lewski, life, joy. small long been and what was begun who it the of Chapin's island. it, name in JH.*??, in and which larger, has of Robinson's island, he company with Capt. Kowa- planted the Tolisih Hag on point above the Falls. is Tho its extreme western �MISr K !.t A N EOU8 NOTK; KH CliroiK 'ogifiil 257 I'iil)!' CHKONOLO(JICAL TAULE. First nufliftitic notir'' of tlip I'mIIs. 107H. Tlify won' visilcl In TiUlicr llnmrpiii. 1079. Stockade Fort built hy iJc lii Halle, on Ihr, present site of Fort Niajrar't. 1711. Fiarliest dale foiiMd on tlie rocks at Ihe Falls. pari of ilie Tusearora trilie of Indians etnigrated from 1712. rarolina. 171-2. Inirli'-sl date found on the iri-es on Iris Island. 17 J!). Hatlle of the Devil's Hole. Fort NiaLMra taken from tho French. French N'esseis hurnt at IJuriil Ship Creek. 1770. f:o:iis pl.ice.l oil iris Island, hy Mr. Siednian, an lOiifjlishnuui. shoi'k of an eanlKinake at N'iaiiara I'^ills. 17!r>. I'ort Mairara ''Miveied up to the Ainencans. The IJritisli inhalii!ants n.tvc to ("iinada. At this time there was hut A A one white fauiilv e\<'liisive of those at Fort Niagara and Sildosser, in the territory that now forms the county of , IS'itiyara- 1801. Vlllatre of I,ewi>!oM surveye out. 18Uj. 'J'Jie mile reserve, a strip of one mile ulonii Hie Niiiirara river, from l-'iiri i\'ia<,'ara to Hiitfilo, sold hy the Slate of Xew^'ork, at ii puhlic sale, at Alliany. Ai'mustus I'orier, FiSi]. peules lie ir the I'alN, and lays out ^laneliester, aficrwarda iNia!j:ara Falls \illatre. 1^10. IMr. Valeniiiie and aiiother person mi over the Falls, .loliii Dowtiiii;,' dnt'is out in Ihe Wliirlpool, and gcta out safoi IHIl. ISl'i. Oclolier J"}. IJallle of t^eeiiston. I IHi:}. May IJalllc -27. of P'ort (ieorire. HattleofSionyCreek. .Iune24. IJattle of IJe.iVer Dams. .Inne.i. 1!). Tiie British lake l-'ort Niasrara hy surprise, burn all the frontier villag'-s, and lay waste and depopulate tiie JJec. country. 1814. July .Inly (I. IJaltle '2,3. of Chippewa. of hiindy's Lane. IJattle 1817. First liridtre hiiili lo Iris Island, and was the next winter cnrried off ity the ice 1818. Second hridire to tiie Island, huilt lower down than the first. |)orti()ii of 'ra!)le Uock falls, with much noise. Uen. P. Whiiney luiilils the first stairs down the bank, establishes the first ferry. IS'20. men, in a scow, sro over the Fallsi. 182-2. men, from (jlran<l island, go over the Falls. 1825. William Chambers and another man, in a canoe, go over tho Falls. Cave discovered by Mr. Catlin, which bears his A Two Two name. i �f MISCELLANEOUS 258 lJhr()noloj,'i('.iI 1827. A vcssrl, ovrr (viIIp I Tahlr. iMuliiguii, will) ilic iiniiiiiilH hoard, uii is sent Fulls. llic Uock 1828. Aiioitipr poriioii of Tulilo isrvpr.il lAt'/c pioi'ps of Fall. 1829. lliddl*' Siairciisc Imilt. llif fulh; and roik in I lie coiiiposiiitj llic Srliooiicr Superior same year, Horse .Shoe over scri( tlio luicc tVoin a plalforia erected helow the hank. Aiioilier jiari of Tahle Kock falls. June 10. I'raiiciH Ahlioli drowiieil while halliii)<r. canal ho it dril's a<•ro.s:^ the river. ('Iiolera prevails through the comi ry no c'lsrs ai Xiajrara i"'alls v.llaye. July I.'). .Mr. IJeny il.ll White and .Mr. Cieorgc Sims first eater Inirrahani's L'ave. IMay Jl». A man \v;Mit over the Falh. (jireal speculaiion in r>'al estate. Two men in a skirt', 20 over the Falls. Carstirsi comnienre running on the IJii'falo and Alexander L'oes over the hank. Niagara Falls raiiroad. Cars commence running; on the liockpon and Niatrara Fall.<» and liewision railroads. Dec. "i'J. rtieandjoat Caroline cut out from Schtosser, and l.urnt. Dec. 11. C^ajitain Islier, al .Sireel's Point, assassinated. Fch. ID. Pavilion Hotel hnrnt. .May 'i? Doctor llnngerford, of Troy, killed ne ir in;iraliam'.s (^ave, hy some falling rocks, wli Isl viewing the Falls. .Inly 2.). Itohinson resr»ept. Episi;oi)al Church cued Chapii from the islaml. burnt ne;ir Chi]ip"\va, hy incendiaries. April 17. Urock's iMouunAMU hlowu up hy incendiaries. I'^ills. 18;]2. NpTICEri. !S;iiii, jiiiiips I'alcli A ; 1834. 18.3.'). 1830. i 1637. 18.18. Ic31). 1840. DISTANCES. From the Cataract Hotel and Engle Tavern to the top Thence oi" the bank at the ferry, to the water, The river, at the ferry, From the water's edge is in width, f * V to the Clifton 100 rods. .... to the top of the 25 '* 56 ** bank, in 96 Canada, Thence .... ........ House, " 10 " 1 �(/. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Creator - Organization Company, government agency, or other organization responsible for creating the item (the publisher should not be listed again here unless the same organization had a role other than that of publisher in sponsoring or creating the map). Faxon & Read Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1841 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1841 Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. This map depicts the downtown area of Saratoga Springs as it was in 1841 as the area was becoming a tourist destination. Streets with original street names are included, and one can see that the city plan has changed since 1841. On the bottom of the map there is a list of references that correspond with points on the map that act as a guide to travelers that includes springs, hotels, and other points of interest. The map lithography is by Hall & Mooney. The train pulls into the station. Passengers eagerly await the opportunity to take the restorative waters they have heard so much about. Which hotel should they select? How should they go about drinking the waters? With Samuel De Veaux’s The Traveller's own book to Saratoga Springs, Niagara Falls, and Canada in hand, a traveler to the Saratoga Springs of 1841 would have these answers, and would be prepared to partake in what the village had to offer. Also describing Niagara Falls and Canada, half of the book is devoted to the springs and hotels in Saratoga Springs. The map shows the village’s downtown area.[1] While it looks like a simple black and white map at first glance, it gives us valuable information on how Saratoga Springs was developing in this period. The development of Broadway as the main street was no accident; it connects Walton and High Rock Spring [Letters Z and Y] at the top of the map with Washington Spring [Letter K] at the bottom, and passes many other mineral springs in between. Hotels, bath houses, and the railroad depot were built along Broadway to be in close proximity to the mineral springs. Using the Reference list at the bottom of the map as a guide [Detail 1], the user could explore Saratoga Springs, from point A [The United States Hotel] to point Z [Walton or Iodine Spring]. Published in Buffalo by Faxon and Reed in 1841, De Veaux's book helped growing numbers of tourists, both in Saratoga Springs and across the nation, discover and explore.[2] The map highlights how the railroad, which opened in 1831, made visiting Saratoga Springs much easier.[3] Visitors arriving by train were deposited just a block from Broadway, the center of town, near the mineral springs and grand hotels. [Detail 2] Upon arriving by train, visitors would only have a short journey to any of the five hotels on the map. After settling into their accommodations, guests would likely be eager to sample water from one of the famous springs. According to De Veaux, the visitor’s first stop upon arriving in town should be Congress Spring.[4] With this trusty map in hand, a visitor could navigate from their lodging, perhaps the United States Hotel [Letter A] on the corner of Broadway and State Street, south along Broadway to Congress Street, to find the famed Congress Spring [Letter I], whose water was shipped across the country and around the world, or head north to High Rock Spring [Letter Y] [5] Visitors would often stay in Saratoga Springs for several months at a time, so they would likely need a place to worship on Sundays. De Veaux’s map could help with that—it shows the location of five different churches [Letters D, E, L, Q, and R]. After church, visitors might visit one of the numerous springs and bathhouses the map could direct them to. With De Veaux’s book in hand, a visitor to Saratoga Springs would be well equipped to enjoy the waters and other attractions in the village. [1] Samuel De Vaux, The Traveller’s own book to Saratoga Springs, Niagara Falls, and Canada: Containing routes, distances, conveyances, expenses, use of mineral waters, baths, description of scenery, etc., a complete guide…with maps and engravings (Buffalo: Faxon & Reed, 1841), 51, https://archive.org/details/cihm_58908. [2] Ibid, iii-iv. [3] “History of Saratoga,” Saratoga Springs Heritage Area Visitor Center, accessed October 18, 2014, http://www.saratogaspringsvisitorcenter.com/about-saratoga-springs/history-of-saratoga. [4] De Veaux, 54. [5] Ibid., 55. Hannah Smith Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. Neighborhood/District Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. City Plan Tourist maps Outline maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Travel and Tourism Transportation Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Adelphi Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) American Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Church-- Baptist Church-- Episcopal Church-- Methodist Church-- Presbyterian Church-- Universalist Circular Railroad (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Compass Rose Columbian Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Congress Hall (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Convent Garden House (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Hamilton Spring & Bath House (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Monroe Spa & American Bath House (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Montgomery Hall (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Pavilion Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Putnam's Congress Spa & Bath House (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Union Hall (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Broadway Transportation--railroad United States Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Washington Baths (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Columbian Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Congress Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Flat Rock Springs (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) High Rock Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Pavilion Springs (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) Walton (Iodine) Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Washington Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Publisher Publisher of the item, or of the book or atlas in which it appears. Faxon & Read Place of Publication The city (and if necessary) state or country of publication. Buffalo Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Deirdre Schiff Allie Smith Allie Smith URL <a title="Traveller's Own Book (1841)" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6c254p9d?urlappend=%3Bseq=8">https://archive.org/details/cihm_58908<br /><br />A color scan is available from Hathitrust Digital Library.<br /></a> Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. De Veaux, Samuel Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 6/11/2014 11/24/2014 3/24/2015 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Saratoga Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant POLYGON((-8213920.6697245 5325009.5655766,-8214403.1784655 5323456.9384398,-8213447.715612 5323380.5014115,-8213137.1901847 5324847.1368915,-8213920.6697245 5325000.0109481,-8213930.224353 5325000.0109481,-8213915.8924102 5325019.1202051,-8213923.0583816 5324994.2259191,-8213915.8924102 5325003.7805476,-8213923.0583816 5325001.3918905,-8213923.0583816 5324994.2259191,-8213920.6697245 5325009.5655766))|14|-8213858.5646390|5324295.7303213|osm Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Faxon & Read Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1841 ca. 1841 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Samuel de Vaux, <em>The traveller's own book to Saratoga Springs, Niagara Falls and Canada : containing routes, distances, conveyances, expenses, use of mineral waters, baths, description of scenery, etc., a complete guide ... with maps and engravings</em> (Buffalo: Faxon &amp; Read, 1841). Language A language of the resource Eng 19th century railroads springs tourism travel https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/9c16f7ad7666122fe30d242a9e0f8285.tif 9985195bf245037a70ef663a42437b43 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/bb8c55ff66efceeb7bd622d0fded8432.jpg 19d26fe80e5a253d788d032f8ceaf15d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. URL <a title="Saratoga, 1846, watercolor" href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004676837/">Library of Congress, Prints &amp; Photographs Division, http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2004676837/</a> Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Congress Park (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Health resorts--New York (State)--Saratoga Springs--1840-1850. Hotels--New York (State)--Saratoga Springs--1840-1850. Pavilions--New York (State)--Saratoga Springs--1840-1850. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--1840-1850. Landscape drawings--1840-1850 Watercolors--1840-1850. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Allie Smith Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. July 20, 1846 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 7/20/1846 Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Watercolor Painting Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. A watercolor of Congress Hall in Congress Park from the mid-nineteenth century. Summary: Drawing shows a view across an expanse of lawn, with trees in the foreground, of a pavilion, the original Congress Hall Hotel, and other buildings. Reproduction Number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-06562 (digital file from original drawing) Rights Advisory: No known restrictions on publication. Call Number: DRWG 1 - Seymour, no. 6 (A size) [P&P] Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Travel and Tourism Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Library of Congress Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 6/4/2014 3/23/2015 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga, Monday, July 20th, 1846 - Congress Hall Hotel Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1846 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/644530cfc267c55700a585bb9cbc4314.jpg 8ce8c31e53bbb21257d8b7ecdc71d549 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. Nineteenth-century Americans moved increasingly into cities. At the same time, lithography revolutionized printing and mapmakers realized that they could profit by turning city plans into decorative wall hangings. By 1848, Saratoga Springs had attracted an outside, city-boosting mapmaker. Surveyor, lithographer and printer John Bevan’s 1848 map features a familiar-looking city center. If read closely, this detailed map reveals the who, what, where, and why of the city’s growth. A list of map subscribers displaying personal and civic pride (on the right) includes prominent town residents like the Putnam family and Chancellor Reuben Hyde Walworth. Building outlines and footprints show the increase in businesses and attractions, such as the United States Hotel, Congress Hall, mineral springs, and the Saratoga & Schenectady Railroad. The eye follows the town’s growth up Broadway, tracking the line of mineral springs anchored at High Rock to the north and Congress Spring to the south, mapping both spatial development and the reason for it. Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. ca 1848 Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. Bevan, John Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. (Zach)R. Mooring Jordana Dym Emily Sloan Allie Smith Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. City Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Church-- Baptist Church-- Catholic Church-- Episcopal Church-- Methodist Church-- Presbyterian Circular Railroad (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Saratoga and Washington Railroad Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. City Plan Property maps Road maps Place of Publication The city (and if necessary) state or country of publication. Jersey City, NJ and New York City, NY Caption This field will include transcriptions of text that appears on or around the item, at the discretion of the cataloger. It should include relevant bibliographic information that is not given in the title, for example, "Top of map: 'EXAMPLE NEEDED' Publisher and printer information might also be included in this field: "EXAMPLE NEEDED.'" Note that the location of the printed text is given in the field itself and that the caption information is always included in quotes. Top Left: " Ca 1848" Bottom Right: "21" Publisher Publisher of the item, or of the book or atlas in which it appears. John Bevan Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1848 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. ca 1848 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1848 Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. The Saratoga Springs History Museum (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Civic Life Property and Development Transportation Subject - Name Names of individuals associated with the item. Last name first. For Maps: People represented on the map itself. In nearly every case, this field will be used when people are pictured on the map (several maps in this project are decorated with photographs or engravings in the margins). Use authorized versions of the name from the Library of Congress Name Authority File where possible. Clarke Walton Putnam Livingston Hamilton Reference If an item is described in any standard bibliographies., we'll note both the title and the number. Articles and relevant books that reference the map should also be listed here. Boston Rare Maps located only four examples in institutional collections. >References OCLC #606022877 (British Library) and #46859539 (Library of Congress, Penn State, Capital District Library-New York). Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 37.5”h x 27.75”w plus margins (Boston Rare Maps) 73 x 62 cm (LOC) Scale The scale of the item (if known) 400 feet to the inch URL LOC copy is <a href="http://www.loc.gov/item/2001620479/">digitized</a>.<br /><br />Additional information on the map available at Boston Rare Maps.&nbsp; The first published map of Saratoga Springs, and a considerable rarity. - See more description &amp; a zoomable color copy of the at <a href="http://www.bostonraremaps.com/catalogues/BRM1627.HTM">Boston Rare Maps</a>, which sold a copy.&nbsp; Not only does it depict the city’s topographical features, street plan, and rail lines, but it also includes property boundaries and the footprints of individual buildings. The many springs and bathhouses that drove the town’s economy are shown in some detail, including in many places the canals and channels used to move the healing waters from their source to the paying customers. Also shown are the many grand hotels built to house visitors, including the enormous United States and Grand Union Hotels on the west side of Broadway. The race course for which the town is now famous was built along Congress Street in 1863, on a parcel just southeast of the area shown on the map. The visual appeal of the map is enhanced by a fine lithographic vignette of the Empire Springs establishment, an ornate compass rose, and a finely-wrought foliate border. A list at left identifies more than 100 individuals and firms who paid subscriptions to help fund the map’s production. According to OCLC John Bevan published dozens of separately-issued town maps between 1850 and 1860, mostly for towns in New York, but also in Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Ohio and Pennsylvania. Though the Saratoga Springs map is undated, the layout and the known dates of Bevan’s other maps strongly suggest an early-mid 1850s date of publication. Most Bevan maps are extremely rare, with OCLC recording but one or two institutional holdings for each and Antique Map Price Record listing none at all offered for sale in the past quarter century. http://www.bostonraremaps.com/catalogues/BRM1627.HTM Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Columbian Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Congress Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Empire Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Flat Rock Springs (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Hamilton Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) High Rock Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Iodine Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Washington Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 6/3/2014 6/21/2014 3/26/2015 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Saratoga Springs Saratoga Co. New York Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1848 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available John Bevan, City Surveyor, Jersey City, New York Description An account of the resource Shows Saratoga Springs, including corporation lines. Map included many businesses, civic institutions, and personal properties. Subscribers are listed on the right side. Language A language of the resource English Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource John Bevan Subject The topic of the resource Saratoga Springs, N.Y. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Subscribers listed on map Type The nature or genre of the resource Map Abstract A summary of the resource. Nineteenth-century Americans moved increasingly into cities. At the same time, lithography revolutionized printing and mapmakers realized that they could profit by turning city plans into decorative wall hangings. By 1848, Saratoga Springs had attracted an outside, city-boosting mapmaker. Surveyor, lithographer and printer John Bevan’s 1848 map features a familiar-looking city center. If read closely, this detailed map reveals the who, what, where, and why of the city’s growth. A list of map subscribers displaying personal and civic pride (on the right) includes prominent town residents like the Putnam family and Chancellor Reuben Hyde Walworth. Building outlines and footprints show the increase in businesses and attractions, such as the United States Hotel, Congress Hall, mineral springs, and the Saratoga & Schenectady Railroad. The eye follows the town’s growth up Broadway, tracking the line of mineral springs anchored at High Rock to the north and Congress Spring to the south, mapping both spatial development and the reason for it. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. “Map of Saratoga Springs Saratoga Co. New York,” Skidmore Saratoga Memory Project, accessed March 23, 2015, http://ssmp.skidmore.edu/items/show/27. Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1848 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. The Saratoga Springs History Museum (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) 19th century churches color map Corporation Line railroad schools springs https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/f35db1acb2920475e2202f810f52c56f.jpg ef79426b024b65b2bc1a38d5ac424611 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/d0132240c2fcdd406363c11aa0387272.jpg 90fa20cc32755a3fbe7c1af3de06b626 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/c1dae83045991fb82a3ddd46cfd9ed13.jpg 370e6a50b2ec24af228b8c38bb9c46c0 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/12c3fa6ed8da39e2365d17c48b4d1f9f.jpg f08d1f55e460291502f5d422d8a7227f https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/8c551f50d2dce3575a892ded1470faa2.png 284631784a323263d94eecd582fd8a81 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. Beers Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1866 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1866 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1866 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1866 Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 6/26/2014 URL <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~232370~5509264:Saratoga-Springs,-New-York-?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No&amp;qvq=q:saratoga%2Bsprings%2B1866;sort:Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&amp;mi=1&amp;trs=3#">David Rumsey Collection</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1866 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. New Topographical Atlas Of Saratoga Co. New York. From Actual Surveys By S.N. & D.G. Beers And Assistants. Stone & Stewart, Publishers. Philadelphia. 1866. Entered ... 1866, by Stone & Stewart ... Pennsylvania. https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/8679f8faeab9c31a32d2c214c8262a80.jpg 44d0465a392592fc37c8fbfb3786a5a4 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/f11d6f74abde59c5db5fd80444f9bf6b.jpg 164f5266b45e85511085dbdaafa2dd04 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/4f086b981ad2e4a379ce10694145735b.jpg 7274132683119074ca63b23266b9ecca https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/56322edcdafd43faf992ae169b5a9be6.png f3e9ef34f5f6d04555c5711005fd15b3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data book Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. Includes a "Map of the Village of Saratoga Springs" on two sheets (downtown Saratoga Springs) and a plan of the Union Hotel on one sheet. An unusually detailed view of the buildings (including cottages, opera house, and bath). Illustrated with woodcuts. No authorship of images provided. Saratoga Springs Public Library holds the 1874 edition. Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Union Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Travel and Tourism Cities and Towns URL 1868 edition available at <a href="https://archive.org/details/saratogaitsmin00daws">archive.org</a>. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 8/17/2014 Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga: its mineral waters, and their use in prevention and eradicating disease, and as a refreshing beverage Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1868 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available [Russell Bros.] Description An account of the resource A guide to Saratoga Springs, New York, with emphasis on its mineral springs. Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dawson, Charles Carroll https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/01d9c0450fd33922593645eed5669f86.jpg a8186fd5611d13e02b5563f8a399fdb3 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/b5b7a6e207c7fc7844095f347fec6176.jpg e04162f51762cce4eabef9546fe20297 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/9a8a2569e57437860bddccf33ba844f7.jpg 14ea87b6ce2efbc0293ab32f29ed996f https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/977bed8ffccdae13b5296afb082c1225.jpg 5239a12f630100a88c2973103ae1e571 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/4e769d48d49467620130b9063ddb3193.pdf 5175226248346ab9e46f93c1acc51471 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/18992f55a6a4f3c42956bc6a4bab2b7e.png 533fdecf35f599cf85cf29b6f3f2f35f https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/e487a440a38da30309aecf44a4500660.jpg 3a27d7824f6b48a348ddff411f828c06 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Travel and Tourism URL Internet Archive, Library of Congress (original repository), <a href="https://archive.org/details/saratogahowtosee02dear/">https://archive.org/details/saratogahowtosee02dear/</a> Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. J. Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 6/5/2021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga, and how to see it: containing a full account of its celebrated springs, mammoth hotels, health institutions, beautiful drives and walks, various objects of interest and amusement &c &c &c with numerous illustrations... Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1871 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dearborn, R.F. https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/6113981b7429c00259ebea90f1dac5bc.jpg 2158fd997206c2681dbc2128e80925a2 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/ec911734fc26d7a0eeac510b1eb8096e.png e95b5e1cfa21f955fe33dc067f176983 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/5682b9dc5369a8a1d8a6147edb40d44d.png b0701e9af8cc6da19e9c984d591789bf https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/0495786ac305cab35048fdee74c87808.png 3e53561b06e137ebbefe0780133c1c79 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1874 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1874 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1874 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1874 Caption This field will include transcriptions of text that appears on or around the item, at the discretion of the cataloger. It should include relevant bibliographic information that is not given in the title, for example, "Top of map: 'EXAMPLE NEEDED' Publisher and printer information might also be included in this field: "EXAMPLE NEEDED.'" Note that the location of the printed text is given in the field itself and that the caption information is always included in quotes. "Drawn and Engraved Expressly for Harper's Weekly." "From Sketches by Theodore R. Davis." "Entered according to Act of Congress, in the Year 1874," Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. City Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Aerial views Pictorial maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Recreation Transportation Publisher Publisher of the item, or of the book or atlas in which it appears. Harper's Weekly Place of Publication The city (and if necessary) state or country of publication. New York Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 1 view ; 45 x 73 cm., on sheet 57 x 83 cm. Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 6/24/2014 URL LOC Digital ID g3804s pm006291<br />Call Number&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; G3804.S3A3 1874 .S3 <br /><a href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3804s.pm006291%20">Rasterized Image</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs and vicinity : scene of the inter-collegiate regatta : [see page 626]. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1874 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Supplement to Harper's Weekly, 25 July 1874. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Harper's Weekly Language A language of the resource eng https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/a45234af9e13a397d8944e03a5de2798.jpeg d8aaafbeb2f907287137c6d21a084801 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/216b66215a5df6e81333f6f1dcbe05ae.pdf fbe1a3345fc4a4014098201ce1a6bd52 PDF Text Text ,_ - • , » NEW ... i NEW YORK, THURSDAY, JULY 16, 1874. WHOLE NUMBER 13,842. • I lb R E G A T T A — /;wom«t«f PRICE FOUR CENTS. E D I T I O N . B«ABI»-A«OMO TUB RIOMB«» "»• - -*l u "•&**¥'»&jffifc;EFVJ2 "*» _ i irJSw'trfrf' _ _ P> I / I O O O BOABO-AT A BABM i ,__ . I I Meat for*-. U r « stuMe east ri ' _»-WIA-_ •~J »e* x r u i - r f i n M J Raiting Hollow L '" JL / - " " B O A B B - A T A riM*MAMi PARM amFt J * a%rMl*MA»* rMa r r « a «t*y. eRevlT e r e - « M . M M • __ _ G r k KM I • _ VTA. MAI MX R. 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Tb* weather was aoreelf, fawtor taaa ever l York Tribune, bad an ear ia either her or her com- again clear and warm; there was no wind aad •f fast again at certain paoion, the Undine. Tbe Harvard boat, tbe famous tbe lake was calm aad qaiet. Tb* banks were humaa could wen be, Tb* yaar old Oneida, managed then, as ever sine*, to draw •live withspeetatoTs, and the irtend* of Yale mas- aa* bad seeded itav s x a . to oarer liberally oa Bostoo's oldest families, for there were tered in notably greater numbers by far than were dwtane*, whu* bar rival, aa above. a Curtis, a Paine, a D wight, a Li verm ore, a Wii- ever known before. For the first minute after tb* It la i s m 12**. it wa* now Admitted tast Taa lard aad a Miles, ail Beaton mea or from tbe im- word the two boat* stayed well together, bat when had la privat* justified ta* benef thai Bar*,^ mediate vicinity. Little Idea had tbey then of tbe off the grand stand, some too feet ap tb* *hore, mast better that time, very fast a* it was. or TAMI race we see to-day. The race was, as to-day, Yale sported aad drew away from ber antagonist, wooid win. Bat to* dtuen* of Woreestar bat PLACE PBTJfCBTOW LAST. Her light appearance, her brief experience, the straightaway, but not three mil**, only two, aad until shortly she was clear. No time was wasted tnrown open a set or races oa ttredaatday, tw* da* numerous faults la her work, sad. more than all, Harvard won It by two lengths. Three years by either in getting to tbe stake, Yale r onded preeeaing tbe day of the C Diversity race, and lata* tbe joao or more saeaeededor aeeraed toyes- •lapsed, and then, 00 the Connecticut at Spring- well ahead ana somewhat increased her lead oa* mr six oar* bad offered a tempting para*, *A] down tbe homestretch, coming in an easy winner, person* from ta* Hudson, ail calhng thetaaattai terdsy to cover tbe dlstaace, snd this wnen tbe field, came beating her opponent by over loo yard*. Worces- Ward, though oa* was named really RayBsaa*. THl BAtiB or 1858. condition of the watar could not, at tbe outside, bare made over sixty secoada difference, all point This time Yale challenged Harvard, and bad two ter has seen many a wild night, but few. and thought they would come over aad tab* i U , M to this, for her, unwelcome, though not altogetn*r six-oars, the Nereid and the Nautilus, each longer especially of tbe wearers of the blue, will quickly that prise. Now was Yale's opportunity, for Bar. unlooked-ior result. Then, a* to than the eights already mentioned, each being just forget tae roar and dta that far Into that Friday— vard bad entered this rae* aad so would stow bar forty feet aad nine inches. Ohio, and Tennessee, for this Thursday business ts an innovation of very hand. Well, so she did; for, with a bright, caa* TBINTTT, she is rough at best, and has been an along, aad Canada and the Bermuda Islands, hsd each a man recent date—made tbe old town howl while oat day and water calm aa a mirror, abe made waa —— now this change of men so dangerously near tbe there. Harvard sent two rivals—an eight-oar, of sight and mind, in farmer Prentiss' house, the champion crew of the world a terrific rat* *a crisis, added to her loss of part of tbe headway of forty feet long, and a four-oar, thirty-eight—tae away off by the lake, sat six sad morula, gloomy the way to tbe stake, at oa* time reemmg to ka** Tbe Hapes, Hie Fears and the Prospect every stroke by tbe scraping of her oar* oa the former called the Iris, tae latter the Y. Y. The and dejected. actually gained a perceptible lead. Ta* War**, THB TIDE TTTBNBD. water on the recovery, a* I mentioned yesterday, race was from Springfield down river a mile aad a turning jast ahead, came down with "irran at the Last MomentTwice now bad the proud old red flag of Harvard alaiost on their stem ail tb* way, aad aaa and her general lack of uniformity, make It likely half and back, and tn twenty-two minutes—excelthat, although her men are among the heaviest lent time, considering tbe ark tbey rowed in— to come down. Twice in a series of college re- in a winner ia 17m, totts* tbe fastest thai* PBOFBSSIOSAI, TBAIKEBH — and probably strongest on the lake, they will Harvard came home the winner, beating the gattas which had helped maoh to keep ber name mil* time ia a turning race on reosrd, are not allowed aay more. Well, an he goes ap along with his old pupila and ooe of them bails turn hardly be better than eight in the counting off at Nereid two minutes, tbe Nautilus three, and her favorably before tbe public bad she come to know whila Harvard wa* but twelve aad * aav own four-oar, the Y. 1L tbree seconds, after de- defeat—a new and palniul knowledge, one she be- secoada later. Whatever Yale might do waa as "Fred.." it aomehow looks as 11 be gueased he tbe finish; and then ducting the allowance of eleven seconds to tbe lieved in in tbe abstract; bat whea race day came 18m. 12X8., 17m. 53*. wa* clearly beyond her, •** woald not count thl<* one, Tbey have gone up to •iiimaii Snake Bill to the starting line, meaning to come Sympathy she has abundant—more widespread, oar. Harvard here, too, had some men worthy of around—well, sne woald like to wal* a year. faat a* tb* n o * of Friday promised to at a* down on time; but it was getting into the even- perhaps, than any othter; for if a man Is going to note—Benjamin Crowngnshield and John Humans, However, something must he done. A crew waa there is little doubt that on that day tbe fa ing, aad as tn*y eid not come I took the last stage do much rowing it ia hard to bare to prepare of Boston, and an Elliott and a Parkman, both got together and set at work, though there crews bota Harvard and Tale ever hsd turned i for Saratoga Springs. But meanwhile there waa without any water to do it on, and then with a from savannah—while in the fonr Baltimore and was no terrible eagerness to join it. New rowing unless unforeseen accident occurred tbe for abundant other interesting work going on ajl stroke oar so unquestionably strong and good, and Charleston each had au Erving, men whose boat* were built and used somewhat. A few of must win. The day drew on, cloudy and threatenaround. Dartmouth did not show, nor Cornell nor men who plainly cannot back him up, bat who all prowess is not yet forgotten, and in the bow sat the men did a fair winter's work and when they ing again, but just when the race was called it fan Columbia; hot a little wnlle before the Wesleyan* seem to have done the best tbey could, why, yoa Alexander Agassis. This year, too, Mr. Smalley got their boat down in the spring managed to get dead calm Harvard drew the inside, aad beaded for 8a**fea Hill a six had tcft the raft cannot help liking them and wishing tbey may stood judge for Yale. Yale's stroke is described as a fair pace on her. They worked along, learning got away at the Word. Tbey want op tb* Is above them and preceded them up the lake. Half whip every crew save yoor own. Dartmouth and "convulsive and quick, W while Harvard «>showed what they could of tbe enemy, doing whatever a prodigious rat*, but Harvard bad won tbe I an hoar before these another stx-oared crew bad Cornell look too strong for her, and Dartmouth mnch more skill and coolness in handling the they thought woald help them make a good race, aad meant never to l*t It go. In 8m its, she gone up and were waiUng lor the latter. The first has been going too fast with her short old fash- oars," A pair of silver-mounted black walnut though to win—so long was it since they hsd at the stake, and forty seconds later came her rival, —»was tbe Presliman crew of Brown and the latter ioned forty-five stroke! and occasional fortyt-etght, scull*—rather an humble affair they would make' known what that word meant—seemed impos- Yale made the better tarn and gained a little, nowadays—were the prise in 185a, and this year sible. The time drew near. The men of Yato Harvard mad* It up promptly the were going Only One Fatal Accident and overHarvard University. Theyother words, to pail to make her defeat likely by either of the three it was a set or silk colors from the citizens of were coming up hilarious and triumphant tbe lake at forty -lour to the and swinging taa minute gained the coarse together; ta to race already described. Still, if Williams succeeds la over the whole three miles. Brown bad stripped putting any other boat behind tier's, save those of Springfield. The windi was light, the water and in unprecedented numbers to see their favor- seconds more, fin lab tag fifty secoada ahead, la fire H o w It Occurred. smooth and it rained some—a habit not ites score a third victory. Why? Well, she had won seconds better than Wednesday—namely, la lTm, for it and their backs well upheld their name. Trinity and Princeton, it looks as if it wooid be entirely forgotten on race days. In tbe evening the last two years ana of course woald this. Hav- 48*s. This was a great advance over the old Harvard, perhaps, to drop a spare pound of beef, DABTMOUTH'S. — kept on their "sweatera" or heavy flannel shirts. Her men hardly see tbe Importance of straight after the race three or the Y. Y. men and tbree of ing a different crew, that made no difference; she of 1855, and even the time of the fast crew* i As they came along down in easy lead the cheery backs, and, though built broad and bony, like the those from the Iris rowed over the course in the was sore to win. Betting was all her way. in- tbe war wa* tar behind it. And it call of their captain of "Now!" "now l" "nowI" Wards, they have yet to learn how to barely cover Yale boat, the Nereid, In 2lm. 458., or in 15 deed, to find a man anywhere aboat wearing a red marked improvement more than any other aa* at the commencement of the stroke, mean- their blades and then haul like a locomotive. The seconds less than the winning boat, thus demon- ribbon was a task. Tbey had all stayed at home. cause that encouraged tb* 8EN0UI0 A CBBW TO EWOLAJTB ing that was tbe time in which he wanted ague, too, gives one or two of them a shake, or did strating that the Yale men could not complain of Again rale bad the heavier crew and the lighter boat, and as she shot out from nnder the little the following year. Aa accarate oompartsoa *r the weight thrown on, could be beard almost a when up at home, and I hope be will courteously their boat. causeway and drew up to the line it seemed as if the best time made by the fastest Oxford aad Tki Gradoal tttiogn aod improTfiufnti in mile. The Brown boys were pulling with plenty of O THE 28TH 0E MAT, 1858, H watt this time till after the race is over. at Harvard's invitation, Yale, Brown and Trinity every male in Worcester connty was a Yale man, Cambridge crews with those of the oars mea at pluck and energy. Por vicious jerkins try No. 4 Uiioi, Beats and Time. CORNSLL of tbia Brown crew, bat No. ft was doing some- is said to claim to be thirty per cent better than met Harvard at New Haven (Dartmouth and Co- so tumultuous was the welcome. Six almost sul. this country was, owing to the difference ia ear. thing wrong, his left arm being crooked outward last year; bnt though If true this would have made lumbia, though invited, sot appearing), and fixed len looking fellows from Harvard soon showed rents, in number of men, In tbeir carrying a coxaa if he was afraid to use it, white the stroke oar her formidable for the front boats to-day, on a three mile race, allowing any kind of boats to alongside, and as the two boats took their posi- swain and oars not, a thing very difficult to mas*. enter, giving twelve seconds per oar to tbe smaller tions the rain, which had been waiting for them, much the fluster, tbe T h e Rowing Association of was whittling off both ends of his stroke as it they >et I neither think it is nor that there ones. Friday, July 23, was the time set for the race began to rail. They swung steadily away, Har- The English seemedbetween Putney and tour mile* and three furlongs Mortlake, were not worth anything. is much doubt that Columbia has im- and Springfield the place, bnt on the Saturday even- vard, perhaps, having a little tbe best or It on the Thames, for instance, having been oae* a .saw BOAT roa HARVARD. American Colleges. proved enough morti yet to keep her surely at the send-off. At the grand stand it Tbe new man of the Harvard crew is behaving ahead of her. King, [the stroke, ts a good man, tng previous, while the crew were practising on | was apparently an even thing, and ail the done in lam. 60s., while here three miles in ltav better, and the old boat slid along quite well. audao is Ohtrom, bow; but the others are all new, the river, their boat was ran down by another craft betting was one way— $3,000 to $700 on Yale 40s. was the minimum, at which rate, if tbe pace Speaking or tbe boat, a great surprise lias come and although large a«d strong and well off for I and overturned and the stroke oarsman, George finding no takers. So they swung off op the lake, couid be maintained, It would require 25m. at**. E. Dunham, was drowaed. This melancholy The discrepancy between their time aad oars SARATOGA—SPRINGFiaD -WORCESTER. to-night. Tbe twist of whicn I told you in the Har- legs, there is a lack of tbe ease and dash which event—the only ratal accident, we believe, away beyond the point and out of sight. Ten min- great, aad though the swift tide* of the Tbi wa* vard boat could do nothing bat barm in a race; so evidence long experience, and are usually, indeed, | record—combined with the utes of suspense, and something is coming down. and the additional number of rowers in on Friday last Biaikie, tbe English boat bail.ler to nearly always found with good work. They are in the whole non-arrival or American college racing crews It is a crew ahead easily of another; bat which there—they having eight to our sir—w*r* Harvard University, was telegraphed at Cambridge T h e i r GJoocl and I t a d inquiring, "Could he build a new boat and deliver training up rather thjau down, I hear, and will, if from Brown and friniiy, broke up the was which ? Somebody called oat Harvard, aad considered, yet the Harvard crew had done m not No. 5 at the finish,ibe better rather than worse. race. No arrangement was made for another then the way one Ellhu Yale was Invoked lor tbe well that it was concluded to try. So both PoiutM C'onipar«Ml. her here oy to-night*" He said "Yes," and sis I COLUMBIA meeting until Pebruary 23, 1859, when next few minutes waa a caution; but, like Mr. Oxford and Cambridge were challenged, and tb* rode back from the lake this evening the has been as difficult to see tkis year as Yale waa Baai of old, he did not respond worth a cent. His passed me going dowu. bo outriggers were on last. Prom all accounts she has improved more delegates from Harvard, Yale, Trinity and Brown children came gradually home, the gap betweeo former, then the winning English crew oi that* met at Providence, R. f., and decided to adopt days—though Cambridge baa beaten her ever her, but looked like within Saratoga Likely to Pro?e the Anier- is tickhsa sherk, this relyingaougood one. Still it crews. twelve months than any other of all these substantially the plana of the preceding year. The them and the front boat being about 400 feet, since—accepted, oat Cambridge declined for a* w a new boat which The three of hjr old men she keeps were and the flags went back to Cambridge to an alcove can be so little t,ned, and a boat, too, built in two probably the strongest three, and the new ones do place above was changed, and ou the afternoon of or old Harvard—about fit, by the way, to stow good alleged reason, a wholesome respect for tb* lean I'utiioy to Mortlake. the American crew having seemingly a good deal too* days, 1 should feel uneasy about to-morrow morn- their work so well thai no group here to-day talks brooms in. with it. Meanwhile some changes in tbe Harvard 2STH OF J0*T, 1859, . ing on this score, but they hope to try her and a»out the winners without mentioning Columbia crew forced them to go without two of tbeir best THE STBCGGI.B OF 188T. will settle wuetber she will do, yet it is a comfott in pretty close connexion. Averaging heavier at Lake Quinslgamond, near Worcester, took place Now it was Yal-j's turn to work, and, looking a men, thus weakening their chances materially. to know that in a emergency a boat caa, if neces- than Yale, palling a stroke she learned not from the first college race oa that water, which has since become so well known to all yonnger Ameri- whole year ahead, she went at it right manfully. But, nothing daun ted, tney pushed on, made ap * sary, be turned out tn two days. one of her own men, who went to England on pur. THB GRAND dTAND BKADr. pose, but from an English rowing man who was cans. This . year also ' marked a new era By greatly superior strength, with a wretched foar-oared crew, broke in a coxswain, set taetr boat fully at work, and sailed for Europe. Reachin college boat racing, for now lor the I stroke, she bad beaten in 1805, bat tbe next year, this and bold to show The water line for I h e i r Colleges, Records, Weights, rowers. Busywas quiet to-day and ail about the over inthey countryseen took the muscular them first time were actual bona Me shell boats used when in size and weight her rivals were about a ing Putney on tbe 2lst of July they went at one* to have to part preparation goes on tbe how, shore. The grand stand has been erected on a of their work until tbey have got into in one of these contests, aad a great sensation they match, the detects of tbe stroke stood out glar- work learning tbe many treacherous eddies aad Ages and Classes. basis of earth underlaid with thick trees, and is fix. and, with the imported stroke, make i made among the oarsmen. Harvard had one, a > ingly. And yet, in all the work of preparing for currents of the Thames. When Oxford arrived her Very last and keep ' slx-oar, built by McKay, of pine, 40 feet long and ! the conflict of 1867, when. If possible, she mnst win men seemed soft and less wiry than the Harvard, held firm against tbe force of the water of the their boat travel Jake by a strong bulkhead, lor the lower seat is just her going, too. Whether she can get out of the j about 26 inches wide, whit* nowadays they add 10 \ back the lost colors, she seemed to see no need of but tbey were bulky and hardy, and fitter to carry above tbe beach aud 6,000 people will be there second trio into the first—lor no one has had tbe I feet to tbe length and reduce the width to 20 | any change of stroke. Relying on the fact that ail weight, whlie tbey bad ao new climate to increaa* RULES OF temerity to place her lower down—that seems tbe inches and even less, pretty narrow craft, one j but one or the winning Harvard crew of 1866 bad tneir risks. Hazard went to tb* score tn indifwhen the whole l< tuti. problem, though more than one man can be easily ! would think, in which to intrust six men. Yale ; graduated, instead of working, a« many men would ferent condition, and Oxford looking uncommonly TBS COU.EGIAN'S 0iTHJgBTTTff' It \% as bustling and fall of hurly burly here to- found who believes the first colors across the line • also had one 45 feet 5 inch** long, and from the I have done in like case, and leaving no stone on- weU. THE FHf, \AL PREPARATIONS. THB ENGLISH- AMEBICAJf BACB. night as I remember it ever being on the eve of to-morrow evening will! be blue and white inter- same builder. Harvard also entered a six-oared turned she took things moderateir, and when the Soon after four o'clock on the afternoon of A*. mingled, one thing is sure, that Columbia, Yale crew in the lapstreak Avon, and Brown made iter year's work waa done and the last practice pull the great race and not two nights before at SARATOGA Sraiwaa, Jul* 14, 1874 i maiden effort in another lapstreak, the Atalanta. finished, aud the crew In racing costume came out gust 27. in the presence or a vast mints lade of Worcester or Springfield. \ale Is here tn great aud Harvard pull a stroke ia To-nlgiu the Sniedung touches of the crewe are ! It is too bad that one of tbe pioneer colleges iu ; and took their position, two light men spectators, estimated by some at l.ooo.oooaat force, and Harvard, notwithstanding the broken 1 M S RESPECT* QUITE SIMILAR; OT g*mg on, and Trinity has finished one of her bow, almost too light for upwards, they took tbe starting word promptly bridge on the Albany road, is almost if not quite in other words, their various versions or that * these races has not of late years developed suffl. sat in the men—her starboard stroke. Hooper—effectually. ** universally represented. The President looks stroke called *'the English,'' while Wesleyan does cient boating spirit to come and take ber chances I the wear and tear of three long, hot aud went away, Harvard fast and Oxiord slower. What aUed him is easy to understand, lie did not fat and comfortable and would make tough work Dot and does not pretend to. But then neither do again. The race was over the regular three ! miles, ana the enemy were rour ponnds heavier Tbe former was soon leading by a quarter of a know oow to row. t*o ha captain sent him home or the Kugii«h s-roke or it wontd with him In a the Wards, neither did IlenfortlCa crew or the mile track, or rather mile and a half out and re- ' per man. Still, weight is not the only element of length, then half, then drew clear and at one taa* aad put ID tm place Mr. C. G. Bulkier, 1 believe, of very few minu'es. Hall street and Broadway Thames men, and yet London, Cambridge turn. Harvard made the then best time or 19m, 18a, i victory. So Harvard thought, too, and she seemed in the first mile was actually a length and a half L***a*n» N. U . oi the clan afUfn, and who weigh* races are almost ai pientilul as at home. Old or Ox ord would hardly keep even with, beating Yale over 800 leet aad by exactly 60 seconds, i to think it so long be tore that she deemed it es- ahead. Instead oi, after the English fashion, going aboat 140 pooud*. If the real ground 0 f excomoarsmen are here—Lyman, of the Harvard inter- much less beat either., ¥ale approached nearest the Avon by lm. 55s. and the Brown boat • sentia) to take that weight and work it, and she directly in front and sending back oa to tb* Oxmunicating Hooper waa (hat be did not know how national four; Wilbur Bacon, or Yaie, and many the Oxford stroke I saw, in high and dignified pre- • by 5m. 22s. Tbe day was cloudy, and the gusty ! did it falthiully and sensibly, and now when she iord's bow the wash from forty strokes a minate, to row, and there is tittle doubt of it, it would, if lesser lights. The interest in the loot races Is cision ; but they do say that before they reach the , east wind blew the light Brown boat over toward j comes alongside unsparing praise awaits her, she drew sharply off to ber side sod from that moloailce were done all round, be risky for beyond ait expectation, ana they are ireely and home mile they and this precision part company; the west bank, which accounts for ber having where the year before no man knew or cared for ment her antagonist began to overtake her aad aotae other of Trinity'a men. They bare a very ) her-till the race was over. Robert M. Clark, of never after did she regain the opportunity at taat kuiuly spoken of on all si<ie-«. but, for the matter of that, one man, for instance, been so far behind at the close. bad aebtt of scraping the lower edge of the oar ON TUESDAY, JffLT 24, 1860, ; Boston, perhaps the fastest gentleman sculler moment thrown away. At Hammersmith Bridg*. Jl DiiKS FOB T K F O BACKS. H OT of the Harvards ia said to row better during the along the water aa they reach out to recover. It' At the meeting held this morning at the Grand first two miles than in the last one. In the matter at not far from five o'clock in the afternoon, Har- j America ever saw, stood on as referee. The day a mile and three-quarter* out, Harvard was ran do no possible good, and really does mucci i vard, Yale and Brown again met on the same ! broke squally, and fitful dashes of rain made good still leading, but not by much, and la Ma* harm, for the friction alowa the progress very Union, P. i handler in the chair, H. W, Webb, Sec- 01 dash there is a deal of ease in Harvard's work, retary, |he following judges were elected to while, thougn Cook, C Yale, has quite as much, his course. The preceding year both Yale and Brown water dubious. But suddenly, just iu tbe nick of than another minute tbey were aide by ltd*, noticeably, apiaabea water and looks badly, A I. tue more care in feathering high would soon re- officiate | t the loot races:—A. L. Devin, Harvard; men are, perhaps, a little behind him. The Wes- : carried coxswains, while Harvard did without, and time, the wind lulled, the waves dropped and the and the next minute Oxford showed in frost. move the delect, but it la too lata now to hope tor 8.H, Oln e, Wesleyan; u. II. Speir, Coiumuia. and lerans look to me more litne and active I the same was true this year also. The boat of tbe two crews got away, both going fast. Harvard This was off Chiswick Eyot, or Island, tbe spot Delancej Mcoii, Princeton. A tilth judge is to be than either the men or Yale or Harvard, I latter was 40 feet long and 27 inches wide, wmie already began to have the best of it. in ber stern where many a crew first in the first half were last any change. elected OIB Cornell at the next meeting, ihe the latter being something new lor her—a trifle Yale's was eight feet longer and four inches nar- sat one of the most remarkable oarsmen that Har- in the last. In less than two minutes the Bhgiat TBI LAST IX THE BACB, for men interested in that end of the race entries ic the loot races to the present time are heavy this year—and their 17m. 24s., tneir fast rower. Brown, eager to beat a light boat, suc- vard ever knew. Never a powerful man, boat drew clear and passed Barnes' Bridge, half s there M much lively talk as to whether taese:—Ohe mile running race—8. A. Reed, Colum- private time, is saiu to need an addition of twenty- ceeded, but she weighed only 120 pounds, and when in his best condition be could go mile or more from the end, three lengths aae**. Trinity or Prmeetoa will snateh away irom bia; K. Copeiaud, Cornell; David Paton, Princeton; flve or more seconds in order to make it correct, shipped so much water as to throw her out of the like a greyhound. Bat be was capricious, At Hammersmith Bridge the strongest man at Williams the honor wruca abe right fully J. U. Vandcventer, Princeton; E. T. Hernck, Har- as ta*ff stopped a little short of the finish line. If race. Harvard went away hard at the start, took and this would, to the dismay of his Mends, eitner boat, number threa of the Harvard, gar* a decided lead over Yaat, while the latter crop out at just tbe ugliest of all moments- out, and the stroke, then overstrained and ex• a n e w last year of coming in last. vard; A. B. Ellis, Harvard; K. B. Curtis, Harvard; tins be true, then, m private practice was equally polite to Brown. In this those right before a race—and his poor crew hausted, did bis au and did lT gamely, bat to at' J'nuoeton works more smoothly than Trinity C. M. Marsh, Wesleyan. The 100 yards running TALB HAS GofciE THK FA3TBST, order they went away to the stake,- would have to lug him where often be, in other good end. Far a* Oxiord was ahead at Barnes', si race—A. L. Rieves, Harvard; H. C. Beach, Princebat aaa not the power, though. 1 think, unless but not much, for Harvard was within ten seconds Trinity eaa go much faster than she looked to this ton; David Paton, Princeton; R. w. Van of her. 11 not five; but again, Harvard had up to rounded, and Harvard now lor a fourth time came moods, would have been doing more than his sixth. j the actual finish at Mortlake she led by bnt half a home the wiuner in the good time of ism. 53s., One of the first freshmen, if not tbe very first, that three quarters of a length clear, thongs Colombia; E. H. Hemes, Harafternoon, Princeton will probably beat her. and Boskerck, last nixht a marvel of aquatic handiwork—a new Yale taking 19m. 5s. and Brown 2lm. 15s. Both Harvard ever let sit in a university crew, and that ! a boat with a man aad woman ta M vard; H. C. Leeds, Harvard; J. Martinez, Wuuam* neat them bot«. Princeton, by the way, boat, bunt between Prulay night of last week and this year and the one before Harvard's stroke in i860, now he was rowing stroke, and so be was | had gotten across Oxiord's track, caasiaf went apparently over the course and her time waa Columbia; G. C. Webb, Yale; J. W. Whituey, Monday night of this. These craft are oarsman was tue lamoos Caspar Crowninsbield; the next year, and in 1869 went out to Europe I her to fail off. It was a race that did oota 'taxen aa about Situ. 10*.. allowing say a minute lor Wesleyan. Three uuie running race—r. J. Good t h e rlppie on the water Her performance has win, Columbia; E. L. Phillips, Cornell; A lien Mar- 60 frail that it usually takes about a while, a singular coincidence, on the day following stroke and captain of the most famous amateur | sides mnch credit, and tbe vanquished especllBry to get fuite at home in there rowed in the single scull race the man who fouroared crew this country, if not any other, ever : had it most generously awarded them for tbe bard bardly filled with consternation the hearts of the quand, Princeton; A. B. N'evm, Yale; J. W. Whit- week them, but if Harvard's caen can before bedtime to- was afterwards to becom* Yale's most distin- saw. This time he was all right, and all the way np | fight they had made against long odds, their owa asucy Waatoyans or the afi*h Creek boating men of ney, Wesleyan; E. H, Herrick, Harvard. Seven night get tbe hang or her to their liking, and she guished, and most deservedly distinguished, oars- that lake, nnder the welcome shade of oid Wigwam, lack of condition being the longest or alL If their ;x*Ja It wa* »ery mile walking match—J. H. southard, Cornell; & is all right, I should say that their chance or win- man, the man who taught her after incessant and and on, ou to the stake, he and bis crew walked 1 rivals would come over here, go through ta* Best H. Unbbeii, Williams; P. T. Thompson, Columbia; LITELT ON TBI LAIk, ning was good, lor a new boat has not yet had and whlie moat of the speculators were off at the J. B. Eustis, Wesleyan; H. C. Heermans, Wesleyan; time to soak up the fifteen or twenty pounds of disheartening deieat how at last to win. During away from their antagonists, already tired and j of an American summer snd try conclusions tobail match the crews were ou;, as they oogh; to O. C. Griswold. Colombia; C. Eager, Dartmouth; water which all shells manage to absorb after a the next three years the terrible civil war en- faint, straggling along with a stroke lacking reaeb, morrow with the winner or to-day's race it wouMl "a*, rr tae* ton, as w* have said, pulled T. u. Lee, Princeton. If the day is fine it will be a very little while, and they float somehow very grossed all tnoughrs, and these friendly naval bat- lacking length, lacking vim through the water, ! help them to a fairer conclusion a* to the difficulindeed almost everything that ia sure to be found ties Harvard had to encounter. Coming so elo** down from su*xe 11 kit on time. Tale was beautiful sight to witness an these fresh, bale lightly. For a sharp dash at the send off 1 rather tles were deferred until towards Its close. in the stroke which knows bow to win. Harvard to winning and under such odds told among ta* AFTER THB WAR, dodging about here and there, now pulling young fellows stripped and hard at it; and nothing expect to else this week, *ave the University boat race, bein response to a challenge from Yale, Harvard is around aud off before her rivals even get to the I rowing men ail over this land and boat • tttu* ptaoo, than stopping and a few BEAR PROlt WESLBYAX, W. u. woraw trots Cook wooid Skip along over the water, gins to promise to equal it in interest. again came forward, and on the afternoon of Pri- stake, and so she goes away down the lake, ' sprung up In many a place which had never I while Harvard, who go{ the best of the lead last day, July 29, 1864, on the same Worcester course, i widening the gap every second. She pulls every : seen a wherry. In practical boating knowledge and then off they would go aaaio. They certainty year at Springfield, may again be at her old tricks. met a fair and complete defeat at the stroke; she palls until, swinging in across the 1 Harvard learned many a valuable point, not tb* are getting their head* back better every day aad I heard Curtis, the famohs amateur single sculler, THE EVE OF BATTLE. row tag note as uxlord used to. One of their namhands of her plucky rivaj, the latter covet- I line, she completes tbe distance in 18m. i2^s., the least among which, for instance, being the faat say that he had, I think this season, practised over 0 that some one outside of the crew should do ta* nor (So. *) encases bis head In a white handkering the distance in 19m. is. to Harvard's 19m. 43s. j FASTEST AMATKIB TIMS 1,000 starts. There he has the secret or avoidance of SARATOGA SPBINGS, July 15, 1874. eiuoi. aad aa the others do not wear one you ran Harvard had the larger and really a very power- then on record. And where is her rival r A whole ; poaching, not the busy bow oarsman. Indeed, Ever at*** day broke there has been a hum and flurry in the beginning ofa boat race, and of almost fa] crew, and lor this unwelcome result had no ' ruinu.e and eleven seconds behind, a matter of her old time rival, Yale, thought she had gotten •» auagle him out from afar. Cook pulla his oar Bneiy throogh the water, and has much dasn In his butx of voices almost all over Saratoga that tells everything eL*e lor that matter. I rather incline one to blame but herself. Proper coaching and twenty-five boat lengths, or 1,000 feet, more or much good that she too most needs ssad work. There i* ao man in the boat whose work is ef aome unwonted excitement now close at band. to the notion that part of Sinzer's errand up the training might not have made her win; but they ! less. Now at last both crews had emits worthy of a man to England, and, as Is well known, tin* were fanlty. Little bad points are acmttered here The enormous bote:* are packed to overflowing course last evening with the Wesleyans was to could have narrowed the gap between her and ber the name of raceboats. Hickey had built Yale's same Mr. Cook, who to-day sets her stroke, «ad there, but taken aa a whole they row undeni- and transferring guest* by the hundred to tbe practise them on a few starts, bnt It is rather late conqueror, and they should have. One of tbe ! 49 feet long and 22 inches wide, while Harvard's, ' picked up many a wrinkle from that paaaloaat* man? and unusually roomy and couiiortabir board- m the day to begin now,"though they are uearty all defeated crew was without mncn doubt the j ably well aad the boat just spins along over the irom Elliott, was 53 feet by 20 inches. Her '66 . devotee to amateur rowing—Captain Colston, at water. A* they never rise above thirty -four ing booses with which this respectable old water- at it. ! the London Rowing Club. Meanwhile, while Barstrongest man who ever rowed in a Harvard boat. it there U a great surpfise in 9tor* tor us to-mor- Tue boats had now lengthened out to 48 crew had the narrowest boat of her length ever j vard'a chosen sons were striving for laurels aero** strokes a minute the boat has more time to travel ing place abounds. Tbe crowd exceeds all expectl seen on our waters, being 57 feet long—longer between strokes, so that the mataace between the tkuous, the local press saying that yesterdays row tu the matter of bril |antly improving her rank and 49 leet and bad narrowed "to 21 Indies. ' the seas, the men she left behind were not idle. 1 a win* thrown off from the ears is greater than it botel registers ihow the longest list of arrivals on as placed above 1 should think it would come from McKay still built for Yale, but Harvard now than many English eights, such as Oxford and • Now that the best of the enemy were out of taa a*ed to be la the old days of lorty-oda to the mln- record for one day in Saratoga, and estimate places Columbia. My other two* enigmas are Dartmouth tried Elliott. As in i860 the weather was bright Cambridge use between Putney and Mortlake— way Yale could afford to be magnanimous In at*. f a s time she takes to pass yon aad got away the number of strangers here at i;>,000. Over at Con- snd Cornell. Should either crowd up into the front and tbe water smooth, so that it will be seen that and but 19 inches wide. But she was heavy and THB HOME BACB O* 1860. down to Moon's seem* hardly a annate, and yet gress Hall half an hour ago. the Yale men, packing ranks it would be more remarkable than ii Colum- the time of the winning crew was not so good aa unwieldy, and the '67 men used her to practise in, disrespectfully calling her the '-old elephant.' I It had been tbe custom to confine the crew* to ta* l b * dutance would make a bole in bail a aiile. tae great ptaasa aad the broad sidewalk in front, bia did. The bolter irotfi the rear guard, if there that of the lormer year. Thai victory wrought up j THE CNrVERSITT CBEWS O 1868. R ; undergraduate department*, In other words, I* looked Uke an army, and blue ribbon was there be one, will, I judge, be Williams; but, aside fiom A«<n*lly taa [ \ \ an interest among the Yale men in boating the And now Yale, saving twice sofl'ered defeat, ' tbe colleges only, thus barring oat, for tantaaea, by the mile. Every train brings large reinforce- touls and accidents, 1 should think her getting TAL* ntlTBgSITT CBBW like of which was never before known. Her vic- seemed fast getting back into her own ways. ; the students of divinity, law, meiicin* sad do sat look aa largo aa tieir own Freshmen, bat ments, snd the despatches say that Albany is Into the first three a simple impossibility. torious crew changed but oae man, and all the [ What would she do in tbe coming season, tbe sum- | science, aad so actually making tbe term 'univerAt all events, if the weather to-morrow is nearly coming winter and soring worked with tireless ' then ta* Presamen are a noticeably burly set aad coming ap several thousand strong. Every item sity" in tbeir case a misnomer. But now Hirvar** star* taa plumpness on* may have at nineteen, about tae crews is snatched up as if it were a dia- as tavorvble as it is to-day there will be, thanks to energy. In the whole annals of American aquatics. ! mer of 1868r Let it be noted here to her credit asked the trifling favor that she b« permttt**, a* that in all her dark days—first waen she knew not mond. The ball matches are well enoata, aad yoa the gathering of several pugn crews and thanks but witaoat ta* tougaaeas; that you must wait probably, no other crew ever improved in phy* I her strong men were away, to take one mm from you are twenty-tare*, ir Yale caa row may see those any day; oat a great boat race comes almost eqosiiy to the suaerb enterprise aad liber- siqae faster, if as fast, as this same '64 crew what victory was, and afterwards, when it seemed the law school, "Certainly," said Yale, tbiakaaf to have wholly deserted her snd gone forever, bat once a j ear. ality of the people of Saratoga, as represented by or Yale. They bad an exacting captain, who had ! back aad legstroke an oiw the that now, at least, she wooid be even, aad their association, a magaiflcent race, and one, ia led them to ooe victory, and who worked with all when she was pot to a test more severe even than one man could do no barm. • wu: stand a good chance oi winning, aaaMM AT THE LAST HOIR. She tbe nine long gloomy years between I860 and 1870 bat la bosd one"* self up so high aad sua* most be no Sudden changes are making to the crews. As 1 many ways, far outstripping any that has gone be- tae might of a resolute, determined man to bring when Cambridge every time had to succumb to moreover, four or ber best mea from tb* t u a y a a a a o t afternoon, after yoa have done it wrote tou jesterday, Hooper, No. 4 oi Trinity. them to another. Rowing weights had gradually Oxford, for then Cambridge had from bygone year* year's crew and two tough new one** s rer two whole mile*. faatr boat seemed to bold give* way to Bulkley. and now WiiiiauH is uni rept into the gymnasium, training was not con- i a record bat part of the time, Yale could not boast two of the four had been oa two university ts*ai aa eaauy aad to rid* ©v*r t i e water rather easy and unseating Norton or the bow—a very fined to four weeks of the year, but spread over this—let it be noted that she never said "back and one had beea oa three, this making! THE F1KSI COLLEGE RACE. tsaa taronga n. Tb* man ta tae boat whom yoa hazardous experiment at ibis tat* boar, and tmy-two, aud the men at last were fitted out with down." Faults she might have, did have, but giving by tbe way, probably tb* only wui aetata oo?**taaauy a M a i ©at of awiag ta So. j , shutiBf WasBtmrne ironi Ka. 4 to bow. aod ia No. On a clear, warm August afternoon ia 1852, two boats and oars which were good lor something. ! up in despair, as three colleges seem to have done rowed tour years running in aa American aa*and it ta net asaea. jooa Elgin told aae 4's place putting Hubbeil. Bines below ihe little village of Centre Harbor, oa They knew, too, that the enemy was weak, or at | this year, was certainly not one of them. She went versify crew. So she could afford to be geoero**. t at h* did not Oke tbeir rowag, o a t tb*n he pats Ta* latter u said to be six feet sad an in -h ta perhaps the prettiest Utile lake in New England, least light, for the last Harvard crew—the heaviest j home, kept three of tbe best of ner old crew, and Mr. Hay cam* into tae Harvard boat, a*a a* i • btade ta sun ta be OM way. aad has noae of height, weighing IH pounds, aad tae improved Harvard ever bad—was broken up. So, when oa added tbe famous '-Maine lumberman" and did his work so well that at oae*, after tb* r***» tat* "extra J«ow ever on tae west speed of ta* boat shows that the change is sp- • certainly in New Hampshire, there lay tbree boats the afternoon of the 28th day of two others, and again gamely buckled dowu be went to England, reaching there in tta* ' * row a utue Meeaa. ahoou oat from a raft parently a wise oae, making all Williams hopeful. in ;ine. Barges they were called then, and unJCXT, 1864, to it, if possible, to wipe out the unpleasant rec- bow in the international fonr against uxiora. fapretty well aader water a raaae aix- Bobbeli is also eatered for the sevea-mlle walking doubtedly would be now, being each some three feet oeam, tbe shortest thirty ana the longest less both crews backed ap to tb* line, ready for tbe ollection* of the last two years. Dennis Leary, j deed, there were other well knowa name* i s tat* eared oatrtggtr, •very ataa la it browa as same stay-at-home six—Orinnell Willi*, a aaaaf match of Friday, aad is doabtieas ia good condiTatre are ta* two teuow* I *aw yemrday swing tion. 1 think Williams believe* Uat abe is going than lorty test ia iengta.t Two haded from Yale start, it needed no great discernment, barring one of the famous professional crew of the Big- tne author, aad an excelleat oar: Fraaci* a a oaf tae road tn tbeir oeaaeia, bareheaded aad to make sare wore of Princeton, aaa almost College, one from Harvard, and each was manned loots and accidents, to fix opoa the victors. Yale has, was called in as trainer. The work was gone Lyman, who also weat to gflgtaad. pulhat l a a wiib tbeir atoeves roiled UJL Among thest a one equally sure of Triattj, while she is aching to show by a crew of eight and a coxswain. At the helm of was heavier by sixteen pound* a man, yet rowed at now in a way that began to look dangerous for ! over there, and Toeopaiios Parsons, a near rela©. tb* teat beat » e « oa tbai lake shore, and a* that either Dartmouth or Cornea may also have to tbe Yale barge, Halcyoaj sat Richard Waite, of in the lighter boat. Both crews were in good con- ber elated rival, snd when she came up to the race tive sad uameaake ot a maa to whom all i*»y«*s, Toledo, * son, we aoppose, of the Captaio of the dition, save that one Harvard man was slightly tnere was a confidence so wideapread that many a at least, need no introduction, and a man. a •**/ auadf at tae boat a* yoa woald wtab to see * give way; tor, as tbe feeling goes here, the eigtn who now sits, not oa eight benches, bat one, indisposed, snd among the iaends of both party blue nbooa which bad not been seen at Worcester be added in passing. w*o took a keen int*re*» M JT taa beat CLCSTBBS Ot TBS MOBfcOW and that tb* supreme beach of the Halted States, leeliog was intense. The Harvard crew looked, since 'OS waa aired again. Bat two days before la an tbt* boating aad aspeoiaUy ia taa w> r a t villba tbree-the first buneb boldtag Wesleraa, It has been rumored too, though the records are and really were, overmatched, but tbey had as a tbe race tnere came a damper that ia tbe mind* of j4a«iis* raoe, Voir 0 last X**t aYM. taat ts Eu.ua. tbeir cisrery strobe, Be is bat Yale iad Harvard; tbe second CeiauAbia, Cora-u exceedingly imperfect, 1 kai Geotge w. Saaauejj ciaa* crew beea fast tbe year uefore, and tneir au calm a e a - r e r y fajt a* rate iiaa »practice, j L * The Great Contest at Saratoga To-Day. • WHO WILL BE VICTORS? • netgut, yet a* ha* tae sassadJd round maseie* of tbe geaUeraea yoa oftea see la autoary gaUertas, very ttgtitly clad, aad ail poised to threw ta* euaett*. A* tbey tare their ship aboat aad auks off past my host and ap tn* lake Eosua aods pleaaantly, aad a* be **w I waa stadylag hi* stroke, remarks, "How I* this for ftfcgasbr" w**U. I bar* see* Engiuhmea do aeverai kiad* of row*ag. bat I aaonid aa/ 11 was more like Reaforth's than Colston's, aad more tike tae old Barvaro «roke of ta* past few years thsa either. l*de*d, tax* probably auggeaU where he learned it, "Boys, going ap, BOW, dip light: keep ner right OB nor keei," be cried oat, as abe passed Ramsmil's Point and made off up the lake. Bat what Is tbia a little way off on the right? A stagle acall eheli. It has shot oat, almost unobserved, as I was looking at the others. It goes along with.the crew, keeping at an easy distance. The dark, tough, wiry man, neatly clad in white boating eostnnie and swinging her ligbtly along is Fred Sinxer, Wesleyan*' trainer last y*ar. Bat what is a* doing here aowf lor aad Dartmouth, sod tbe last winiaaia. Trinity aad Princeton. Guesswork merely, 1 am aware: but tae gaeares of those who bare been 03 tbe ground for days, aad wstcblng, many of them, with a pocket earnestness, at worts more than those at a distance, unable tojadge at alL tbe order la tbe grouping, sapposlag; tbe division l* correct, is some what ton*:— PIETIOLS HTERC OLLEGIATE RACES Comprehensive Review of Fast Straggles and Triumphs. THE FIBST BARGE AND SHELL. FAMOUS STROKE OARSMEN. THE C R E W S OF '74. ,r I I EDITION. ? � https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/9acd48713072b0cebdbd7a8ea3ef10ef.pdf 4a98383940c977f720c24e7a717f9945 PDF Text Text — , : _ — — —' ——"^ i 4 * —f TaAe .diNB ^H|W M w$* fit - 1 | lata. » « a . a» while i e r m a i , M It la 1MB. U«a. p w « la private j a y a n We better taat tigse, vety last as M wee, «r f VOQM via. t a t A e etuaeae ef Worcester ha* tarewa open a set of races oa Wsdasadar, twe -Tajm preewotag the day a .'the Uolveraitr race, e a d t a t a * »dered a temptiag i odeon, ail ea ward. taoagt oaef v a t tamed ready thought they "oasf ooaser over and siem test arise Kow v i a tale's opporteaity tor Bar. •anl aad entered tela race aad aa would head. Veil, so at* did, for. Vila a bright, day aad water c a u s a e a mirror. tbe eeaatpioo erewi tae world a teniae the way to tew stag at on* time •eeming to reepttbie lead. Tae actually gained a turning jest abaaa caste dowa with um Mt' oa tbetr a ra all tae way, aad ta a wiaaer la lie L «f'!«a>. t&e mates* trtlte time la a turning, raee aw wnde harvard wag bat twelve aad seconds later. whatever Tale mlcbt da tf aarai Ha*. uj%a. iTse, taaTwas etearty beyond her, r**t as tae race o f rriday proaueed ta there i* little doabajtaat on taat day tae < re wa bota Harvard |jnd Tale ever had turned < ur.iew uaforeaeea afcideat occurred the fortear ruuit wta. THe day drew on, cloudy aad tareeteev iof again, bat just A a a tae raae was called it M i dead calm. Harvard]drew the inside, aad got away at the woti. Thar went op tae n a prodigious rata, t # t Harvard had woa tae lead aad meant never tof * it go. ta tat. Ua» she wan at the stake, and fondl aaoonda later came her rivet Taie made tbe battel torn aad galaed a little, nan Harvard made It ap$romptir and swinging anwm the take at forty-iu£ ta the minute galaed tan seconds mora, flniaajag t/ty aaeoede ahead, la t e a eeooade better than "Wednesday—namely, la ITm. m . a This was a grist advance over the old ot is&\ and even the* time of the fast crews i tae war was tar LyMud iw And it waa . marked improvemedf mora than any ether ana oaaae taat encouraged tae HXMDtMa i j a s v ro twoxAjrn the following year. U s aecuxata oompaneea a t tbe beat time nvadethy the fastest oxiord aad Cambridge crews with those of tae earsmea of this onotry was. owfng to the difference ta earrente, m number of (.en, la their carrying a coxswain and oars not. (thing very difficult ta i I Tbe English seemed (!ich the mater, the four _ and three furlongs bdFween Putney and Mortiake, oa the Thames, for .instance, having bees nana • done In lam. ton., wf He here three mllee la list. •o* waa the mittimtwn, at which rate, if tbe paoa j could oa maintained^ it would require Aim. t i n e . ; The discrepancy be; ween tueir time aad ours waa i greet, aad though t^e swift tides of the Thankee and the additional nam ber of ruwers in a beak tbere-taey h a v . n g j eight to oar six—warn I considered, yet the "dlarvard crew had done aa t well that it waa danciuded ta try. So botit Oxford aad i'ambridee were challenged, aad the former, trtea the wtfmng English erew ot dara-thougti Cataoftdge ti ta beatea bar am ©e--accepted, out AainsrHge declined for aa good alleged reason, f wholesome raspeet lor taa " American crew bavtag »eemingty a good desi t a d * HWH Meanwhile afiiie changes la the Harvard • TCW forced them to w> without two of their beak mea, thus weakening their caanoea matertany. But, nothing daonted^taer poshed oa, made ap a lour-oared crew, b n ^ e in a coxswala, set taetr buat fully at wort, and aailed for Kuropa. Reaoalag futney on the llstaf July they Went at once aa wurt learning tbe many treacherous eddies aad currents of the Thamea. When Oxford arrived her men seemed soft and leas wiry thaa the Harvard. out ibey were hulty and nard.r, aad f tter to carry weight, wnue toey had ao new climate to increase taetr rtaha. Havard went to the score ta tadtfrerent toudtuon, and Oxford luotlag aooommoaly well. THE titOLisii-iMaatcajf a*ca sxofc.ver lour o'cUx-k oa the aftern t>n of A.aghn n, ra tbe poV*4boe of a vast rnuiutadeef s,> cutura, estiinataif by tome at l. »oo,ooa aad upwards, they it>t>t 'the t u n i n g word promptly an I wenl away. Ilaraard fast and Uxiord alowar." Toe furmer was SOOF leading by a quarter of a length, men half, then drew clear and at one tana loinf iir»t tune wee Actually a length and a half ahead. Instead oi, aftf r the Kngiiah fashion, going direct f in Hunt tindReading back oa to the Oxlurd'* bow the wash mm forty strokes a mlnwta, aha drew •harpiy off to her aide aad from that memeut her aiitegfinist pagan to overtake her aad never after di»l she regain the opportunity at that mumeut thrown away^ at Hammersmith Bridge, a mile and three Hjulrters out. Harvard •till leading. Out nof by much, and In than another in mute s they were side by i I and tbe next minute "Oxford showed la front. ihia «*« o f CamwesMKyot, M Island, tbe where many a crew flr|t in the first half were 1 la the i**t. la leas thai two minutes the EngUai boat drew clear and parted games' Bridge, half a mile or m<>re from the wad, three lengths ahead, at Hammersmith Bridge the strongest man in eitner boat, n urn tier fires of the Harvard, gave out, and tbe stroke, then overstrained aad ens haaated. d.d his all and|iid it gamely, bat (e ne* goad end. I'nr aa Oxioen waa ahead at Baraee', at tbe actual drnan at XiotUnte she led by bat half ta turee qu.tt t e n of | length clear, ihoagh a boat with a nidu aad woman M If » had anttea across j»x ord's track, cawHaa her M M off. It "€)• a race that did ooti aides much credit, a a l ihe vanquished especially bad it iu* *t geaeroualyswarded them TOT the hard fight they bad made t d i n i i long odds, their owa tact of condition betngAhe longest or all. If taetr rivals would come overnere. go through tea i of an .\ men tan •ummlr and trr conclusions morrow with the wmna|©t to-day's race it help them to a fa.rer conclusion as to the dliBoatti.« Harvard aad wenjoaater. Coming socle to wtuutng and unJer ancn odds told among rowing mea ail over ?ma laud and boat clans sprung up in many a p ^ e which bad awvwf eve* seen a wherry, la practical uniting kaowled#» Harvard .earned many'a valuable point, not least a!uong which, fbi instance, being the f s t wnw oae outside if' the rrew should dot fs. aching, not the bus) oow oarsman. her otd Jme rival, Yale,poeght she had gvttea aa much good that she y a must needs a and a man to Kng:aad. aodT as u well known, M.nt .Mr. Cook, who .today sets her atcked upr* many a wnalje from that devotee 10 amateur roWOng—Oeptata Qalstoa, m the London Rowing Cla^jj Meanwhile, while Harvard's chosen aoas were Striving for laurels i the seaa, ibe-meu she lew behind were net \ w thai :h«? i»est of ihe-gaemy wart' oat ef way u . c could afford to be magaaeinvoea la rax aoas agca or 1MB. i: had r»eeu tbe custom ta eonnne tae crewete i undergraduate d.»p»rtmai»ta, in other words, B» tae coirfges only, thus n r n a g oat. for taataaee* BM atudeaia of divmnj. law. me ticlae science, and ao actually oylking the term »iij" in tuetr case a misnomer. But now Harvard a-ked the trtfliag favor thill she be permitt her strong mea were away, to take one I tae law school. "Certainly," said Tale, that now, at least, sue wan>J be evee, aad one man cou.d -do e o harm. SJie uonoTtr. lour or ner ieat mea froea tae vear's crew aad two pouga aew ooea, t*o of toe four ha*i beea da two aaiversity ere* and oae had oeea oa three, this making an by the way, grobaoiy tkV only sawed tour years raaataj ta aa verity crew. i*o she couaf afford to Be and Mr. May came into Lhe Harvard boat, and aa JMf at* work so wed that at once, after the raee, he went to Kagaud. reaclfiag there ta u c > raw bow in tae international *t <ar against uxiord. Indeed, taere were otaer w « j known aaaaea ta tank same »iay-ai-aome «x—spinnetl WdMsv a awned the author, aad aa exjLJ*»«* bar : rrnacaa ta, L'yman. wao alao went •efkngtaad. g u u a * Ha. B over there, aad Teeoanuat raraoaa, a aear retauve aad aameaake ef a a d * to whom all tawyewaV u at least, aeed ae latroducpon. and a be added ta naearag. wf» took in ail taat aenttag a^d aapeoaUi la Kagiken race, Now M W< l a w f V B 1W YORK HfSRALl), THURSDAT, /UET 16^ 1874-REGATTA SDITIOV. T5 rsr loo?' SH^A-^^^5i?fcSe^? take place aear a city, wnere friends can be cared for, prortatoBB Bad and t i e many namerona wanfM of uumerooe people need to comiortame living rightly looked after. Tae six contending coliegea were Amherst, Harvard, tae Agricultural*, Bowdoin, Williams aad Tate—for It waa hard work staying away; while in the Preahman Race another stranger—Wesieyan— put In her maiaen appear* aooe. Brown, too, and Tale aad Amherst keeping her company. And now yet another surprise wag in store for all people interested in good rowing. For not oaly waa tbe very fast time or the last year—raster than will be made to-day—fairly beaten, but tae crew that did the beating paid no allegiance to Eiiha Yale or John Harvard, nor waa It yet Agricultural, bat front an institution in the tame • town ta toe winch has given latter, and one, too, oa one of tbe moat renowned of American divines—Henry Waru Beecher—old Amherst. SiXteen mtnutes and thirty-two seoonds, fourteen and a half seconds better than the rapid work of 18T1, waa the official time announced at the close, while Harvard made a fair seaond In 18m. 6?a; th« Aggies were third in ITm. lfla, Bowdoin fourth in 17m. 31a, Wilbams next in ITm. 69a., and Yale, evidently rusty after her long pouting spell, aixta in 18m. ska. r m mmtrxa ow 1873. Now these races were beginning to assume If no* unwieldy at least lonnidabte proportions, and many thought that In point of nombers the climax was already reached. But they were wrong again, for, many as there seemed in 1872, when tbe entries of 1873 were closed and counted over there were, instead of six, almost twice six. New Hampshire had contributed her sturdy Dartmouth; Connecticut added Wesleyan; the Empire State her young giant of rapid growth, Cornell, and thinking she might need some city boys, too, had adaed Columbia, while the home of the wooden nutmegs subscribed little Trinity. Eleven six-oared crewa all to row abreast, and yet to have no crowding, no fouling. This was a good deal to look for, but suit it waa undoubtedly to be tried, for one after another the crews dropped down to Springfield and took op their quarters along the river. Boatbuilders and oarmakers bad been, working almost night and day, and lor weeks together. The active boating interest or the country was centred in Springfield. Meanwhile, aa bas been too often the case where students had the management, JOAT 2», law.—dame course. . ~>«»' of the year has a great aceeaacoa ef vtaltors, aad haa places tor them, while nearer ell taa teat ef the time many or those places arwracanA In July, for instance, this holds partly good, and ta July these meetings are held. Moreover, Ahe majority of their frequenters are need to a large degree of home conn or A aad do not like to be stowed away of a hot summer night, aa they had to be at sprtagfieid or Worcester, in a room with a number of total strangers, and as many of them have often been here purposely for relaxation aad know that thev will be well taken care of, Saratoga's chaaeee of keeping these races seems very good. But the principal element In rendenng them so is tbe great and prompt care taken by her in all things pertaining to the races themselves, down even to the minutest detail. The people here nearly all ahow that they are used to meeting persona wellto-do and influential, and that knowledge stands them aow in admirable stead. The income It may bring their town may be a motive, hot it is likely that the added reputation is a much stronger one. and then again, this late is certainly a moat desirable place for rowing. The fastest oarsmen this country ever turned out—the Ward Brothers and their rivals, the Biglms—both speak in glowing praise of it, pronouncing it without exception the finest course they ever saw. England, a greater racing country by far, has probably nothing like it, tne fitful gusts that tn almost a moment lash Windermere and her northern sisters Into white caps rendering them dangerous places in which to hazard shell rowing. iii • • oa»i *J* the apar it baa given to tee aaearance or tne Rawing f S S L - i ^ H * * * l » * reaalt am i Hartfawd C^!?* 1 *.?* 4 .**-* to • » redoaataate . s**n« **«••»,,»•.«. • • # , . . , , , , ^ , „ M.-OttK. tarongB Harvard 19:20* look JULT ry, I M C - s a m e course. •at of war rival's fictories aad take L. a Beeewa, asirstsry ef T. P. B. CI Harvard, Scientific JOnon . . . 1 * * 8 * day. at tea team, i a e was destined to have a Oawaaraea. March J, 1*71. 19 d l A attla knee aad the leagtaealag elidewi toot the Mr. J. a aeeav Pn-avieBt T. Tj. B. a >- ^ T •,. „ . / P I T M, lfgy.—same course. am-We aave heea directed to aefty «*• W?J£•£ Yale Minors aad the eld lake, waleh 19 :.•*«* w r a t y Boat d a b mat their ehaHeac* ha* bswa iweeived r~,- «. , . H a r v a r d Minora 20:08 fought battles aad was indebted aadrtuttaeOoasrlBbf take* a a e a l t fas to"-?****The following extract from that Tour* v«ry trpy, BOBKBT k. UViAMU PrewdeBt JITAY a , lSeV.—same coarse. tame reww* meetings than to anySpringaeld awjNtMtoaa of the race day 19:30 Wtwimaar Muaaa, Deeretary. _ _ _J, ,__ , Harvard Freshmen „... esse far taa natives! reputation it had obJuly IT, will show the shape aad groaaae ef taa Ca«maiB««. Mareh xT, 1WL wssaw *ai i - , 1 * ! * Freshmen OawvuBrBB—Alie BMettag oi the Kaecntlv* frmmittee tataed. bore iieaif ae if tse - U d y ef the Lake" had ef the H P. B. O" beW »o eoadder the ehaUeBge « f the opposition, as made ay a paper off a place wtta a JUKB 22, ISTB,—Same course. > 20:10 rival coarse, and its spirit aad motives can roadirj many greeneacks staked upon the result. AM the t V, B. c . t t w a i e e c i d s d t n a t t b e C r . B. C iawSiUBrto / , Yale Minors 23:33* th« T. V. B.C raee la which all bsrttteasre T « , » a* . H a r v a r d Minora be observed se one reads t l I quote it, ID year before. Harvard again drew Iae teeede. Aa i»*atof mxi play In in say taerefore, to WOMB tbl*[daa»« •ure order, JUI.T S2, 1870.—same coorse. 19:46 innuendoes aad all, as about «aa meat taa two orewe lay at the startlag Mae watttag lor am« ead yosi are reoeaJtsxi to M D 4 two d*iag«t««ito » Yale Freshmen roBTaatkm to b«>eld at ta« na^^ajjolt Houje. ^or^fdeia. 20:00 and vigorous summing up or tae eppoatuoa aa iae disparity betweea them waa quite Haas., oa aatarday. April 15, Uffl. fbv the paraeaw of , _ _ Harvard Freshmen having this contest here to-day:— Tale sat the teller aad larger eatabfishing a aatoB refaUa of kinerlcaB eolle*si«. An J F I T zi, 18T1.—Connecticut River, SpringSARATOOA oa sraiaorTxta, esrljr notlBcarton ot row Intention f atleiidtog the field, three miles down eatwatgeed aeij oppooeata over ten contention woa.4 greatly favor tbe \anderaigned., Toars ft Is a fact within the knowledge of many of mm at ream, 20:18 _ 0, B. C. a maa, ebue tae diminutive , e r y ^ e e c t f B l » , c ^ ^ ^ D| „ readers-taougb It will undoubtedly be neweas) 20:46 Barvard Freshmen H. C. Msaea, Secretary tt U. B. C. more—that a strong posh was made to captors Baa tae Harvard bow oarsman made r Trrr. aa , « ° w n Freshmen regatta this year aad earry it Into dhtgraeefal ear* A moat volurolnoua correepondence followed, the 17:01 aa> erew look even smaller yet. Both were in tivtty at aeratoga. sir. John Morns-*/ gave taa JUAT 24, 1872—Same course. details of whlco need not be given now, but Yale 17:29 noott beets of almost exactly the same dlmenstudents to understand taat he stood reedy ta 18:39 Wesleyan Freahmen.. would row no more at Worcester and would never assume all the expenses, to provide prises. Ae* atoaa, and wnile each nadj ooae Its nest the result 18*8 Ya:e scientific Freshmen and to foot Me bills for the support of tbe crewa, waa in most minds aiiooit of necessity a foregone meet Harvard again la any bat a straightaway If they would leave that Puritanical Hprmgfletd ha Brown Freshmen race. So she sent no delegate to the above Conthe lurch and come to tbe Springs. It was a terrv coocjojuoo in favor of a vietory for the larger men. 16:59 T ^ » i» , „ « A m f t e r , t Freshmen ble temptation. To the boys oi tbe little ap-ooamAt tbe word "Go!" Harvard Brat got tbe water, vention, and, most remarkable or all, actually 17:09 iVUf 17, 1878.—Course a little lower down try coliegea especially these regatta expenses are aad sprung away with the lead at the actually un- stayed out of the race of 1S71. Yet It waa not at stream. a very serious matter. But It was resisted. Thai Worcester and waa straightaway, so that shje could Yale boys were pruoX Mr. Morrtseev waa civilly given paralleled stroke of fifty to the minute, a he passed BACE Wesleyan RULES, „ to understand that tne regatta was not tor aale. tbe grand stand well abend, hut many a bont had apparently have aaved her feeiinga any very —-* m He ia not the maa to be discouraged by a tingle severe enoca\ done that and need herself ap la the effort, Tbia rebuff, however, and It u already evident that anThe rules which governed last year's race are, THB aaaociATiol* or Ananicait COLLKGKS WJBMKD. other and more determined attempt is to be 1 -oald never taat, aU *ald„ over three whole miles. with the additional ones following them, correct Tbe Convention met at the time and place apupoa the undergraduate virtue. The mata All the way to the stake the v were at It, every maa lor thia and run as follows:— nets of a number of the visiting newspaper pointed, repreaieatauvea being present from Bowrowing aa If It were the one dnty of his life. Harrespondents, metropolitan anu other, now ia TL ^ « ? ! r e i 8 l J a l ! !>e s , s » e o »n * « following manner : Springfield, Is to write down tbe Coauecttead The starter shall ask the question, "Are you ready?" and, vard waa ahead, but not] much, and her friends doln College, Brunswick, Me.; Harvard University, tt C otl! l), ,lw alti,l Cambridge, Mass.; Amherst college, Amherst, River course and the citr. tn the Saratoga tntereat. K ,iH\ , )' * » st least five seconds, from Connecticut were sucking to her with shall give the signal to start, which shall be the word They are doing Mr. Morriasev's work: wbetaaff A BBAUnrUL LAKB a devotron truly praiseworthy. She ' got Mass, and Brown University, Providence, R. 1. tbey have seen tbe color of Mr. Morriaaey's money „ 2 -JL th .?ii^ art t r considers the start unfair he shall at are working gratuitous!r around tbe stake first, hot mat was the Tbeae proceeded to organixe "The Rowing Assoonce recall the boats to then- stations, and any boats re- from Ave to six miles long, is surrounded by pretty, ormatter between them and we can't say. That M their employer*. We lusing to start again shall oe ruled out oi the race. though not grand or striking scenery. The a moat yon eouid any,] for Tale was right ciation of American Colleges," to frame and! adopt may add that the innkeepers of Saratoga are very 3. A atari shall be considered unfair 11. during tbe first a constitution and bjiawa and to appolfit the sborea, while neither abrupt nor very huh, still nearly or quite as earnest in this eosiaees as taear at her heels and pushing her all the way. So they ten strokes, any of the competing boats shall be disabled I by iae breaking ol an oar or any other accident. afford good shelter from the winds, although, distinguished townsman. Tae regatta weald taeasi aped aioag, on* working With the glow of winning necessary officers. A J>o fouling whatever shall be allowed. a It is the province of the reieree when appealed ro, fortunately, these races came at a time of year guests in theirarooms and greenbacks in tLW tttts. wnere see had not dreamed of it, the other goaded * These were—President, 0. a Luther, of Brown; but not betore, to decide a foul, and the boat decided by when tbe wind seldom blows loag or fiercely. Aa It would add good lurtnigbt or three weeks ta to deeawrailon at the thought that s victory she Flee President, R. 8, Mussel, of Harvard; Secre-the season.'1 Tbey cnnld well afford to go saaeta him to have fouled shall be ruled out ot the race. tary. E. P. Mltcbell, of Bowdoin; Treaanrer, A. B. & In case ot a loul, the referee, If appealed to during eye to tbe future ts manifest In all the doings of ta Mr. Morrtssey's brl >e: it would be a shrewd oeiieeed sore was slipping oat of ber hsnda. On the race, shall direct the nou-touling boat to row on, Mooaey, or Amherst; Regatta Committee, O. F. business investment—sure to pay, and pay bead* they came, aad. passing the grand stand, slid in which shall, in every case, row over the remainder of these people in connection with to-day's contest, somely. Roberts, of Harvard; H. Cornelt, of Brown; the coarse in order to claim the race. the substantial nature of tbe numerous boatBut we fancy that Mr. Morrlssey aad the Saraacross tae line only mae seconds apart. Tale : 7. It shali be considered a foul when, after a race Leverett Bradley, ol Amherst; F. A. Rlcker, of has commenced, any competitor by his oar, boat or per- houses erected and the thorough and hearty toga Boailaces are doomed to disappointment! having made the distance in the shortest time Bowdoin. And from that time until now these that it is a rather pronounced case or sour grapes. son comes in contact with the oar, boat or person of an- way of ever made by a Yale crew, ISm. IU., while her yearly meetings have been under the sole control There are a few things, thank God, still left in this other competitor; and uoUiing else shall be considered a louL country that money can'i buy, and we believe that woRKiiro or THB TABIDUS covMrrrBBS conqueror took bat ltm. is. and management of the said association. The fol8. Any competitor who comes Into contact with an- abundantly evincing thia There has in regatta to be of the number. At the last meeting eonmoiUL asruuNTa roa aqraTic HONORS. otner comnetitor. as defined in rule 7, by crossing into lowing is of fieir association, the young fellowa, Its present his competitor's water, c itauit* a foul: but when a boat past years been talk enough of com- owners, formally voted that it ahould not be go ended the last racej these two oft-matched IRE (XHtsnTCTiow or ran ooixnoa ASSociAirioN. bas once fairly taken auothcr boat's water by a clear mittees of the citizens to aid, and often dragged down by tbe gamblers to tbe level 01 the) antagonists ever rowed by themselves—that is, asriCLa I. lead it has a right to keep the water so taken. Sacnoif L— The name 9. A boat shall be decided to have a clear lead of an- at Worcester they did considerable to help, ordinary '-sporting event" If tbey could help tti where no other was by to snatch If possible the 'Bowing Association ot of thta aaaociatkm shali he the American iiollegea." that they would do all In their power to save It other boat wben its stern U clearly past the bow of the A—The object of thia aaeoCiation shall be the probut tbe oarsmen could not avoid feeling that from such a fate and keep it what it was orlgiaafljs prise irom both, and op tbe next year, 1S70, other boat Sac. motion or Uie art ot rowing among the members erf our la It shall be held that a boat's own water is the they were causing them trouble, a fear which the designed to be—a friendly contest among gentlecame the taat race that they or other of respective colleges, by ineetiag* friendly contests and straight or true course from the station assigned to it at men for Tbey THB MANAGKMK.Vr starting; but ii two boats are racing, and one fairly universal good nature and prompt and rigorous shownfor honor and not yet monev.back oa have our colleges ever rowed at [Worcester. The time set otherwise, and tne Kindling of that irieodly aplrit and no 'disposition aa to go that college feeling which ousht alwaya to exist between col- was very poor. The city had appointed a commit- takes the other's water by a clear lead, it shall be enaction here throughout this year nas entirely dis- declaration, ir tbetr effort to get rid of the gambwaa. aa usual, tbe last Friday but one oi July, the leges and geudenten, titled to keep the water so taken to tbe end of the course, AXTICIM 11. tee to help the students, but both seem to have and if the two boats afterward.-, come into contact while pelled. Indeed, the many committees work so lers was met rather coldiy and in harmoniously a t Harvard vacation not generally commencing till Sacnoic L—This association shall be represented by the lead.ng boat remains In the water so takeu the boat aaoot that time of year. Vale kept two of ber '<» conventions consisting of two delegates from each oi the been shamefully inefficient or neglectful, and as whose water has been so taken shall be deemed to have well together that tbetr work does not seem hard first by our local and State authorities the practically complete auporeasion of pool selling vester, so vera I college boat t Tubs which may have been ad- the' time drew near, and the crowd began to committed the foul; but if they come into contact by the at all This ts a place of rest and play, far more day waa aa earnest that tbey were aot men, Ooonley and Bone, while Harvard retained leading boat departing from the water so taken the leadmrtu-d to a representation in the manner hereafter progather, much was undone that should have been ing boat shall be deemed to have committed a foul. so than either busy New England city named, or, to be left alone in the effort to keep tbe spate Xyman and Willis Jones and Read, warned! still vided for. clean, fhev must see, they must be oonscioaa. .sac. A—Any clab desiring 11. the reteree shaU be sole judge of a boat's straight in fact, any other save Newport. built Tale's boats, but Harvard, for the first time, this associationcollegepresent to the to be represented In all arranged and attended to. At the starting Mat that effort is seconded and supplemented be shad secretary, at least or true course during every part ot the race. tried a stranger. John tfflaker, i n Englishman ten day* previous to tne annual meeting ot the associa- time the boats were crowded BO closely together as a controlling public sentiment, a senumentpow* ADVANTAGES OP .SARATOGA. 12. If in any race In which more than two boats start written official notice to that eflect, I enui enough make feel uncoav adjudged by tbe referee from Newcesue-on-Tyne, who had come and settled tion, aA—AU applications shall be Toted upon at the an- to almost touch oars,Harvard and Tale, for instance, a foul takes place, ana tbe boat winning poet first, the Then, again, for the more distant univer- fortable and ill to ease inthe gamblersand long for s#c to have been fouled reaches the at Springfield nual aieeun,' of the association, where, if a majority of being but° forty-four feet apart. The river had race shall be decided as tbe boats come in; but if the sities and colleges—Harvard and Dartmouth a more congenial climate. It is the same puolia BJ Cambridge and located Ins shops by tbe Har- j Uie members favor buat fouled does not unvard boathouses. Indeed, to-day, be baa tbe en- ciabs shall Le present vote inentitledthereof, sucfi clao or fallen very low, the course was crooked, and a sand able to decide which come in first, or tl the referee is the on the east, Princeton south, and Cornell sentiment that bas enabled Springneld to keep ltd admitted and to representation in boat nas committed the foul, bar with scarce a foot and a halt of water and near race shall be rowed over again, unless the referee shall wesu-it is about central, while an hour, trotting course deader, morally speaking, than tire charge of those boathouses, and, by tne way, j the association. any otber in the countrr. Tbe people or Spring, aancLs m. decide that the boat which came in Urst had a sufficient has built all Harvard's boats since 18S9. { Sacnon L—The officers of this association shall be a half a mile long lay right in the track of some of .lead at the moment of the foul to warrant its having the more or less, of car riding is not a matter field are with tbe undergraduates in this UUag President, Vice Again Tale brought tne heavier crew, shall hold office Freddenr, Secretary and Treasurer, who the crews, only to be avoided by a detour evidently race assigned to i t to stand loua over. Build one more railroad track, heartilv and thoroughly. for the period of one year, and shall be 13. A by To remove the regatta from this New England taaa time by nine pounds a man. elected by a majority vole of all delegates present at the unjust. At the finish the line was so drawn that captain claim ot fonl (which must be tendered notthe and, unless some unthought-or fault comes up toof tbe crew considering itself tooled, and Dy meeunxol the I As mentioned above Harvard was stronger in aaiioal£.—All t tec turnsassociation. ballot, unless other- even to this day there is mxicn honest difference any ouc on ni? behalf must be made to the referee pre day, Saratoga Lake will become what for over river and this New Kngiand community will be te) Mic. aUall be by Viously to the crew fouled getting out ot the boat expose it to needless danger. To sell it ont to Mr. as to just where it did run. Instead of the race alder men, and naturally eii >ugh from the rapid wise provided lor. 1A Bvery boat shall stand by its own accidents occur- twenty years we have been seeking—the perma- John Morrissey, ol the Saratoga club bouse, would amicis rv. the race. be to cut its throat outright. There would be oa work oi th.e previous year was easily the favorite. faction i.—It shall be the duty of tbe President, and being started promptly at four—a matter of vital ring during event of a dead beat taking place the same nent battle ground of the American universities. 15. In the misunderstanding that transaction. College) ot tbe Vice President, to prealde at all Matters looked ripe for a good race but the Im- In his absence to call special meetings whenever he may Importance where many thousands are inter- ere ws sliall contend again, or the crew or crews refusing The rumor has gone about that should Harvard faculties, parents, the press, the public generally, meeting* and be the race pression was widespread that Harvard would deem it necessary, or whenever requested to do m i>y ested—there waa no one who seemed to have the shall Mo adjudged to have lost to accompany a competing win this year she will retire from the association, would all see It in one light. We shall not believe 16. snail be tbe presidents of three college clubs entitled to repre- power or spirit to order the crews oat and send •oat for boat purpose allowed the of directing its course or affording Is the possibility of such a folly—to cell it by ad a*ain win. But be ore the race waa through sentattoa in this associauon. ' other assistance; and the referee shall be at liberty to but by excellent authority this statement is con- harsher uame—until we see It committed. Bsc 1—it shall be ;he duty of the Secretary to keen. In them off. No proper accommodations were pro- declare any competing boat out ol the race that may tradicted, and as three of this year's crew do not stairs took a turn as unexpected as unwelcome, % book kept for this purpose, an accurate record oi all joe which resulted in the abandonment of Wor- the proceedings of tbe association: to issue all notices of vided for the referee, and he bad to do the best he have derived an untair advantage thereby. Trie S p r l n g f l e l d C o a r s e , 17. No race shall be awarded to any competitor or graduate there Is probably nothing to be feared in meetings, and to keep, for this purteater. perhaps forever, as a place of these inter- aoea a true account ofin another book kept ot this asso- could towards finding means to see the race, when ere w unless be or they shall have rowed over the whole this direction. There is appparently equally little made so familiar to all by the great race there 1 the annual regatta of the course. hie say was so final. Four o'clock, as to-day, was ooilegiate meetings. One wtiter thus summarizes ciation. la The decision ot the referee shall In all cases be rear that summer, commenced where the Connecticut Sac. It the dnty of the to take the story, and be has at least tned to do it tatrly:— chargeX—allshall be the association. Treasurer keen an tbe time fixed. It came, and quarter past, and • r i a l . THAT GREAT BUGBEAR. of funds or He shall rows below tbe city, as shown at tbe point The new ones being "Ibis race waa decided by the referee in favor of aioounu in a book kept for that purpose, oi all monfeya half and five o'clock, and not one crew had shown, Morrissev. will corrupt the youth, as he Is reported X in the diagram, to soo or 900 feet, aad BLLKS FOB TUB RECUTTA. out by him, and his accounts July 15. Single Scutl Race, half-past three P. J*. fhe Harvard* upon a lout at the stake claimed by received and |,>aidto the inspection of any ot the snail at and no one seemed trying to collect them. Hair to be determined that no student shaU oe ad- stretches away three miles down stream, widen* all times be open ofhoers Freshman ttace immediately thereafter. that crew. All tbe accounts of tbe race agree that of ths association. He sbsil pay out money belonging to past five passed, and then six struck. Now they mitted to tits club house. Of tne three crews July 18, University Race, lour f. H, the association t>nly upon the wrtttea order ot the Chair- began to crawl out, and by fifteen minutes later it Forty minutes before each race a gun will oe fired to which contended last year at Springfield, and ing gradually. It too, like the others, lies north tae boats started exactly at the same man ot the Regatta Committee or of the President of and south, but, unlike them, bas some current. preparemomeat -, that although Harvard veered tbe association.vacancies in the list of officers occurring began to look 1 turtv minutes later a second gun will be fired to draw which are all absent now—Amherst, tbe Anv I Unfortunately the race or last year fell at a none .-•ac. A—Any into line. MkE A BACB. from the direct course up the lake, and, as during the y*M troni resignation, death or otherwise, her-it Agricultural and the Bowdoin—the wben tbe good people of Springfield claim mat taa Ten tninu'es later the signal to start wiU be given. .shall At 6h. aom. on Thursday afternoon, July 17, Franc Tale claims, crowded their boat out of the course, dtiCt. Be temporarily Oiled By appointment ot the I'rssiMo delav will be encouraged or allowed, and the Amberst made Morrtssey's presence and tbe tempt- j water waa unusually tow, lower than It had beea) in line G. Brown, Captain or the Nassau Boat Club, of crewsraces will be positively started at the time named. tations be offered a prominent one of their reasons, ' the beets did uot come in contact, and that the aancLK v. All in the — ror many seasons. However this may oe, there HVcTio* L—There shall be one annual regatta held at New Tork city, cautioned the crew, and then gave The starteraha't be startei question,following maimer: f" shall ask tbe "Are you ready Jarvards reached tbe stake at least half a length sucn time and place as the association mar decide at its ir not their chief one, for not coming to Saratoga, i certainly were long shallows here and there over and receiving no reply, after waiting at least five the word "Go I" Harvard at once showed well to seconds shali give the signal to start by the firing of a This objection was promptly met by Rev. L. & ahead. At tats point tbe controversy commences annual meeting ot that year. tbe course, in some places the water being scarcely Skc. A—The regatta shaU ea to w he titer it was the Harvard boat which Regatta Committee, hereafterbe nnder the control of the the front, and it was not many minutes before she pi»iol. Rowland (an Amherst graduate, I think, and pas- a loot and a ball deep. Tbe crew that had for bad provided tor Crews Sac, A—All college cubs, members ul this association, and her old rival Yale had again paired off, each near tbewill rendezvous on the east shore of the lake, looted the >take, losing its rudder by making a starting line, iu ample time to prevent any de- tor or the Congregational church here), In writing ! a mile or more, as had Cornell, to pull over such a deslrious oi entering for the annual regatta, dial I so seeming bound to make up for 187*0. They swept ' f e •hort, square turn, or the Yale boat which ran notify tbe secretary of the association at or betore its 'ersons designated to hold the boats at the starting last winter to Professor Hitchcock, of Amberst coorse, with their oars almost or altogether touchana no c t e the Harvard boat and disabled its steering ap- annual meeting, member club shall t iter this association on down streutrf Harvard a trifle ahead and the line to report on board the steamer at Moon's dock at College, and will be appropriate here in reply to ing tbe bottom, might well complain that beside regatta unless a of the association. paratus. The testimony o( the newspaper correMr. A—The Regatta Committee shall offer each year others trailing along in a bunch not far behind. one o'clock on the day of each race. tbe charges of tbe Springfield paper Just quoted. H. B.—in flag:) which shall be held by the college winning them as It was coming otf dusk as they got down towards finish shallpractising, t rewsrowing from the start to the After asserting that he does not write in me in- those in mid-channel, feeble though the correal have right of way, and crews rowing in eaeaeents on this point is very conflictine. but tbe emblems for tbe championship of that year. was, they could do themselves ao justice, ft is Bac, A—All college Clubs uking part in this regatta tbe grand stand. The referee's boat was some other directions must keep clear of the course. leieree decided that Yale was the party ta error, terest of the Saratoga Rowing Association or pretty hard to get yourself ready for a whole yeai •hail strictly observe all rules and regulations which distance behind, and as they crossed the line some tad gave Harvard the race." or John MorriS3ey, he continues:— ; together for a struggle with your fellows, and aftel shad be adopted b«* the associat.on, ana shall abide bv AM we have said, Intense di-satisfaction was felt the decision ot the reteree. wh ae decision shall be nn»l on one aide or the river and some on the other, it "Allow me, therefore, to «ay, with all the em- practising long self denial, bodily labor, severe* in all cases. Any clulb failiug to cotnidv witn the proamong the Yale crew and their mends at this de- I visions ol this section shall be liable to expulsiou iroui was anything but a light task ror him or any one panes) 01 italics, that I regard the objections urged and more pro'racted than you ever knew before, the .. a-.vinti.tn. else to say ciston, which finally culminated in tbe members of ,1>M hssoclatiou. — against Saratoga on tbe score of the immorality of and sacrificing much time and not a UtUe money, cia VT. WHO WAS THB WIKNBB. the crew pledging each otter to never again the place as without jotmOation in fact. Tne to find your efforts worse than thrown away by 1S1SI J0I b'ate belonging tiie associatiub, To people on one side oi the river it seemed to eater a contest on Lake Qoinaigamond, and shall be iroui eacn cubthe annualtomeeting ol the Influence of Mr. John Morrlssey here la exagger- I your being In the honr of trial pushed over on to a appointed at aad this action was endorsed by the as-oclatiou, and shall sold office lor one year irom that be Harvard, to those on the other Yale, with Wesated a thousand fold. He does not rule Saratoga' ! p a r t ot tD~e track unfit for yon or any one else l be appointed. Tale University Boat Clab in voting "that date, or until their successors of this committee to make leyan second and Harvard third, and so at last, 5aa A—it shall be the duty and. as aware, he does nouS^oiitend on equal terms with your antagonist, It no crew irom that college ever should row there and carry out aid arrangements which they may deem after much discussion and doubt, tne referee We are happily able to lay before our readers care to rule it. His operations here ts more than likely 11 such hasards were to be roa neeeasarv for the combleie success of the regalia. All concluded that Yale bad first crossed a line which, again." How much control the action of that boat expensed which the committee may incur for the above to-day not only a diagram of the course which, if pnrpose shall be divided equally among all the clubs bad it been correctly drawn, would have been it has not already, before nightfall will become are limited to two institutions—the races and tne by you again tnat you would have nothing to da clab can nave on the doings of its members years participating in t!ie regatta. club bouse. As regards toe former. I am not aware with tbe race. And yet, in addition to this formidlater, snouid that course be considered again, it la MC. 3.—Itshall be the duty of this committee to ap- reached first by Harvard. Indeed the latter had more notable than any other in America, but also that they differ, except in magnitude, essentially able objection to the Springfield course, there hi suitable another even worse, one not fitful or the conse* aotessy tu say. out tbe excellent management of point some regatta. person who shall act as reieree it supposed they had'won, and some one on the sketches of the two principal courses which have rrom races held elsewhere. the aunuai They are attended by qoeaoe or any one year's caprice, but one inherent judges' boat had, through mistake, given her men in the past been the scene of the great college ASTICL« VTL affiirs this season thus tar at fWatoga may possisporting men as races always are. They are accom- in the course itself and which cannot well be reSafvios 1—There shall be an annual meeting of the asbly preclude the necessity of ever raising the ques- sociation held on tho first Wednesday m Apiii, at saqb the flags, which they took to their boatuouses; aquatic contests. panied oy betting and pool-selling, and so, I ven- moved. It Is nothing more nor less than that taa it suttn bnt, on learning, to their great surprise, that the taia. American oarsmen are lortunate in having place ss the association may decide upon at its anni ture to Bar, are the races held every year in tne river here is crooked, so that for ten or a dot"a inuuai meeting of the year iimnedis e.y preceding. T h e S a r a t o g a Course. boats to row irom a given stsrting line and yet decision had gone for Tale, promptly turned them ae many courses to ehoose 'rt-om and on broad Ssc. i— At this meeting the time, place and style•of'he Scarcely more Important is It berore giving battle goodly cities or Springfield and Hartford. The allow each enough room to avoid fouling its oeigsv next annual regatta sliall be decidel. and a set ot .. over. The fact seems to be that Yale really supwaters tike tho^e of Saratoga fake and good pre t rules public selling of pools is indeed a nuisance which bur and still row a race absolutely fair ts, saving and regulations adopted which shall be strictly observed posed she had won, and Harvard that she had, to choose and know well your ground than in prevleua management such an unfortunate event at said regatta. we hope to see aoated In time, bnt let tbe commu- on one condition, impossible. Tnat oondition IB SBC. 3,—At this meeting all questionsof dispute betweeSi ceoid scarcely occur. In the rn excitement of a anv ruembcrfOf clubs lelonglng to the association sh.ijr and it waa this doubt that accounted for tbe paring ror a rriendly bout with the oars to ch09.se nity that is without any public scandal of tbe kind one tnat is extremely difficult, indeed Imand know well the water. > o one is better aware practicable to require, and that u that tae race there may be and often bad steeriug, but be submitted to the association, and its decision shun be marked quiet prevailing in Springfield on the night cast tbe first stone at Saratoga. The races are patin members or clubs tailing lo comwhen the waters are broad aa khey always ought to tinaiwithall cases. Any oi thia esc aew shall be liable to alter a contest which used in otber years to bring of this than t*ie veteran orofesslonal. waen about ronized mainly by strangers who come bere tor the boats row in lanas. As it wss Isst rear, tae startply the provisions ing line was drawn across the river at right a noisy hilarity and glee that all who ever ob- to row a race he ^vlll be on the water weeks in be, there wui usually be found among amateurs at cxpuiai^n irom the association. AiBTlCL* T i l l . advance, studying its every eddy and current, purpose of attending tbem. and as tbey are held angles with its course.~-To draw the otber turee toast a dispotduon to afiow somewhat for Any club may be expelled from the association hvfa served it cannot readily forget. Yale certainly only one or two weeks in the year it U difficult to miles away aroual the bend 01 tbe river at right bad done better than was generally expected, and how the wind strikes It, where he can work to I with its course would be glaringly the faults oi each other. It la certainly two thirds vote ot all members present at auy annual see how tbey can imperil the morality of the stu- angles there diagonal line was run, meant to de meeting. untair; so a her captain and one otber of her men of that year beat advantage, and many more things which to be hoped that this year, aa last, , i R T l C U IX. dents who attend the regatta. fairness to all, mere may not occur another of these unhappy j There shall be one vtarly asses-tment. of such amount are hoping bard ere nightfall to take and carry he who is to risk much ought to know. Bat in the j "But the great bugbear that seems to have succeeded it is and without inquiring how well tl enough to say tnat it was possible as ibe association may decide, upou all members of tl solection or an area lor a battle like that or to-day away from all competitors the crown of victory loais, and now, in the year i s h , lor tlhj first time association. frightened our New England friends irom their lor one crew to row from tne s u n and cross taa many other tilings have to be considered. For j i B T I C l t Z. for 1874, finish tine and do actually less than three miles, l ace j i g (ma ttie third in tile annals of onr col- i This constitution may be altered and amended at anv these meetings draw together not simply tu6 propriety ts the club house. The character of that while auother, seeming yet to steer well, nilgai lege racing, did any other ln$titution save these ; annual meeting ot the association by a t o-thirds vote et rowers themselves, but friends. In multitudes, institution is greatly misunderstood by people who really do more than three. Bnt in these dare, members present PREVIOUS EACES. tee venture into these contests, in iseo Brown j tbe AaEfJnaaara—1. Any college not represented in any when boats and oars and even men have improved » relatives, partisans, old oarsmen, strangers • have never been here. -had entered with a crew audj boat both foolbhiy annual regatta shall thereby lose its membership in th» so over those of past years, and races are won 0 / ONLY A CI.UB HOPS*. fond of manly sports and many more of dght, and had como in last, with ber boat partly I association and representation In the convention of the sections and fractions of a second instead ef T h e Record ot O t h e r Y e a r s . us>i>ciation. every rant and station. No better proor It is not a public gambling boose, but a strictly miiiuies, a current, however slight, or a bead 1st aaei w.th water. In 1870 she essayed again, but | * Passed April 2.1575, by third annual convention. CMVEaSITT CBBWS. could be had, if desired, of this than a private institution like the club nouses in our the conrse. Is keenly ieit, and should, if possible, coLi-XGics Or taa associarios. • Date. Time. Course. Contestants. oaly IB the Freshman Race, and beat Harvard. Amherst, Bowdoin, Brown. Columbia, Cornell, DartAi'G. 8, 1S32.—Lake Winnipiseogee, Centre look at the influx into Saratoga during the last large cities, to which none but tbe initiated caa be avoided. Tbe wind will blow anywhere, and tl Yale and Amherst, the latter of whom waa mouth, Barvard, Massachusetts Agricultural, irinify * it can touch it and so hazard Harbor, two nuiea to windseven days. The press, to be sure, has contributed gain admittance, except by special request and somewhat thewater will ruffle race; but crooked making her maiden appearance in these William* Vala. conditions of a ward. permission. It began as a public house, but Mr. •streams and currents can oe avoided, aad in a THE i-ARMER B0T8* VICTORT. Oneida, Harvard. Won by two lengths. much towards it, laying before the public all doue \ meetings. Sow. la 1871 [Brown waa la and to be done and the pleasure to be had if tbe Morrissey was forced at once to change Its charac- conflict wnere so much is staaed aa here surely Halcyon, Yale (8-oared oarges) Tills year tne Springfield Club generously gave a both the rreahman Race and the UniverJULY 21,18*5.—Connecticut River, Springt rip was made: but there has been one steady, ter. Gambling is still supposed to oe tbe principal ought to be. sity, while the Amherst Agricultural School— sec of champion coiora and six pieces of plate, and field, Mass., one and a half The good name of ceaseless tide or a general, well-bred humanity object of the frequenters of tbe place, but tne busi- also mucb last vear the Springfield coorse suffered at 7b. 5m. 31V*. that afternoon the sixes of Harnines down stream and bacK. irom tbe wretched mismanagea separate laatuutton from Amherst College—made ness is carried on entirely beyond the reach of the meat of tbe races themselves. Tne city had a Iris, Harvard (8-oared oarge). 22:00 glad 01 an opportunity to combine a visit to the ber arst appearance in tne University Bace, a step vard, Brown ana the Aggies all got away in fine T. T„ Harvard (4-oared barge) 22:03 famous Springs with a sight or our principal public eye. It is the men who have their thousands committee and so had tbe students, and as eaca. which the result showed she had no possible rea- style with an idea of obtaining the permanent Nereid, Vale (6-oared) 23:38 relied on tbe otber, nothing, aa usual, was done oy aquatic, and, It may be added, athletic spectacle. | tojisk upon whom the proprietor depends as pat- either. Tue reieree s boat rao short of good coal ownership of said trophies. The weather waa clear Nautilus, Yale (6-oared) 24:38 soa to regret. And It will be oi tntereat here toWorFor, Jond as we may think ourselves of outdoor j rons,and unless Amherst students have more money tost when she was most needed, aud he bad ta day to Bete that on this same 2lst day of Jul*. and fine, the air and water quiet. Nobody had JULY 26, ISJ9. -Lake Quinsigamond, a half cester, Mass., one and sports, there is but one athletic event in the to spend than when I was at college I think that accept the bospitalities or the HERALD steam ever heard of the Aggies and so did not expect tq, isTl, three of tne men who fill as many seats of lutie,- up the lake and back. yacht; no one knew definitely where lay the Anted, whole year in which the interest felt is at all gen- \ Mr. Morrissey would regard them as game beneath line, two of tbe boats instead of being paced at Harvard (shell) 19:18 the Harvard boat BOW then roweo in the Harvard but long before that eventful quarter ol an hour eral or about which we stop and read, and that is his notice. Indeed, r have learned on good author- least 100 teet apart at tne start were only 441 Yale (shell) 20:18 Vreahsaaa crew, Messrs. Dada, Goodwin and was over both Harvard and Brown formed their Harvard (lapstreak) — 21:13 acquaintance in a way that has fastened Itself this same University Race. It, like men, gams ' ity that no young man is admitted to the estab- the Freshman crews were to start at tarea Meree, wane, in passing, it may be worth men Brown (lapstreak) , 24:40 - mueli of its best strength from its character, for lishment unless accompanied by some responsible and did not get off until two noors Utter; taa University luewise; there was no system about tuning tnat in a single scull raee earlier the same firmly, and wul likely not be forgotten ror years to JCLY 24, 1800.—Same course. it is well known that there need be no ' senior. Mr. Morrissey ia very careful not to out- getting toe boats into line, but tbey came dragging Harvard 18:53 arteruooo aad oa the same track. Ten Kjck, the aaam With a light crew, eight pounds a man along anotuer, doing Yale 19:05 suspicion ot unfair play in these contests, or rage public sentiment too far, and I venture to good. down one after eleven judges each other ao proleaaional. who the other day disposed of Scharff lighter than the Harvards and a tnfle heavier There were at the amah Brown 21:15 than Brown, these tough farmer boys pnt second JIJLT 29, 1S64.—Same course. anything else not entirely frank and manly. Never predict that tbe students who visit tne regatta wuere four would have been a multitude, aad and his mends' spare dollars at PeekskUl, was after second between their rivals aa they stioi once, to their credit be it said, have these races will find it impossible to get into tbe establish- two. or even one, enough; it was nearly dusk when Yale. , 19:01 easily neaten by Ellis Ward, Butler, of Boston, and Harvard , , 19:43* developed anything not strictly fair, even the ment, even If they desired, and 01 coarse stodenta the gieat event of the day came off; no one away hard down stream. The bettinjr uarriogton, ot Sanngfjeid. ^ couid tell who won; tbe noUormt of nad been 18 oa Harvard to 12 on Brown JULY 28, I860.—same course. habtt allowed in the English University races of the from Amherst would not with to try. • • * the crewi were not sufficiently varied, so Mad IKaUMiPE. 18:42* to 4 on the strangers, and It showed how accur "It is indeed supposed with good reason that Mr. they might be swiftly singled out, and the result leading boat "washing" the other being discounHarvard ; 18:09 was decision Two, kD4iD fact three otherleatare* also had this rate was the general Judgment by being wrong in JULY 27, isas.—Same course. tenanted here, as jqekeying and unworthy.of gen- Morrissey ta secretly opposed to the regatta, and over aaud overwhich ts stid 10 so mucb doubt that it was remarked taat of the eM would defeat it if he had any power to do so, aa •aee ef Ua% aad very noticeable ones. Vale waa every particular. The farmers led the Cambridge Harvard 18:43* tlemen. the auspices under which it is to be conducted will lime uproarious enthusiasm which made all WorYale a* good as fter word, and Worcester was aban- men all the way to the finish, being there thirty19:10 be the most telling rebuke of his own proceedings cester ring and the overflowing balis of the Bay JULY 19, 1867.—Same course. Joaed. Inglesade, a UtUe place oa the CoBnectiThe question of what water will best suit these that could be given and mnat tend to his aowniali. »tate Hotel fairly rock, there was haraiy aay at seven seconds ahead and the latter, twenty-four Harvard 18:12* taere, am a little above Springfield, Mesaaehusetta, ahead of Brown, while the Aggies made tne aston trials 01 speed has of late years wholly changed. Why should not Amherst give us her countenance all. All tue elements of a great race were almost Yale 19:25* ana nelp to make tne occasion a kind oi missionary and yet the aad bungling that marked JULY 24,1868.—same course. Being substituted for pretty Lake Qumaigaraoud. ishtngly fast time of iem, 4«Ss., Incorrectly Up through 1870, with a rare exception, but two every step 01 tbe work spoiled it ail. SpriacdeMI Harvard. 17r48* boats at a tune competed, and so a narrow course , enterprise against evil f" rehas yet to know the true fun and jollification o f a - *»»»a, the course waa not, for many years, out to ported at first as I7m. « , s . THX OBEATEtfT SCAKDit. 18:38* great boat race. When Mr. Rowland asserts that Saratoga bas as qmet tue race was abruptly poor Dunham was drowned »»take and return, but straight away; a thing like that or Lake Quinsigamond did very weiL But JULY 23,1869.—Same course'. and paiaiolly tarmioaeod| This surely waa a new tum of things, to see the *. populatioo as most New Eugland towns, al- and now, when even passable management woa •ithoui a precedent in these college races, save 18:02 when, with the coming years, new colleges clamHarvard tuough its churcfi attendance may be less. -The have carried all through well, netting ana oldest college in the land, and one that had bniie 18 :U • that oae-the first oi all—oa Lake Wtnnieptaeoored for representation, a track bad to be greatest scandal," he says, "that 1 have noticed JULY 22,1870.—same course. doue at all. _ _„ . -_*-• .tee, ta liax. Now ail questions of iouiiag and chop- ap a long and brUhant record for aquatic prowess, found adequate to the growing demand. And since I have been here te that occasioned by the Harvard 20:30 It should be edd.»d that a marted eveat^in forced to give way to an institution small and ot* prurient curiosity of Christian people irom abroad, Yale Wtf off eaca other's rudders while rounding a not m rows alone, for there is plenty or water 18:45 clergyman t s well as laymen, who have seemed •takeboat will be done away, and bad tbe U:9 score. But from it to-dav Princeton may pluck up JULY 21,1871.—Connecticut River. Spring in almost any part of the country broad mure anxious to get a peep at the inside ol Mr. field, Mass., three miiea heart, aad so might Onion, of Schenectady, and ***» beea here tnere might have heea a diff.reut and nearly smooth enough to suffice for several Morrtssey's establishment, and to avail them- SSmely? tue stratghtawar-^a change aow never down stream. Rutgera and West Point and the Western Relikely to he turned back. Agricultural 16:46* crews to row on abreast; and our many lakes selves of their freedom from tbe restraints of teteu. home to attend the races, than to drink our serve and the midshipmen. Saratoga Lake, as we Harvard 17.123* and aonds would no doubt furnish abundant room U k t awiaaaAgstawwmd OaaBBBB* laa coarse ran rrom stakaboata anchored oppowaters, or to attend our prayer meetings. Brown nave said, is broad enough, for all, and before 17:47* la the heart of Btaasechueetts, nestling quietly for work where the dangerous element of current This accounts for the fact that they know so **»lagteatde, down tne stream, three miles, to a nightfall, if alt goes well, wdl prove whether she JhXT 24, 1872.—Same course. would be omitted; bnt.when tbe other requisites much more about tbe vices of the place thaa the among the Worcester bills, lies a pretty lake tarea Amnerst. 16:33 *•* ttty feet aorth of Chloopee Bridge. The carhas not for tbe demands of a national regatta' If they as anxious Harvard 16:57 are looked at, the quartering and caring for the stated residents. are tne were they would to see or four miles long, bearing tbe quaint old I '•** to elaggish, probably about i strong as at the good as they evil carry Agricultural... ..... n.io laciiiuea unequalled. rowers and their property, and providing for back to their homes a somewhat different account name Qolnsigamond. It is not wide, being ^ • g t e M , where there is acarcelj any at i Bowdoin i7:M T K srafBXK OP 1872 U of the moral condition of tne place. The Christian any where much over quarter of a mile, while taa *to Had of the year. <r\ friend and visitors numbering many thousands, Williams. ii:5» people are in the saw a sight welcome and altogether new in tae Yale i8:i3 it will be seen at once that there must at least be to visit of Saratoga ot vice evenmain too Puritanical southern half of it ts so doited with Islands aad 1 ta TALI Aasvyr axp war » the haunts irom motives,01 cu- water u so shallow as to make it about impossible XINOB CSBWg. rowing record of the country. Instead of two or abundant hotel room close at band. riosity." P i other and moat ajgniacant leal ore of this JULY 27, 1858.- -Lake uuinsigamond, Worto get much of a racing stretch taere. Bnt, dividTHB MABAOBBBXT OT THB BACB. *"**~aee never beiore under any circumatancea three coliegea alone contending for the honor, THE FROBLKU, cester, Mass., one and a half ing it near the centre, there need to ma a pontoon 1 waen the eventful day came six different atxOf the management or the race he says :— miles up and back. •**»»B—waa the absence then, reduces itself to finding a course intrinsir erew from Tale. "I believe that tne aasociation wdl be eqnally bridge, and now an earthen road keeps ap tae old Yale Harvard (shell) 19:14 **rvk*d had Read aad Jones aad four new mea oared crewa from as many universities or colleges caily good, lying near a city or large town, ca- 1 successful with the College Kegatta, J^fyffJVJ turnpike over which Dan Webster perhaps often Harvard (shell) 19:16 •••to ready to meet Ber; aad eUdred, th famous drew into Hue. lng.eaide had given little tatlsiac- JULY 24, I860.—Same course. oody w« „ our fi^aianitv rode te circuit, betweea Worsester two sattea pableof accommodating many strangers. A look at ! the support of the whole ta the , ttoa, fewer people having gone to see tae race cituensbip; m ""^ ^J Ha, vard Freshmen's Thetis torekeef the any place heretofore tned will show that no iatr is thoroughly in earnest° ia the X E r We west, aad Boston, forty-two east, fhat part ef tae 'AggieA" would try with hie man to I than were ever present before or since at oae of matter, we (Tapetreak) 19.40& solution of this problem haa, op tin now, been ire determiaed to seep toe affair £ « >™» lake to tne north was that which has bscoses t o \aie Freshmen's Givuna (lapa warm welcome. But Yale had made up these gatherings. Bo a change waa promptly found. Had the water near either place named rice, If in order to do fitn we all have^kibe e ^ familiar in Tale aad Harvard tradition, and at Haa streak) 20.30 m c team.* - *** W O B W ° * 1 ** tara *«* ttom » Tnat niAde this year—a little lower down the Coanectl- JULY 24,1S60,—Same course. been all it ahould oe, neither of them would long roued as support 01« ^ r d e i J J a « o b«ct^^ e r aM O * , ttgat craft of each shot oaee in sack July eat militia tn special P o r•^Jt\ aeW ^ n V iiei*.*** aropaed the Mea of college rowing. cut, from a point opposite tae lower end or Harvard Sophomore's Hatdee suit, for the reason that tbey have hotel ac- j u nothing else, will keep the f ^ Sd E l ^ ^ i t a ^ throngs taa ttttte opening of the brtdtTe, eaeft JZ."* • • * eto*r eaoogh rrota taa tenor of s>pnngleld to another three miles further dowa (lapatreaa) 30.17 , t t It is taeir J y ^ commodattons sufficient for only ordinary de- its pledges. mentation ^ g b a°r « tJ g a& ^tJS r ' -" J , beartag six ateat hear ta, aad sped ewtMy away Tale Sophomore's Thalia .lap* * now*, waiak explain taeBaativea:permanent 01 n o .^ r ' ap tae weat afeera to aad peat tae ceeteJ ta* aad a little above tne finish of urn. in- »— — . . . •weak) Notgivea msnda, and It would not pay to build uerstood p e n e c U y * ' " * » *££"£ Kaw HavBB. Owe. h t S e r e / t a a l ; grand stead, tt is act augmlar tf the tartl tee* rt has been Mela tram taa start JOLT 29, 1984V—Same oourae. ^•fSAT^waiealefa. c B. c.*mere extenaive ones. This does not hold good of the colleges meat Be • — • • • • • • »» behalf e( dm Ta> Cglta be gttQceaBfoi, B U M 1 tuanaed ansa msaw as laaMasa^aaa ftf*fBeM*bd*a^lt*%feJ^^ fweeUf Harvard Sophomores.. . 19:0» I # « soni»nB»raa.v,.W.....sv«il« TEE THESE GBEAT EACIHG COURSIS. Saratoga, Sprija#field, L a k e Qiiuisi^amoiid. TJLTZ J^aftUeY^ RE*" •"" * • * ~ � https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/6176d11f645f8c28cdb9c48f8b279057.pdf bb22cff595f3eea7c6f101f7d166dbda PDF Text Text w — " — — 1 VTEW YOBK HERALD, THUBSftAT, JULY 16, lSTi.HtwlAtTA ffiDmCHft a j B p i H l of ta« trtoffa. wWM, tbs o r i a i r r way. dtreetrr aroaad. /Tun, ^rae^paarteTa. wait* Danas w on art* r Tbere • nothing Ha tan west t a i l (be an* aiw w e e e l Moeot Wigwaas enpatna baavy or ctoaMry. koagiaboat Goodwin, tail as be -jritacrewutetaistbeaiore •a* ar MM* froax at* start, wbLc oa la. Taa stor s uue i tk*a strsngtb coaw aot be ahntptiy r aaost oC Aireedi taw conpiaint la tbat taey are down *r too tarn aad fine, and itfcabard to I M fast M t M k t weather. of MHiaf a n tot Baiika M a a o / eraar sy stealkawt tratoiBg;a «*** Coal tar The old e€ iettgbt are fav •* if* ttaaae longer thai tbsia-aotbiBg bet aaaat and old oread and a little i t oorti and m t t . bareaoga aotats—U working aa it always does wort and antioraly AbettareO, tanngb from eoabtla** aiwara win. • H » N M tb* wts4 sjirai BOBBS good vegetables right InTae idea of dolna wltaout ibeir season I One wouid aay nottcwabts eorreat ttual araots* of geod ractag. wooM tbat men wbo tboogbt at ail lor tbemselves What sense Is tb*rt in traineeeh to t'if»-twa to Woroeaier, ing ap know better. for a race, spending time and a wools rear B)e*lags-eed tbe ionaer, baewles aa aosjaa sooaojr aad labor, aad atterj a crew lasty road, cooid by tbe ear* of It gotten into working coder, leediag tbem t Waraaster Railroad laad many p w oa food wbieb. instead ol longina- for, they loathe* a—— ftofaana, B O C % BBBBWS^BBB bendy a* *e* watsr: a fact ^fPBTrSB •SSWRBBB? w W * J ^aiaiPfcjflWP ber rt-aJa It was koto getting Beeean't taosries like marwe, Harvard on aad forgetUog all aboot bia vttaiuj,, and tben b e t a s a* mmr*j*J»t etting blm whipped la a canter by a smaller man warn Saratoga, ke King. A nan at of rtfitaw, bee ret, not leei dragawd aad the topaad b(s condition does sober all goor, batonprovides? for ksep- ©ommoolT ilgbt and spnagr. aad when he is so watered aad la there will oaaaJly be found a lltUs flesh on his nt*. 1 S They Are and Where They Come From. C I I Twin Prl arete a Crew. Next in alphabetical order come tbe men of New Jersey, aod old, ae la Nassau Ball, yet making this year tbeir first appearance In these contests. They bare at home one advantage which none of tbeir rivals know, indeed two: tbey have water to row oa that is never known to be rough, and Its sides are everjwnere parallel end so hear together tbat tbey most soon learn to row straight, ao that we may look for some fine steering from them today. The water ia question is that exhilarating sheet known as tbe Delaware and Raman Canal, aad ao other college represented here to-day can boast anything like tbat Williams, to be sure, comes the nearest, bat tbe Hoosec has one little antic unknown probably to the gay canal—it dries up. In many ways have the newspapers contributed to make these races what tbey are to-day, and no college has felt this in a more practical way than Princeton. For, standing in need or a soluble boat bouse, Mr. Robert Bonner, of the Ledper, handed tbem $2,000 towards erecting one, I which made the rest easy. The cause of boating at Harvard, for instance, aod donbtleeo at any other of oar colleges, never from any one man received 00 large a contribution. Princeton is reputed to have tbe nearest approach to a gymnastic professor which any college in this country has yet found; aad many oi her men had already a reputation as skilful gymnasts, a fact wbicb did not insure good rowing stuff, but still bore that way. She baa also a, very large Dumber of undergraduates, both 'the Middle and southern States being strongly represented. Her crew Is one of the lightest of the nine, Williams and Wesleyan only weighing mas. They have taken hold of their work with a good deal of snap, eighteen men being said to have commenced last fall to try for places on the crew, and all winter long the rowing weights at the gymnasium were filled easily. The men have come up here anything but heavy, in fact, almost too fine, and should be more careful in this respect, and doubtless will another year. One of mean. Mr. Adoicks, knew something of boat racing before, having, it Is said, a fair record as a sculler on the Schuylkill. The story goes, also, tnat alter one race he was seen to taint away. A while ago these Princeton men would have bees, at either Harvard or Yale, regarded as a fine, strong crew; Out during the last few years, and especially last year, there was such a constant cropping up of unusually good men—and now there are more than ever—that these pew comers are really one of the weakest looking; of all. They—Williams, Trinity, Cornell and Dartmouth—bave all along been named as likely to make up this afternoon tbe last live. If eacb one of them were as good a man in one sense or the word as the lather of one of tbem (llali) Is in anotber there would be a lightning race between tbem and the winners belore nightfall for tbe first place at the finish. lr tbey will come up anotber year with more beet In tbeir boat and especially with more evidence that they bave been faithfully and judiciously coached tbey may come home in the nrstj group of three. Tne observer would quickly class tbem as city rattier than countrv boys, as of the sort that fill the outrigger ot Harvard or Columbia rather than of -inewy Wesleran or brawny Dartmouth. Tbay are of the sort tbat, like a certain kind ot cat, are always better than tfiey look. The other day a man of tbeir stamp or even more so, of ptpestem arms and slab chest, and as modest as be is tough, rowed as one off a pair and beat a rtvai boat in which sat one of the very toughest, probably the very toughest, American college oarsman, certainly tbe oes; developed in the upper works tbat ever sat In a boat. Hislarms were over an Inch,probably nearly two inches, larger than any here to-day. He bad trained for nls race; his mate looked a good man, almost as good as the companion of tbe thin man, and yet the pipestem arms made it hot work for him all tbe way, and when they crossed tbe line tae reieree decided that Ptpestem and bis boat bad won. Tbe blood and otner elements which enable a man to thus do far more than bis looks would teem to justify are said to flow freely in some of fbese Princeton veins, so to-morrow's news may be tbat one ol tne to be first four dropped out and Princeton took bei place. But probably not. fore tbey are forty, wfli get ao that tbey ean walk in an boor nearer five Bales than four, or pall an ear with the stall aad seay President Eliot, of Bar* vard, need to, mid doamaess, with three weeks' training, would to-day: can oeat, say some or their owa students at what tbey love to do aad esteem thomoefvee goad at, they will begin to find those students liking tbem in a way tbey bave aever dreamed of nor really deserved. There is 00 oeed of racing power. Bat there is Deed of manly vigor fit to battle with the annoyaoces and obstacles each day—a miniature life time—bas in store to try os and prop as with, aad the faculty which doea what in it lies to disseminate tbat vigor, keeping ft, of course, within bonds ana secondary to the end it ts a means to. is going to do a food, far-reaching and not like most of tbe studies here and there liberally endowed coming home to hot a few, bat unlversaL Be Amen te the prompt and wise action of Trinity and Columbia: May tbe men of both do credit today to tbe sous friends who have thus atood up behind tbem joat where tbey appreciated it most grate mi ly. • Tbe Wesleyan Crew. WOWMDOt tbat to after ante erne tbey wiu aa nave to work it i s quite possible tbat tbe aquatic name of either may be brighter now than it ever wui again. Both are very strong tbM year; yet suppose Columbia or Wesleyan ar Cornell or Dartmouth should eacb beat both BOW, would it oot begin to look ae if tbetr day waa paetr If tbis Enghsb stroke ti the only correct oae to row—and it 1 s certainly gaining favor—It will net be long till ah ta e colleges bave it by heart. Large and powerml men are plenty outside ef Cambridge aad New Haven as well as in tbem, as several otuer crews bere oow show, bo, at least, there is abundant work cut oat ahead. Tale has come op this year quite strong, as bas been said, though sne retains bat two 01 her lest year's crew, while Harvard, whom she would soonest beat, has roar ef hers, end the best four, fl there ts marked superiority in tbe English stroke, as rawed by Yale, she Is likeiy to win; but tbat ts not yet quite proven. She bas one advantage— her captain is old, much older than any of bis crew or of Harvard's. Poor yean more of development of wia and judgment ought to tell, and they do tell in this tbe best, though act the strongest or toughest, stroke oarsman Yale ever bad. Her men look well all through—no uneasiness about any ef them not being strour enough lor his work. It is getting easier to obtain good men now than formerly, because more are eager to row and take tbe steps to become fit. Indeed, it may be that tweaty years later no faster speed may be attained tban oow. Men averaging 180 pounds in weight after training are large, wellsized men. Boats are about as light as it seems possible to make them compatible with sufficient strength to stand any wear at all. If the London Rowing Club stroke is perfeot Yale ts as likely to bave it now, wnen Mr. Cook has devoted so much time and thought ana care to its acquisition, as she ever will be again. Should Harvard beat ber tbis time it will not be from rowiag the same sort of, stroke and rowing it better, but mainly because Harvard Is by half a dozen pounds a man larger and stronger. When two crews get so tbat they row equally well and have similar boots, as well as equal experience, a few pounds—in England a single pound—is believed to tell, in single sculls it does not seem to make so much difference, one or our very fast amateur single scullers, for instance, weighing, If tbe report be correct, but lis pounds. But in pulling one oar In a boat or four, or six or eight good men have seldom weighed below 140. From the number of men Yale will keep over till anotber year I think she will prove very last in 1876; and if these races continue at Saratoga there will be one comfort—one can at least compare the time of crews of different years when made over the same track. 80 much depends on what the condition of tbe water may be tbis afternoon or to-morrow, or whenever else the race may, on account of tbe rough weather—for I do not think tney will stop for rain—be postponed to. But seldom bave matters looked better for Yale on tbe eve of a great race. jftfjffn! a ^7jm^S^^!l " •*•«° «« » w* el STi*^*?ltoZ£J?'J E2Z- *? ' WHOLE NO. 1 height, j ft, 11* m., weight, its. » -»-. « j t - W . H. Addicks. rbtaadalpaia; age, so, asbrht » rt. • * to.; weight, las. ""*~— " • * • •"•»*, 8 - 0 . M. ft. 1 0 * i n ; w e i g h t , ISO. I —R. J. Hall, Sew Tork; l a . ; ™'WarilV, IwVi weight bft, W; height, 5 ft MX •te heejrbt, a ^ • M la.; weight, tad. Bow— w. M Smith, Peterson, L leight, I ft, A ta.; weight, ltd •V * | •*% » j M Average-Ot weight, Ud M; of ••*•**» *fv u la.; 01 ego. r B o a t built by rearoo; length, a t * rt.; wbtfl I t * In. The crew will appear to light cetera* flannel trimmed with black, aad orange bands*? chieis. asrnaouMir- !•!*» i O A R D H R * WAMT&b—Sat > O A » " A $ &. L O O d j a O W A N T K D - l r.rthcoi B8sBFlS&^v?K.'l25, w^e8rruBTrjM(Ti_ usee notions— rirr« * * rawciTOH reaaHMXM. *frofc^— Benjamin NioboH (captain). New Tort* age, 18; height. & ft l o * in.; weight, lis ibs. ' 1-4. 8. Fly. Cedar Rapid a. Iowa; ass, sp; betgtt tit. 10*111.; weigh t i t s lb*. ^"» s—J Williamson, Osoorn, Ohio; age, 21: aeurti 6 ft 10 in; weight, 146 lbs. *f* «—J. A. Campbell, Washington; age. i t ; height « ft # * m.: weight, lia tba. ^ ^ 6—0. Halgtead, Newark, N. J., age, 20; height • ft. t x t a . : weight, 1*7 lbs. * s Mtm—c O. Green, Oder Rapids, Iowa; axe. itheight, ft ft. T in.; wei* h i its loa. ^" » Averages—Of weight, -.48; of height, ft ft. MM. • of age, ia. Tbetr appearance in the race will be the same as tbe University crew. • rmuriTT. Strot*.—H. 0. Dubois, Falrbaolt, Minn; age. itheight, 6 lk; weight, i«2 lbs. ^* ' 2—J. DeF. MoKennan (captain). Washington Pa.; age. 81; height, e ft. 8 tn.; weight, 175 lbs. 3— WillMm i. Roberts, Detroit; age, a- height. • it. 1 in.; weight, lift lbs. ^ * ^ 4—Clarendon G. Bulkiey, Lebanon, N. H.; weight lftOlbe. ^ ^ ft—9. D. Hooker, Watertown, N. 1.; age, m : height. 6 ft. Mn,: weight, lftft lbs. Bow.-O. M. uuBois, Falrbaolt, Minn.; age, S3; height, 5 it. 11 in.; weight, 158 lbs. Averages—Of welgat, 166 lbs.; of height, • f t ; of age, 22. Boat built by Elliott; length, 4»H f t ; width, 10* inches. Tbe crew will be arrayea next Thursday in white drawers, gauze shirts and alternate green and white hanafcerchteia. What name has come to the front swiiter, more sorely and more deservedly than that of tbese same Wealeyans r A handful of men, wbo hardlymany of tbem—know tbe meaning of a spare dolT b e Mew off Dartaswwtbu lar, or even fifty cents, they bave come up bere There to something solid, too, about tbat name. certainly no richer than Amherst, and with It suggests Daniel Webster and ;be great college not roar or five or their old team for a nucleus, but law case, and White Mountains aad rocks and only one, and bave already made themselves a things stance aad Arm aad staole. dad yet la name in advance tbat DO man will say is not dethis sort of wort tbey do hot want to be so served. Let some one wbo bas been so busy all bis life making money tbat he has had no time to do stable, bat to move, right along, aad to move any good with it, and now finds tbe end of bis days aa fast aa to beat the others. Tbey came conironting htm, put a good sized Wesleyan codicil ap lest year ta Springfield, tbe taUeet men in the document whioh begins "Imprimis." l a m of ail, and. like Coraeli, tbe heaviest. But not a Wesleyan but come from one of tbe oldest, CslwaaMa C'rvw. these tog men did not kaow how to use their and weattbiest and moat renowned universities in airbabeticaily this year come strength, aad tbey trained la a system which tbe mod, bat I bave seen now the Wealeyans bave af Mew Tor* city, the men of Col am- was exoeedtngly saccoasral in taking whatever behaved for two years, and 1 like them; Indeed, year, ender the super vision of strength tbey had. Jest look at itl Three am forced to, for self-reliance sod self-respect soon af the Ward crew, "Beak," they miles of walking before breakfast, when moat men command respect. Few men who have studied | trst oa the Harlem River and later oa are weak from being twelve or fourteen hours what has been going-en hereabouts during the last week will place tbem later than third to-night, taa Osesaectieat. Ht overwork ed them at an y r• te empty, and do not feet like work; au. miles of and more will put them first, land yet no English aret, gfTUig then both too much rowiag aad too j ^ j ^ ^ h t afterwards, then a nice six-mile stroke can be laid at tbeir door, aad tbey are one Mb walking. Por heavy, borly men, wbo have row, then some dinner, six miles more row and six of the lightest of the crews. With a bricklayer for trrewa phlegmatic and lasr, this nay work well more oi walk, an 1 finally, alter snpper. another bow and wheelwright for stroke and some three-mf'e walk to top off with, aad that in midsumeaeagb; bat lor aa aeuve sttyyeetb, store or lesa mer weather, say tike Monday two weeks ago. Is It farmers scattered la between, they remind ke aisbslag all the time. It does aot pay, aa tee v straage that tbey were not fit to do their work? one of a certain raiisphtter whose only JOead tbea, aad so stacaenod work oa reaching All tbe strangeness would bare been rather tbe gas jet fizzed out nightly from the old back such a dose as that. naringneid. Last year taey averaged aboot ISI, other way alter log, or the quiet man wbo thought he oouid handle aad, tboagb thought fair, there v a oon- It was natural enough for them to loaf this year, a refractory Illinois regiment in the first days of and likely enough it the war. I saw two or tbem on Monday, whoa the TEACHING YOUNG HAND3 TO BOW. atderable awkwardness among tbem, and could do, for it wouldwas almost tae best thing they take tbetr systems almost a lake was white with foam and Shell rowing out of aw they were booked for a lew place year to recruit from such wUd treatment. Was it tbe question, walking smartly along tbe road, ID ta tee race. Qeee ap to the time wonderful tbat one evening as tbey were getting The following extract from the book entitled flannel sntrt and trousers, sleeves rolled up, no af the race tbey met with an accident one day owt of the ooat four men vomited • Or tbat next "Principles of Rowing at Harvard," compiled from hats and brown, tougb-lookini forearms projectwhile practising oa the river which did their day tbey coato scarcely crawla about, and some tbe rules used at Oxford, will be 01 value beret— were seriously ilit Tbougb majority of the ing from the sleeves, which would, from tbeir chances ao good, another crew coming across men are new they suggeat laat year's in We must start lrom the principle that rowing it sinewy look and goodly size, catch any one's eye tbetr coarse aad stapidly keeping no lookout, ran several ways. They are again tue tallest ot an imitative art; that a man ts made, not bora, a at once. They are going into the loot races, too, genius at tne oar, and that you must sbow yoar these dewa pretty hard, their bow running into all, averaging over six leet in height. Tney save one, and if the prize was for the best paper pupil what he is to do, and how. You must give tea beck of oee of the Columbia waist oars, Mr. are almost certainly tbe heaviest, lake such ou tbe microcosm and tbe macrocosm they would him something to studr, and you must oversee tut a crew and put it through as Cook has done his aad making an ngly cash, which, of Yale men or Goodwin bis few Harvard, and it is wbole position and all bis motions. You can do doubtless all bave a hack at it. They have in no this onlv in a boat roomy, comfortable aod steady; way hid themselves while here, but did nafltted him for work. Notwitb- bard to say where tbey would stop. But with tbetr THE COLLEGE GBSWS. thereforetheir work where all the world might drawback and their mistakes in QUICK, scratcny, unfinished stroke, nothing but First, pat him into a pair-oar boat a gig witb see, and take their time, too, if it Watting tbey made a sharp race with several sheer strength or accident o tueir rivals ean solid sides, but with proper arrangement of seat wanted to. Tbey are not ashamed of their Corrected S t a t i s t i c s for R e f e r e n c e . bring tbein m first, second or third. Good, stretcher and outrigger. Sit down oa the aiter crews, laklag a good place well ap in the centre. careiul coaching, applied with tact and much time, and need not be,: and I qnes- l As the regatta is so near at bond we publish thwart and make htm see bow and where voor leet In oee respect both then and now tbey are ex- good nature, but applied—thai is what, they tion If it would not be wise for all crews to row on I carefully corrected lists of the crews, with certain are placed, she heels resting together aod'tbe toes aredingty well off. Their boating Interests were a want. It is a fine thing this year that all the proturned out/ time openly and, publicly, and even announce at statistics, which will be found generally conven- particular/ then cause blm to imitate you in that Next put tbe oars into bis bands, year ago permanently endowed by the faculty fessional trainers sre at last discarded. Uncomwiiat hour they would go rather man lollow this ! placing them about tbree and a half inches apart, with aa annoity of $1,000, which, of monly tough men, tnejr injucbtleseiy suppose that plan which now obtains ef doing light work In the | ient :— tbe outside band close to tbe end, but not capplag much, and DARTMOUTH. «..urse. prevents the problem of expense a:i others can stand a*these wen in consequence i t I! it Ik a square loomed oar all fingers ef the middle of the course, or starting or finishing short, j back them up d.- were ol Dartmouth. Strotce—Charles u. Gates, Kennebunkport Me.; i ou'side hand are held over and tne tbuma la preparing for these aaass from giving Tnvre never wan any need of having a prolessional or effecting some other of the hundred and one ruses I age, 22; height, 6 ft. 1 * in.; weigut, 172 lbs. band alone but to deceive tne vigilant toot. Has any one or the I 2—Frank W. Mitchell, Manchester, N. H.; age, 01 Ittbe ainside loomed oars let underneath; come Baacb, if aay, trouble, and it ta pleasant trainer at most of tbe colleges. Never jet for a 11 be round beta thumbs crews booked for a low down place to-day really j 22: height. 8 ft.; welgnt, 170 lbs. day bad Uarvard one, uiougu she had occasionally to aote tbat only recently the authorities at underneath. Moke htm then get forward, direct3—Charles W. Eager, Manchester, N. H.; age, ing all his limbs with your bands; see tbat he misled anybody f Their tactics are understood, Trtaity bave done even better than this, covering tatkeu oi it. Good lungs and vital power these to bave, and they may to-day straightens bis back, squares his shouluers, holds aod though tney may cease the watchful rival a 19; height 6 ft 1 in.: weight, 162 lbs. tae entire expenses ot the racing crew. This is a Dartaiouto men seem some or tbe smaller meu who 4—Benjamin pall her through past Hi tie more trouble in getting their time, he will age. 21; heightF. fRobinson, Manchester, N. H.; up his head, extends his arms fully to their reach, « t ; weight 140 lbs. step to tbe rlgbt direction aad will go far towards* row better, of course, too, it is always to be borne keeps the outside wrist fiat with the arm. tbe inget it ail the same. What, for instance, is to bin5—William F. Westgate, Haverhill, N. H.; age, side brought over tbe handle and beat convexly. encouraging a hearty, gtuerou* health throughout in mind that eacb crew bas its own tactics, aer a being off tbe mile stake in the woods on 22; belght, ft ft. 11 in.; weight 162 lbs. Then, sitting down in your place, go through U« the college, sad so sending out men fit to stand and it may be tbat these stalwart sons Bow— Willis G. Eatou, Jr., Lowell; age, 21; motions described in taking a stroke, and let blm eituer shore and off the two mile, and, having of Hew llsnipsbire, when a few mioutes alter tba •tram aad tear of life and u k e thing* as they see what you are doing. Repeat the several parts first compared watcnes, noting every crew tbat Mfeigbu o ft, 11* in.; weight, 160 lbs. four this afternoon comes and tbey are getting cosae- Laat tali the Columbia men. soi.n after tbe aiong wull down tti« oecond mile, will let out a reef passed and the second at which It passes ? A of Averages—Of weight 169* lbs.; of height 6 f t ; 01 tbe operation, giving to each a name; then age, 21. mate him follow those motions in tbe air, coansnencement of their term, set energetically at In toeir backs and *>kim lightly oust some of those little addition, subtraction aod multiplication soon Tbe boat is Elliott's make, of cedar. 48 ft long that be may fix in bis mind where tell the rest. worn about making np tbU year's crew. Three of who are more popular with the wise ones and and 19* ID. wide. Tbe crew will be bare-bacfted his shoulders, bands, knees ana elbows and dressed in green haudkerchlels ought to be at tbe commencement aad the old men, tae three forward ones— Smith. Moore those who purport to kuow. In making up their All but Eustis, the stroke, will stay for another OD Thursday, and green tights. (or turbans) can do the finish. Next make nim dtp Into tbe water at year, and some for more. We have seen strong and tbmoada—are oot, Timpeon, Goodwin and minus wnai a crewthink thatmen often show a HARVARD. strange tendency to tbe college which ao angle of eighty degrees aod pull througn • crews, with similar grounds tor hope, stay and deOrtse-oid, all of Hew Tork city, u s i n g their places. won tbe last year will win this, when, in iact, the Stroke— R. H. Dana, Boston; age, 23; height ft f t small area, the rudder being put against blm. moralize; but there is not much danger of lellows Again with your hands regulate his posture aad tbey are larger men than their predecessors, men are ail or nearly ail diflerent, and little can of the stamp of tbese doing tbe like. If the plan 10 in.: weight, 168 lbs. 2—D. c. Bacon, Jamaica Plain; age, 20; height let nim try a second stroke, applying little presbe told about tbem. This glitter and glare of being which bas been agitated somewhat of an allsure, instruct mm to have his chest well best college six or lour or eight to bave 6 f t ; weight, 163 lbs. • tandlog eacb over 5 leet 11 inches, and each talked about before tbe public may be tbe spur to forward toward the loom, that he may strike the 3—W. Goodwin (captain), Jamaica Plain ;ege, a friendly tbree or four mile brush with some; others may see tbat in taking bold of a dimwetgbing over ldj pound*. Cornell, too, the cult project and working it up with energy tbey water with a mil tension, and feel resistance at a Cambridge or Oxford crew is put vigorously 21; height 6 ft.; weight, 170 lbs. 4—H. L. Morse, Boston; age, 21; h e i g h t , O f t once. Make him look at tua blade now, and let heaviest man hut year, bas gained, and bis mate an .mpression on their fellows sure to tell oy through, there will be found, doubtless, at least him endeavor to force it into travelling witb tbe one or two good Methodists in the American * in.; weight, 108 lbs. crew bid Air to be one ot the heaviest and by; out often tuere is au entire or at least a par6—W. R. Taylor, Jefferson; age, 21;height 6 f t edges vertical; and when he bae succeeded take party. A little coaching would not hurt them, to tial lack ol tbe Bptilt wbu-b tbe year before enected la the race, averaging close to 15» pounds your own oar and row a mild stroke with one be sure, though somehow they bave managed now >«in.; welg&t, 170 lbs. Bow—YT. P. Otis, Chicago; age,21; height 6 ft. hand, watching his performance, end urging on bti a piece. Tbey bave unproved markedly since last ao inucn and so toe new crew does not do so well. and tben to do without it; and we should be glad memory the several parts of his lesson. Featherto see tbem brought forward as samples of one of 9 tn.; weight 166 lbs. year, aad to-day you bear no one name tue toreAverages—Of weight, 165 lbs.; of height b f t ing is an accomplishment to be subsequently acConnecticut's test products, the timber nutmegs Tbe Harvard Crew. Btost three without including Columbia, some quired. Let bim be first led on by patenal U S in.; of age, 21. even being old and feeble in comparison. High up on a grassy knoll overhanging the lake even placing her first. This is a long stride lor Tne boat M a Blaikie, 60 feet long and 21 inches tuition to get a stroke through and to rlg-u himwide. Its weight is about 140 lbs. White tights self square and upright after it is finished, for the ber, and, ti the confidence is not misplaced, win In its northwest coruer and quite near Mr. Leslie's The W i l l i a m s Crew. and crimson (magenta) handkerchiefs will be treat thing here to be aimed at is to get nim from grounds Is a large and rather Imposing white ge tar towards showing tbat tbe city boyti get a building, the external appearance of which Is be first to learn form. Application 01 strengths All will remember that ar tbe eleven crews which worn next week in tne regatta. of no consequence. Let bim only attain to pulling • eight and spring about tbem that tbe country rather pretentious, but on entering which a feelcrossed the famous finish lint lost year, below WBSLRTAN. an upright Tne Trtmlty Crew. Springfield, there was doubt about tbe position of buys do oot have, and tbat telle in this shell ing of disappointment creeps over one; for the Stroke—J' E. Eustis, Hammond. N. Y.; age, 26; and oar horizontally through his -reach, duly folwithout contortion, and all else will The Trinity crew. The name reminds one ol several. There was no such doubt as to Williams. height 6 ft 11 in.; weight, ISO lbs. i icing. Tbey have been out daily, and evidently floors are bare and almost damp, and, with the low. stroke with yoo 2—0 P. Marsh, West Newton, Pa.; age, 22; in an Next teach blm to keep in let him row hard easy paddle, and never lute their work, while this general confidence uncut grass outside, gives tbe wbole place an air Cambridge, England, whose Trinity is a great row- Her position was clear and unmistakable. She height 6 ft. 8 * in.; weight, 147 lbs. bas mastered man can sreats oaly to do them good. If they should win of neglect. Tue walls are about as b ire as tne ing college, the Third Tilnity crew for instance, was last Many a crew so placed would have crept 3—H. C. Hermans, Coining, N. Y.; age, 22; height, till hebe transformedall tbe points. Any with certhus into an oarsman away and not crossed tbe line at; all. But that is 6 ft.; weight, 163 lbs. It would probably do their college very great good, floors, and though in tbese annual jaunts to train- having a few years ago made wonderfully fast not tbe way tbey da things in Williams4—G. M. Warren, Deer Island, Me.; age, 24; tainty and without distress to himself. especially m New York city; aad the day may not ing quarters Harvard—for this is her temporary time on the Henley track. Connecticut is doing town. But it will be said, "Toe time and trouble con There is no back down there. height, 5 ft. 6 In.; weight 144 lbs. home—bas hit upon some quarters where the very well this year, as last, sending three of the be fax off when »bt will take the pride in this col- opportunities for self-denial were excellent, she 6—J. William Whitney, Spragne's Corners, N. Y.; sumed in this operation are endless, and tbe attenSuch a defeat would bave scared tion required tor it far too laborious; besides, lege of hers that Boston does in her netgnbonng bas succeeded in this direction this time perhaps crews—Yale, Wesieyan and Trinity—to only two many a crew oat of any mtnre races. But Wil- age, 24; height, 6 i t 10 la.; weight, 140 lbe. iSoto—w. H. south Berwick, Me.; age, wnere is the man to be found wbo thus teaci.es Harvard, bhe ceruinly has the knack of making better than ever. Going behind tbe bouse and from Massachusetts, one from New Hampshire, liams has not scared. She is nere to-day to do as 21; height, 6 i t Downs,weight. 146 lbs. scientifically tbe elements ol the craltr' To this 9 in.; mends, and if tap thirty-four of ber practice along down tbe back lot an eighth of a mile, one from New Jersey and two from New York, well as she can, and better than their best is not Averages—Of weight, 160 lbs.; of height 6 ft 9 tt is replied, "You might teach four lessons of fifteen minutes each to so many Freshmen in sa grew to three or fear more In tbe race she will, you came to a long, low wooden sbed, new and for Rhode Island adding a Fresbman crew. Trinity claimed even for the angels. She has at the head Hi.; of age. 23. And considering that otnerwiss Boat 48 Indeed, make it hot work for any crew to beat ber. its purposes well built, and from its lurther end bad a notion of being in these races long ago, ef ber company a strong, good man. Her men laat Inches; built by Elliott; length,Thefeet; width, 19* hoar.down your whole crew you would hands in a weight, 169 pounds. men runs a short bridge down to a float on tbe edge of having been one of tbe four colleges, Harvard, year were tbe heavier, bat those or this year are lavender drawers and handkerchiefs. will row in take every day at a great of green ater biae snirts aad Mae and white handkerchiefs six-oar expenditure of time and voice, yoo will find that at tne end of the week alternating will make one need to look sharp to tbe lake. Here at many hours of the day you will Yale snd Brown being the other three, which were the belter developed. The crew baa changed WU.UAKS, find half a dozen men about, and you will not have have spent more boars distinguish ber from Yale, whose blue caps and to look long until a large "H" on a flannel shirt or represented by delegates in the convention of May completely, save one man, and he the best Stroke—John Gonster (captain), Scranton, Pa.; you yoo do asno recommended; ID a boat it but you 26, 186*. But tbe melancholy disaster of that year, there, aod be Gonster. One of the requi- age. 23; height. & ft 11 in.; weight, 159 lbs. -white shirts all believe are to be well to tbe front. something saying "Harvard University Boat Club" have now spent them to some sites for good rowing is water. Part of 2—M. P. Washburn, East Boston; age, 19; height, yoo will have advanced 100 per cent purpose; lartber Their bow la said to be a little flighty, bat the or an old envelope on tbe floor directed to some one tbe drowning of George E. Dunham the stroke of last year tbe men indulged in a few 8 It. 8* io.; weight 144 lbs. toward tbe formation a boat's crew than by any eaaras la ao broad and made so plain by tbe many of tbe Harvard crew makes you quite certain tbat the Yale boat, his beat having collided with another, spoonfuls, and called it tbe Hoosac. Then tor a—J. H. Hayoes, Howe, Mass.; age, 26; height, method'of doing It in of lump. You have been acta baay• tbat there is good reason to believe be win tbe crimson flag, with white oars across it and the ended the arrangements for any race that year. quite a while they did without It bad evapo- 6 ft. 10* in.; weight 146 lbs. ing as an instructor instead of a bully; teaching 4—c. Gilbert avoid a foui la drawing for positions tbey fell letters "U. B. C." fluttering on the boose bact up Tbe same colleges were again represented on tbe rated. Pretty hard work to get ap a crew on in.; weight 168Milton; age. 19; height 6 ft 10* by gentle, intelligible words, and still more by lbs. visible actions, tbe things to be done, instead of tbe bill is tbat of tbe Harvard crew. Tbat flag, by 23d of February, 1859, tbis time at Providence, such a track as that But Gunster fought on. He 5—H. 2. Barker, Burlington, Vt, age, 21; height shouting out a vocabulary of technical terms "not third from tbe eastern or farther shore, between tbe way, bas a record which makes it every year R. I., and decided to have tbe race on Lake Quln- has tbe face of a man who does Dot let go easily 6 ft 7* 10.; welgnt, 141 lbs. tbem friacetoa aad Yale, but ail are good enough, so more precious to every wearer of the red; Bow—Benjamin Norton, Plat tab urg, N. Y.; age, understood by the people," and repeatingshould sigamond, tbe first one, by tbe way. on tbat water. and his record bears him oot He has not, like endlessly, because it was not possible they 111 tue difference. 18; height, 6 it. 9 in. 5 weight 140 lbs. for five years ago, on a staff on tbt be obeyed. Of what earthly use can It be to roar Wnen tbe tune came arotnd It was found. I be- Columbia on tbe Harlem, for instance, a chance to b Averages—Of weight 148 l ' s . ; 01 h e i g h t 6 f t 9 oat to No 2, "Qoleger forward, longer tn tbe water, bank ef the Thames, four miles above lieve, that Trinity could njpt mate np a crew, so see others row and take notes aod encouragement. ID. ; 01 age, 21. Tbe Cornell ( r f w , doa, there was run up at about don't roll oot 01 tiie boat!" He bas not yet been Boat built by Blatkie; length, 60 ft; width 21 In.: taught tbe motions necessary for getting forward Harvard, Yale and browa|had it all to themselves. Probably among all tne Berkshire hills there M not H lITl tbe men of Coraeli wanted and tried hard daybreak a nag of broad brae ground, another six-oared shell beat than that of his col- weight 139 lbs. The crew will appear in white at all; be cannot keep his oar half a secbo pat to aa appearaace among their lellows, aad white bars across it, and having tbe three large She was not heard from again till 1873, when she lege. That his men bave been at some bard mus- tights and handkerchiefs of royal purple. right ond burled, because his untutored wrists outa vigorous training tor that purpose; but, letters -L. R. t . " stretching from tbe staff Lon- entered tbe association; but tbetr boat getting cular work their well knit aod showy muscles tesrain. and abouiders are altogether out of tbeir wards, and above It, by tbe courtesy or Its owners, stove up while coining on the care they bad tify. Barker, for instance, looks decidedly strong, stroke—R. J. Cook (captain), Lafayette, Pa,; age, places. He knows nottuag about letcuing to floaacial embarrassments, were unable each red a purchase from bis feet and throwing his weigot Nothing and Gunster to muscular deveiODmeat has hardly 26; height, 6 it. 8 in.; weight 165 tbs. be do oa. Bat, by careiol management, tbey last wbo were tben acting aa hosts, this same oldwitu again, unfortunately, to withdraw. 2-J. Kennedy, Struthera, Ohio; age, S3; height, backward from the commencement of tbe stroke, flag swung gracefully out to tbe oreexe. Its own- daunted, they made anotber try last year, and a superior on the late. Bat a man may be very 6 i t ; weight, 164 lbs. year were enrobed among tae eleven, and came up ers this year have, by their record and their pracand, accordingly, be makes a irantlc effort to do a 3— William c. Hall, Buffalo, N. Y, age, 20; height bit of work by some Kind ol clumsy wrench, ail with a team large and poweriat, bringing with tice, made toemaslvee much respected, and no came up to SpringJUeld with a crew averaging muscular and not pull a strong oar, for his ,; ft 10 screwed and doubled up. tease a loousa piece of expense—a professional man who pretends to know anything of tbe merits light—about 145—several of whom had seen some strength may lie ID muscles whioh are 6 4—D. in.; weight Ml lbs, Keiloig, Te tbs difficulty of providing Instructors in the A crew of 6 ft.; weight 152Spuyten DoyeH; age, 20; height, rowing, and one or two considerable gymnastics. Dot much used ID rowing. ti alnei, Beary Coulter, of Pittsburg. One or two of ol the various crews encamped about this lake, if lbs. pair-oars, one word will serve for aa answer. Bo stonecutters or machinists might be exceedingly 6—Fred. Wood, Norwalk, Conn. ; age, ao; height yea really intend to teach, in the proper tease were stalwart looting fellows and at once attempting to forecast tbe result of the great Among the eleven crews they were in tbe modest' strong, but, unless young men, would need long wben yon stand up in the six-oars' stern r If you ked thai respect lor themselves Which big fight to-day, would for one moment, if asked to group which did not like to push themselves for- coaching before they would be dangerous. There I ft 11 to.; weight 166 lbs. Bow—George L. Bronnell, East Hadden, Coon.; do, tben every thiug taught there can be tangttt tar BMB often get with very ntue working and deserve name tbe first fonr crews on the homestretch, ward too boldly at tbe finish. Neglect of training, ts a look 01 strength scattered bere and there age, 20; belght 6 ft 8 ID. : weight 161 lbs. more expeditiously, thoroughly and efficiently in or even the flrat three, think of omitting HarAvereges—Ot weight, 154* ibs.; of height, 5 ft. tbe little gig. But if you are not able to impart aa lltue. A day or two before tbe race one oi them, vard. Ail of ner men but one are large and tall too, bad doubtless something to do with this: but I tnroutrh the Williams crew, tnough neither bow the elements of rowing drawn iroin iNituto. took part ia tbe College single scull rac#, ! and shapely, and that one is large enough. They tbe charge will hardly hold good this year. The nor No. 3 is more than moderate. Can they beat 10 in.; of age, 21. your own knowledge, and are content te use TALK FRESHMAN. aad was beaten almost out of sight by a poor, tbin, , are brown and hearty, and noticeably free from crew were gotten together as early as April last, 1 Princeton? may, perhaps, be tbe pertinent quesStroke— E. C. Cook (captain), Worcester, Mass.; merely a cycle of indiscriminate, general appeals without introduction, or illustration, or point baagry-looting fellow treat Yale named s*ift. the lean and hungry look so common among rac- and saw plenty of work in their barge—a sort of ; tion to-day, for the race between tbe two will be age 22; height. 5 ft. 10 ID.; weight 166 lbs. 2- W. W. Collin, Pen Yan, N. Y.; age, II; height applicable to particular cases, tben you are as imThis towered tbe estimate set on toem, though not j ing crews in former years; for both last boat not unlike a racing shell in length, but i exciting, even If not so much so as that among 1 postor. 1 Part of tbe Interest this great 6 ft. 10 in,: weight 170 lbs. saach, aad they went into the Cmver»lty Race very year and this tbese men used their reason la tbe broader and deeper [and nearly twice as heavy— \ tne leaders. 1 should deal in the same way, mutatis muttmOis, 3—L. H. Bradley, Hastings, N. Y.; age, 20; height, g convenient for any work ! race engenders is in tbe number of little races it matter of diet, and you will find on tbeir table » c b taooght of. fbey drew a position outside of with a more advanced oarsman wbo requires corthe Connecticut lyl Instead of one of the lightest contains and tbe sharp, well defined feeling; of 6 it.; weight, let ibs. and liberal rare. How out last 4—M. G. Nixon, Chicago, 111.; age 19: height, 6 f t rection tn style. The young oarsman wno has ait, aad wore forced either to row across a good bas already been shown, they camefonr best they wanted to take year and tbe learned to row beiore coming to cbilege la likely to be neaviest crews of tbe year, 1] partisansbip among the spectators. These ore tbe ! 11* tn.; weight 159lbs. half a mile long aod so shoal that tbetr 'men ol tbem are here now. Three of them have they ore oow one 01 6—F. W. Wheaton, ; age, 19; height 6 I t i be as lull or faults as tbe ill-taogbt "tomid" nun. 0 years oi age, and bave a but faults of a different character, and which are elements of the genuine enthusiasm one M i meat have oitoa touched bottom, or else row just graduated this month, and two ol toe three, averaging twenty-t oee reaching Saratoga they !! sure to find on the grand stand, and all 8 * in.; weight, 146 lbs. finely to because glossed Bote—C. 8. Mervlne, Wilton, Pa.; age, 23; height, more by a certainpasa concealed, and not palpaoie • teat course aroaad It. 8ttn, nothing daunted, Messrs. Dana and Goodwin, will probably join the boat from Elliott over facility or style, i men enjoy real enthusiasm. But Gunster 6 It. 8 in.; weigot, 163 lbs. tbey kept cat, aad l believe that ever since ; Colombia Law school in the fall, where tbey will have been staying at! John Riley's,'lar up the west ; graduates this year, and without him his from clumsiness. Now you may do mucb Averages—Of weight 160* lbs.; of height, 6 f t with positiveman in a aix-oar, out yet you cannot shore well out of tbe such a bbe general uncertainly as te tbe order of coming ' meet, a Columbia man told me, recently, some of public 01 the lake andthem are sixtbe way ofand college will have a harder struggle to be on hand 10 tn.; of age, 20. eye. Four of leet bigb, make up a watch him or talk to bim as you can in a pair. 1 unless ta tbat year tbey claim tbat tbey were fourth. Colombia's best men, and maythat tbev willcrew tbe average height M ail six ts six leet, one 01 • next year, they hodthey do unexpectedly well The Yale university crew's six oar was built by should therefore put bim al*o in a gig, first • to-day, thau this. Indeed I have heard it tuere—tnougn it is more likely pun mhatever doubt there may be about any of the their last race to-day. as co.lege men usually do on tbem having an iach to spare. They bave predicted that she will be tne first to drop out of Bloikte; length, 60 tt.; width, 21 ID. The Fresh- properly arranged, along with a steady old band, men boat; length! 4 0 * f Cook over [them to show > catering aext year's race to ease tbey sre graduation. This crew bas bad the usual risks to had notheir abundant strength, and, tbem bow tbe association. Hardly another seems so doubt- 21 In. use an Elliot win wear blue tights t ; width. ana make tbem row a long even stroke. I should Tbe crews and hand- sit opposite bim and contemplate nim all over, to use in common ful. Wesleyan is not so rich in money, but this aad one Of the older ones like Harvard run which accompany training, and has not come with many of tbe clews here to-day, that is just she has the great boon, the men. with men kerchief, and knit gauze shirts, wnlte. observing especially tbe position of bis bands, BROWN PRE8HMBN. ar Tale k* tbe winner, taat uncertainty will bardly oO entirely unhurt. Stomachs bave been more wnat tne? must necil stm tbe care bestowed on of the right stamp you can do almost anything leet, wrists and elbows. I should make bioi leel tneir rowing by the lew who do the best work human. Princeton ts not strong, but it is her first Stroke—W. A. Peck, Barnngton, R. L; age, 20; sure wbetber be felt an equal pressure upon the of Corned. Something aboot tbem or less unruly, boils have staid away pretty offers them somethidg ol such value that they will height o ft. 11 in.; weight, 161 lbs. heel or eacb root at tbe first part of the stroke. and much was not expected of ber. Her power, aad tbe vigorous, self-reryimg well, bat tbe high, almost feverish, condition oi scarcely fail to copy it, and. with such material as year, too, abounds. Columbia is fast, tbis year, 2—C. M, Lee, Newport; age, 20; height, 5 t t I should make bim try to be conscious tbat his the btooa which so much hearty lood and bard theirs to draw oa, wi|i by next vear be well up in cash, who eadewed their young raivaraity work beget makes some of tne men cbale on much shoulders are not contracted in tne forward rearh and oot at all poor. Dartmouth is strong 11 in.; weight 145 lbs. • 3—w. R. sttnets (captain), Providence; age, 20: and that tbey are dropped again quite square, and auaifloentiy m well represented acre by leas provocation than they would out of training. the trout rank. One (great aid to this desirable and confident and does not stand on end in tbe substantial ait they are reported to trifles; Cornell never was weak; Trinity, as height 6 f t ; weight, 164 lbs. his chest expanded at the leathering; also, tbat same strong, self-dependent leUows. The largest, heaviest and naturally strongest man have had from tbeir fkculty—a thing whicn, Better we have said, bos come up fast, at least in strengb, 4—G. w. Dow, Lawrence, Mass.; age, 22; height, his olade'B lower tip throws the water a.t in~ stays from last year and goes from la the boat—ibe farmer, Taylor—has one most tn*n almost any other, illustrates the enurmous while her Faculty witb the cash have made tier 6 i t ; weight 1(58lbs. -* stead of slivering it; tbat ma knuckles collegte rowing since ten ago, 6—S. J. Bradbury, Providence; age, 20; height. 1 always touch his ribs; tbat be is oot > bow. Be la a reputed good steersman, aa troublesome fault, and the way tbe crew naturally stride taken In whicuJ would oave done years tben foundation sure. 'Harvard and Yale—well, Yale lacuity this screwed on either side wben forward; tbat aa ear as taey have, aiaewy aad hedvy, devote themselves to setting him know it does not for tbe bave been tbbugbt almost mad—the said awore off one year, but will, probably, never do it 6 it. 10* in.; weignt 142 lbs. would Bow— A. G. GritTeo, Litchfield; age20; belght ! tue resistance Is perfeot aad en Ore at netabiag eearty let, aa Ohio raftaaae and inured mate him a bit more good natured. Nearly every aid being no less than tne entire defraying of their again—at least as long as Mr, Cook stays in Col' ! the first moment of tbe blade's contact with the be oatdeor Hie. Be m tbetr captain, and u be stroae be pulls be, being a starboard oar, reaches training expenses. Ana yet is it not about time ior lege. The probability ts tnat if auy gap is made it f ft. 9 * in.; weight 140 lbs. Averages—Oi weight 160 lbs; of height 6 ft 9 water; and tbat from the same moment toe will be swiftly tilled, and tbat the number will inbas a surowf saeegh crew t e allow ao good a man water, gathered ap by tbe Made, be driven sad as be to pail tbe bow oar—in some ways the easiest too lar over to port at tae beginning, swings ail tbe colleges t4 be rollowmg the good crease rather tban diminish, snd it is equally likely in.; of age, 20. one class Boat built oy Blaikie; length, 4»* f t ; width, I burled right away in a moss, ao that tae kola, s a c at too boat—he must bave a pewenhi lot. across to starboard in the middle and back too tar example set by Trinity and Columbia* Ifstands in that beiore this week u oot we shall know whether Williams will remain. Cambridge, England, has 21 in. Tne men do oot use the sliding seats, un- ' made at first, be carried away astern of the boat u of men above another in this country tbe only other of the old beads, was a to port at the end. in these boats, narrow as & Mat year, and even tbea praised by ordinary chair, aad with bottoms as smooth and need of vigorous pnytsiune it is that lavored one bad far more reason to feel bad, but she never like all tne other crews. The crew wui appear In I I should take particular care that he sits well ottr which goes having af tbe flueet amateur oarsmen be slippery aa human skill can make tbem, ibis sort vantages of througn uor colleges, of tbeir the ad- »aid, Die. She docs not seem to know how, or care white and brown salts, with brown beadercbieiS . bis work; tor sitting too tow and at too great a a systematic training mentai distance from mS thole are tbe two points m a for the head. an. Ho at a man oi power and stay, and oi periortnance doea not do. A man ought to powers certainly, and nominally their moral too. to team. Neither should wuiioms. man's position wbicb unfailingly ruin nit rowiag. COLtmiA. ltd. Be took his tarn as a No man need go out off his own circle or more tban : Also that bis elbows are not turned outward, and row and aad Stroke— B. F. Rets, New York city; age, 20; tbat bis inside arm ts as tree aad ngfd from '*• TMe Vale Crew* aad tae very mention oi across straight forward tbea bact, keeps oot ODen nis eyes to see abundant proof 01 this. the boat, and sne on Aad tbe 6 i t l b hardy aad outdoor taat ceutd since John No maiden entry this year or last for Tale; her height, C.ft I * ID. ; weight 16310*.21; height, 6 f t I shoulder as the other. Again, see that his recovery a «vel keel; but row aay other way, ana you roll Harvard lack has been the same ever tn the land, tall to make late toasth aad useful. Hat tour 2—R. Cornell..New Terr; age, founded the first college forward is Instantaneous; and I would expiaia oame is short enough, bat ber record reaches 9 in.; weight 171 lbs. no weak apota, nil are her ao that all the other t-ars are annoyed oy tu Jonathan Edwards, Mr instance, having a body and 3— Ed. &. iupallo. New Yort; age, 21; height 6 ft.; and exemplify tbe elastic spring necessary to tost aad Henderson loosing For it uexcessively annoying when all are rowing tbat would not stand a quarter of a inlie of tne back to a time beiore four of her to-day's crew most pointedly. '••, T .; wiry ana aasd to rowing, while the river selected smoothly along to bave her take a sadden lurch sort of work daily don« en this lake. Here and tuere were born. Much of It is oat over pleasant read- weight, 156 lbs. 4—G. Gnswoid, Now Tort; age, 18; height 6 f t ; | Finally, 1 should pat blm 00 the back, aad t f l oaother tCarwta) tar toggtiig oa was tbe Deia- down to one side or tbe other, and ail on one side are Beecners aad Butlers and Bismarcks showing him what the one dr two prominent points of bis wttb aaflaeato snare aad sreing at aaariy And their oars so buried in the water that they tne enormous amount of mental tabor he can do wbo ing for ber friends, aot that tt tells of anything to weight 168 lbs. 6-J. T. Goodwin, New Tork; age, 24; height 6 rt 1 failings are, and desire bim to remember tbem etaat be saada of good staff. Finally tbey with good mind lndt also in a aano corport. feel ashamed of, bat simply because tn all ber coo- I 11 in.; weight 157 lbs. 1 careiuliy on tae next occasion of rowing 10 tbe can hardly get tbem oat or avoid a crab, and has yei Bow— P. rtippson. New Tork { age, 22; height 5 six. Then a word wui suffice from yoo, as it wui M i ^ M t n aa t a t aa be and aataraUy wetgb- especially when tney tnow it is not their tanlL it Nothing tbatphysical been devised bas done as tests ber proportion of victories is small. There much ior tbe being 01 oar students as his wort »v«rJBB, ao Baa by hard wort trained down to is net at ati unlikely that Mr. Tavior»» oar being a these same annual at tic meetings, if tben tbe is nothing new in that Pour years she went with- f ft. 11* inches; weight 166 lbs. of height 6 ft 10* recall an item of 4, elbows,"already grafted open Averages—Ol his mind, as -No. *»wrisi*,T' -bead." utile too long inboard has raucn to do with this; faculties would send 1 t the best men—men round out a victory; not so did Cambridge, commencing 1 in.; of age, 21.weujfit, 169lbs.; 1 l cl , But througoout the lesson 1 should Insist on n: L** * * » * . H °*e Grant, a to? pound man, at but it is pretty close to the race a w to nave sacb ' and fun, strong, _ mentally and physically— in '36. Tbea she won twice. Then five times Bbe Columbia's boat u newly built, by Fearon; 49* , doing to the iractlou 01 a letter what IM required Wt,a r O M a glaring deiact u it can possibly be a voiced, ana let tbem, until a be\t , plan ts hit upon, foUow in lost incessantly; bat Cambridge did nine, com- ft. long, 21 in. wide: weighs 14* lbs. Tbe racing of him, 11 it is in ms power, and remind bim f* the footsteps wisely taken by Trinity and Colomdeuxhi ai»*»e4iajthaecewit,wea anaoyed toflno- captain Goodwin ta hardly yet decided a / t \ bia, and w esieysn wit aot be far behind, for she mencing in '61. Last year she got the prize, and ! dress consists ol blue tights and white handker- ! every occasion 01 bis retspstng Into a RwrfBtoeaf ciueia. Of i t »e tae atocy BOBS tbat be irtisiaii tin. AS a whether be bad aot better drop TAyio? •wafiBsttV I shall leave rowing men to decide wbetber tats and pot la bit place Doveaa, one leges, and, think of 14 her President has actually It may be thkt now she again, following tbe *ro**-C. C. King, MsJone, N. T.; age, tt; height, be the rational method oi teaching and the more Cambridge tola time in '88, af tba subaotatea, and tba oow oar beeo dowo here i t the crews' qoarters lead of 16a its purpose; or the 11 on a long term of 6 ft. 10* in.; weightToledo; age, 23; height. 6 f t 9 adequate toshouts snd abuse, »ooeteungin P * " of tost year's crow. Tbe latter is a good man ior H ***!_*, l o ° k H "a °oj»! 2—J. H. southard, oar. amid «•••»"•• H e m u s t bas started off his wekfbt, bat twenty pounds amaiter than be a irood feiiow snd tbe sort of man victory. There is something refreshing te all i n ; weight 146. biiity of stopping or rej^ttoffbf' potaw »•*•> 3— MM- Carver, PecatonlD, HL; ego, 25; height, cated after a tresh start or anything tike qniet fQTaylor; and as Taylor will be tbe strongest saaa to know. He certainly bas struck tbe right Jjo^Rlwt^sa.^ to read that 'bus througn all ber dark ^^ ; ~ r " bsottoB oa tbe PS".?*. ^ . J ! ? w * ? 5 | g f f c 5 l i gir*a seveai" sat aext tear's crew it seems desirable a possible way of getting bold 01 a Mbow'a reelings, and aba never turned bar back to tbe enemy, • rt u n . ; weignt 17*. TZP "iSSf Z2*JtZrZ SL the famooTAinold again,! woaid to m a w bias, aad be will arobaaiy row this alter tt would be equally painful to bear tbat she tleeaaa. aad aa i >«n«H«« wort T < aeT ,1 mea »rae«ooe-tiiey of dotag so. It has been much to Mare. We auwX fbwt iwt - wore, wbo M M into many flail yean, ana maybe bar m s j . i bejs&t» ft. M Ut j weight l i t , MllTESTAirrS OP 1874 * boat, made of naff of about the thickness of ordinary cigar box, rapidly aver the water very day, data aot take very long to er a twist some where, aad taa prudent way weald be to have at hand a gig or stronger boat far practice, ao tbat tbe might be at ber best order at tbe crisis, notwithstanding tbese obstacles, however, her men are as boperoi, though all this talk about undying determination to wta which has bees going the rounds of tbe press aad a credited to tbem has come from other Up*, or rather pent, and makes wtthal rather en tcrtaining reading for tbese mwers as tbey rte off in their b am mocks in tbe intervals between work. Bi-. At, 1ST ATE r*«i« -out FOB aALhK - t f OAf CLR(vfc> A M > SALASXWN—TSISB Fast COACH M B * AMD « A J t D B N K B a - f B U end a s U i cotuniM. CO AST Wink aTSAMHHIfn bspo— P i <WPARTNBjtftnirs.-«sw*»Ta PASO. COUNTRY B O A & D - S s v u m i r***—r\ column*. p a W T T s T B T - r a u o f , o » — * T t h rolnm JbBT (IOOIM—IMMT r*am—*»*tb fuluint OWKLUKU Mol'SfcU TO LK f. Fl * M r t ' S M M i i . i > — B O O X > I'AUB—**c.«a MOaOfKA* CTKAMSliiPg-Sacoiis F. was*. • U R i i P K — r t m n P a — taaawl ro'urnn. bucUBJUONS— Swrono f a a a - f l i m caiui flMAMCIAL—SKVMra PACK. rt»K SSI.K—r*ia»T f»o«— Krth cnlnmtl. r u f t l i l S H B D ROOMS A M i APAKTMEJ SaoonD emu—Seroed roiusin. lJBMTrR^-S^l,o!^r> FA««-Kttlfi colom •JUT WAKTED-FKMAUIS—TMIAU P K mm*. ff • R I P WAXTFD-WAf.KS-TsiSD PACK- •OHBKH. C A f t R U a a - s , AC~4ftmm P A loartfe cuianins. MOTRL.H^-«KVKJ<TM P*c«—Fifth column. Mill -i- ~ It-• 1M8. Ktvlii f i t - j m u . *C, WA.NTA.AJ— S « I IMSTRl O T I O N - S a o o s a P A * « - F i r t h eolt UtfTL'KR SKASOM-SacoJiB PAas—itfib LOAM orrtoK«»—S««X»K» ^Ai**—KiAth co i*nn AND rutuD—riast r*aa— n r « a man. AC1U N RT—Piasv PABB—Firth colasan. 2ABBLKAMA.NTKLH-r.woNi> SPAon-FinM MATRIMONIAL—SWVJIO P A U — Fttth col MKOKALr— Tni»n PA**—Sixth column. •lSCfcl.l.AfcHO(-.H ADVKKiiefc.Mli.MTS— Stx«* column. MtHCKI.LAMXHTi—nooiw PAC«— Fifth M U - I O A L - S M O K P Pi*.*—Sixth c u l u n i a K h f P i aUCATIONS— pirra P * « A - - I X U y*KRS'»VAL— HtMt P*«is—Firvl r<dumu. flAMOFuRTKh. ORGANS. 4C.—. StOJi column, P OST UKFK'K NOTICE—FIX»T PAC»—R«< R O P O . - A L R — i MIBU I'/ki.c—MXUI co-emu WKOPRTMIOK AL MTlATIOS.S WASTE) Tnt«r> PA**—Fourth column. r a o i ' h h i Y O P T o r T H E C U T FOR KhNT—MHTOSU PAUK—First column. BKAL RMTATK TO MXCUAMOE-4>aooi column. BRA I. I-HTATR WAKTRD—««COKO PAO>- BKLIGIOI'S NOTICE*— Tl*Af P * o * - F i r » BMWAMOM—FIHST PAOI—itoconri coiunin BAi.FK AT AlCTION—KlMf l'A(ifc-lilU) UIIII1A • r r t J A T l o N S WANTED— r R M A f . E S - T s u second, third *tid tourih columns. BTTIJATioNH WAMTBJD—MALES—laiaa column. ayp.ClAL KOTTCF8—rtwrr PAOS-JVCOIWI Sl'MMKK REKORTK—^BIBNTM PAu*~<ixt TME TRADE-— T a i a n PASS—Sixth co.umi TIIE T I R F - F I X S T PA«*-fuir<l column. TO LET IOR BtTSINBKS rTRPOnEU—I Second column. A A V B L I . K K S ' <iUIDB-8*co*D PAU*—F( column A TJirrVRNISUED ROOMS AND Al'AETME SBTOKD P*r>*—Second column WESTCHESTER COUNTY M O P K B T T F( TO LKT Sat'osn PAOX— Pir>t colue I A C U T 8 , STEAMBOATS, A C . - F W A M PAUI arao. PAJR1B M AOKbt V OP T H E HERALD. B88BS. NE BREMER * C O , AMERICAN l Y E BBBM APPOINTED PARIS AGEM BBW YORE HERALD. BBS "THEY WILL SO WITH COPIES OF THE SINGLE NUMBERS OF THIS IltKAI.f PAPER. mBtjoretNG THEM. HERALD BRANCH OFFICESAMD II a R J L E J H . OFFICES. H ERALD BRANCH RECEIVED AT ALI ADVERTISEMENTS TO t P. M., AND NEWSDEALER* SUPI HERALDS AT FIVE O'CLOCK EVERY M BROADWAY AND 530 SIXTH AT TWEEM THIRTY-nURT AND THII STBBBTH. OPPICB ALL NIGH' OPEN OtrPICB, J.M1 THIRD AVENUE, OORNE STREET r. V , ADVERTISEMENTS AND ©•CLOCB RECEIVE NEWSDEALERS Rl'PPLIE BYERY MORRTNO. PBHMOftAI,. W. WILL CALL OR COMMUNICATI bear ot <onj*thing to hit ad vantage. i M. JOHNso.v, 78 V, fjIBRDDICK RARHON. FORMERLY OP a : olas street, L e i c s f u r , Bnaland, Ureque* Borne at once. Faquir dangerously ill anything k n o w i n g aiiTthlnn ot nim will be r e w a r d s a* WM BICE, Ns. MB Gerard a*., PniladVl < * / M * L 8 " — T H E Ql'EEN OPENS Pi •JT September 1. a t the "Haunted DelL '•1LMA DK 1 H H ERRMAN APBECK, PBOM DANZIG, F reutAWrtSd to send hii address to O. F. AC 11* Broad strMt, New York. P a p e r , pleaae i ERALD BCILDfNO—LADY WHO TO ferry stage down abont I t : g-ontieman i WMld b a v e been hanpv with only a glance AOdreaa D. D . Herald ofllce. INFORM A TION WANTED.-ROOT k JL-t* 0 0 1 - ? u * t * C | e r t . o»l Arm* 10 or 1J | B d it to their Intereit to addrea* 3. K. fa* v n i e , Moatgomery county. P a , without d e l s . 1 " * H B LADY W I I T T D I L I B I J B I ^ STBI o l a c t j a i l , w h o croAsed t h i r t y iijurth »u AML Wednesday, called in Thirty fourth a t •hopping at Arnold 4 Cooat*,,le'A, wt -* to b a s Cm P./at office, N»w Haven. Cot a of aeinatbuig lotu •TBTORMATION WANTED—OF GEORGE J. Henry Mean. J o h n Dwtre, David i^aud* J e n Cbsf, late of V. y. 8. B e n t o n . Pear*/ f w H * 0 w e f f ' J « n u Krtle. Henr.v II. B a n in* , f v H L ' T t e V. M- *• Benureirard; Joa. Marshal F " * * . » * * U- «• B Rroofclyn; L u i e B. i h « w B. D e l a w a r e ; Daniel Collier, late I", h. *. J « | * r l e « Boorman and » . 3. Gre». late C Z £ r , : te i*™** b f l ' w a a . Jamea y u a n , and Cua 2 f i f a « T " V a * beaaca; Jacob Marth f a * s u . » L A Kearaarse. luouire oi < M A R L E I • A M , Attorney-st-law. K B r o a d w a y . M T M B I E - O O AND OBT TOL'B T I T B R J S h a w l a a d Hacque you left a t Lladn Bros ,< J ^ O U - W H E E L ABB TOOT ANSWER. D. H . - Y O C R SIRTEB IS ANXIOUS lrom you. Write aad aU w m be *orfott< F/Si. * B.-MONDAT. AlTg7ME^PLA< C £ _ . T T * * l i a , * * * * W l « u " « » « » j e o a t i n u * to S w s ^ s a r ae^viti isrxs. !z • your own. N. K . - I AM V E S T SORRY. AS bad a letter y * t 1ST. P AULINE DEAR— AFTER KO LOMo 811 EN peeled leas unkind tetter, 1 care *tKut* n a n you think , should vuu desire triena»luo • U*a mmn h a v e Terbal explanation ; I e s t s o s T a N t a s p e c t tame from them- postpone, there •OUMoa beiore yon know me better y . m r n e x t BOBD. h o t U i Herald Cpiown Branch olbee. AT S r n^^-™- Ta— you.- CAddress A N M B ' K T A '" DA r HBIffl* w a a t to — ( S " 2 ? ! B K - T O ' D A , r (TBCBBDAT), AT 12~< • • l y opportunity._ J B T t T X TOO PASa OSCAL TTMB f B I D A T ? _ _ _ _jfuuMnotm McrncKB. tue (Teas., mtiiees and native ir»ruU • B i b * b s b k fully OBnpaniment, BENJAMIN Al *u J street. All welcome. Their > - f a i r y vindicated i s de*cite ot a u *WA*MInfidelA and particularly "wo>;«, m Jhee Wind guides and false ten h«r*. Yoa t Yirtn* i a rags. Backbiting prof*. IXMIT A.M» POISD. ^ • e a . a awsil T*«bt Addraa* u Sua*tx * f a * %f°i m * lt<> 9*. contains the name ot P Cole . •mmtrSrSL. •?*"..?• , i o * r * t i y rew«i*:ed by Je, ^ ! 5 » e t M ) SrMBlastew *tr**t^N*wIWk• M J / * ! * - ^ O G L p LOCKET. WITH D. D M A R ABOl fetBraX ftr BUBaaUL7*4w£T4ai atr****; V*!0u5** g a . g f S ' j * • » j * r*s***ted te return M te *i L^~£?J£f T H « -TOBTMOBNAIE. « aad % A - ^ s l t f * * * 1 ? 0 CbAosBS » * t e r Loan N » r C L y a . £ • * * • « . "ranch a t e a a b o a \.L - � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. July 16, 1874 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. July 16, 1874 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 7/17/1874 Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. Saratoga Springs hosted several college summer rowing contests in the 1870s, to wide national interest. Maps helped those who couldn’t participate or cheer on the rowers get a sense of their course. In 1874, the New York Herald Tribune published a “Regatta Edition,” leading with three regatta route maps: one for Saratoga Springs, Springfield, Mass and Worcester, Mass. The Saratoga map covers the area around Lake Saratoga with a notional map of downtown Saratoga Springs, and includes routes and roads linking the race to the surrounding area. Details to interest local and sportsman alike were included, from each crew's boathouse to properties along the lake, including houses (such as that of publisher Frank Leslie), a grist mill and saw mill, Chapman's Grove and hotels. Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. Other Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Road maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Civic Life Transportation Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. J. Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 3/29/2015 Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. The Saratoga Springs History Museum (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Saratoga Course of 1874 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1874 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. "The Battle of the Oars," New York Herald, Regatta Edition, July 16, 1874 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The New York Herald Description An account of the resource A map of the course of the 1874 college regatta at Saratoga Springs that introduced a 4-page supplement to the New York Herald on the day of the race. Additional maps included were the course of the Springfield (MA) and Worcester (MA) courses. Language A language of the resource eng Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Fisk and son., engravers 19th century athletics college athletics Leslie map maps regatta rowing Saratoga Lake https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/5b07642054831c34a11be15119a48d0b.png 6935f33e5eac376f70d86e1210338c1f https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/df40b5fb8448eaa78879a9a570129085.png 702afc3f0f22f04dcde6b7f0082ce09a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratogian Advertisements citing Scott's map of Gideon Putnam's land in subsequent sales Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1874-1941 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/261036cc0bd177c5ad2d31857b219747.jpg 5a214e20c009aa98c7cb55a5324587f7 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/b690f31c1d93ef27903975bb1bdb8100.jpg ac417d633760384da255e95369ae9268 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/003bd6f6886041cd6799dde4ccc19339.jpg da9921ed3395ac5760a43c79d4cdd4db https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/f3c57872beb8bbb851a8860ae2207f41.jpg d344100fe2f6a633748dbcbb8fd45ce1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. Beers, F.W. (Frederick W.) Cramer, Louis H. Arnold, George Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1876 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1876 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1876 Related Maps There will be many cases where multiple maps are in effect only slight variations on a single original. If we are certain, or even pretty sure, that one map is just a slightly altered version of another,the related versions should be listed here. Fee the Beers atlas of 1866 for earlier versions of city and area maps. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. David Rumsey Map Collection Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. City Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Topographic maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Cities and Towns Publisher Publisher of the item, or of the book or atlas in which it appears. J.B. Beers & Co. Place of Publication The city (and if necessary) state or country of publication. New York Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 31x45 cm (volume); Saratoga and Ballston map is a foldout of 37x64 cm Scale The scale of the item (if known) Varies Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 12/6/2014 URL <a title="Beers 1876 Atlas, Rumsey Collection" href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/view/search?QuickSearchA=QuickSearchA&amp;q=atlas+saratoga&amp;sort=pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no&amp;search=Search">David Rumsey collection</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Combination Atlas Of Saratoga And Ballston From Recent And Actual Surveys And Records Under the Superintendence of F.W. Beers And Louis H. Cramer, Published By J.B. Beers & Co. 36 Vesey Street, New York. 1876. Entered ... 1876 by J.W. Beers & Co. ... Washington. Printed by Charles Hart, 36 Vesey St. N.Y. Engraved by L.E. Neuman 36 Vesey St. N.Y. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1876 map https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/2063890c05295b641de511b6e862b518.jpg a69073cf1eeaaca8444a22a2d686fed7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Related Item If the item is a part of a book or a manuscript or archival collection, that should be noted here. Think of this field as the "parent item" or "parent collection". Entries in this field should generally be written as full citations. Ellen H. Walworth, <em>Saratoga : the battle-- battle ground-- visitors' guide, with maps&nbsp;</em>(New York: American News. Co, 1877) Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1877 ca Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1877 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1877 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1877 Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. This map shows the area around Saratoga Springs, from south to north --Round Lake to Glens Falls, and east to the Saratoga Battleground and West to Mount Pleasant and Ballston. Roads radiate out from Saratoga Springs to each destination, and the railroad lines and canals are also shown. Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. Other Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Railroad map Road maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Travel and Tourism Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Maps Adirondack R.R. (N.Y.) Saratoga Battlefield (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) White Sulphur Springs & Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Saratoga & Troy R.R. Saratoga & Schenectady R.R. Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad Company Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Corporation Line Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Kayaderosseras Creek (Saratoga County, N.Y.) Round Lake (N.Y. : Lake) Ballston Lake (N.Y.: Lake) Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) Saratoga Lake (N.Y. : Lake) Saratoga County (N.Y.) Saratoga (N.Y.) Loughberry Lake (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Lake Lonely (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Hudson River (N.Y.) Greenfield (N.Y.) Schuylerville N.Y.) Stillwater (N.Y.) Glens Falls (N.Y.) Malta (N.Y.) Champlain Canal (N.Y.) Quaker Springs (N.Y.) Malta Ridge (N.Y.) Coveville (N.Y.) Mt. Pleasant (Saratoga County, N.Y.) North Greenfield (N.Y.) Ballston (N.Y.) Sacandaga River (N.Y) Publisher Publisher of the item, or of the book or atlas in which it appears. American News Co. Place of Publication The city (and if necessary) state or country of publication. New York City Scale The scale of the item (if known) 3 miles to the inch Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 8/17/2014 URL Available at <a title="Walworth Battle of Saratoga" href="https://archive.org/details/saratogabattleba01walw">archive.org</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Drives in the Vicinity of Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1877 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Saratoga : the battle-- battle ground-- visitors' guide, with maps Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available American News Corp. Language A language of the resource eng map https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/ec78ef488a942970e579c6fbdbbdaa8d.jpg 3c13174822cb262a32b200d6a4e0ac6a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 86 x 129 cm 46 x 53 in Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 2/1/2015 URL Library of Congress, <a title="Cramer Mott 1879 Map, Saratoga Springs" href="http://www.loc.gov/item/00561206/" target="_blank">http://www.loc.gov/item/00561206/</a> Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1878 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1879 Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. In his History of Saratoga County New York (1878), Nathanial Bartlett Sylvester described Saratoga Springs as “one of the world’s most famous watering holes, the peerless queen.” This map by Louis H. Cramer, receiver of taxes and land surveyor, and Jesse Mott, civil engineer and land surveyor – emphasizes the town’s more practical side and several different kinds of administrative divisions, drawing on knowledge gained over decades and through other collaborations; in 1876, Cramer contributed to a Saratoga County atlas published by J.B. de Beers, whose maps of Saratoga Springs contained many similar elements. The title draws attention to the “allotment lines and lots” of privately owned land. In addition to indicating private property owned by men including James M. Marvin, a director of the Saratoga Springs and Schenectady Railroad, the map’s blue boundaries show original Kayaderosseras Patent land divisions. The legends and text reveal still more: 6 election districts, the location of fire alarm boxes and even distances from the town hall to various parts of the community. The town’s recreational side does come through, however, in identifying many cultural institutions, including the famed Saratoga Race Course, built in 1864. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Library of Congress Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. City Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Cadastral maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Civic Life Property and Development Place of Publication The city (and if necessary) state or country of publication. Saratoga Springs, NY Scale The scale of the item (if known) 1 inch = 800 ft. Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Saratoga and Washington Railroad Adirondack R.R. (N.Y.) Compass rose Index-- Hotels Index-- Schools Railroad Depot Saratoga Racing Association Public works (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.)-- water works, water supply Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Wilton (N.Y.) Milton (N.Y.) Greenfield (N.Y.) Malta (N.Y.) Saratoga Lake (N.Y. : Lake) Lake Lonely (N.Y. : Lake) Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) Loughberry Lake (N.Y. : Lake) Excelsior Park (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Geyser Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Caption This field will include transcriptions of text that appears on or around the item, at the discretion of the cataloger. It should include relevant bibliographic information that is not given in the title, for example, "Top of map: 'EXAMPLE NEEDED' Publisher and printer information might also be included in this field: "EXAMPLE NEEDED.'" Note that the location of the printed text is given in the field itself and that the caption information is always included in quotes. "Pathmasters Beats on Roads are designated by different colors and also by their numbers in circles" "Fire Alarm Boxes in Village are designated by their numbers in small circles" "All distance points on Roads are from Town Hall unless otherwise marked" "The Election Districts six in number, are designated by large, heavy letters No, with their corresponding figures, thus: N2 District No.1 includes all that part of the town lysing west of Broadway and north of Waring Avenue District No.2 includes all that part of the town lying east of Broadway and north of Lake Avenue and Schuylerville road. District No.3 includes all that part of the tow lysing west of Broadway and between Waring Avenue and West Congress Street. District No.4 includes all that part of the town lying east of Broadway and south of Lake Avenue and schyylerville road and north of Phila Street to Nelson Avenue and north of Union Avenue from Nelson Avenue to Fish Creek. District No. 5 includes all that part of the Town lysing west of Broadway and south of West Congress Street. District No. 6 includes all that part of the town lying east of Broadway and south of Phila Street to Nelson Avenue and south of Union Avenue from Nelson Avenue to Fish Creek. The streets which form the boundaries of these several districts are indicated by broken and dotted lines, thus -.-" Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1879 Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cramer, Louis H. Mott, Jesse Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Out of copyright. Type The nature or genre of the resource map Title A name given to the resource Map of the town of Saratoga Springs, Saratoga Co., N.Y. map https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/4c204e02ff46f69ea2a94ab0a0e6699d.jpg 8db09f91e03cf70e6e91ef5ee1228f22 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. [Taintor, Charles] Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1880 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1880 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1880 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1880 Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. Neighborhood/District Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Thematic maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Recreation Travel and Tourism Education Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Saratoga Lake (N.Y. : Lake) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource [Lake Saratoga. College Regatta Course] Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1880 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Charles Taintor, <em>Saratoga Illustrated: The Visitor's Guide to Saratoga Springs</em> (Taintor Bros., 1880). college athletics exercise health map recreation regatta https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/833c0aee7cbde80022446ecd09d7296c.jpg 53acf37d83ce69632f1e160f11de8a32 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. Gollner, E. G. Related Item If the item is a part of a book or a manuscript or archival collection, that should be noted here. Think of this field as the "parent item" or "parent collection". Entries in this field should generally be written as full citations. E.G. Gollner, <em>Gollner's Pocket Guide of Saratoga</em> (New York: E.G. Gollner, 1881) Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1881 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1881 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1881 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1881 Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. A detailed birdseye view of Saratoga Springs, with drawings of individual buildings and monuments (such as Congress Park). Railroad lines are identified. An index at the bottom lists 101 places, broken down into the following categories: springs, hotels, boarding houses, churches, public institutes. Inset map of the race course. Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. City Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Bird's-eye views Pictorial maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Travel and Tourism Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Maps Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 8/17/2014 URL Entire guidebook is available at <a title="Gollner's Pocket Guide of Saratoga" href="https://archive.org/details/gollnerspocketgu01newy">archive.org</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gollner's Pictorial View of Saratoga Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1881 map https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/9384a304a3b0b4bd4875cb3ba2dda084.jpeg 25e83c7418565b2ce92c0c2d358814f5 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/3fccbdf9188f0e7b1de181a0f5c49b79.pdf 461e17490e187efad5b1e3e4048c1248 PDF Text Text ������ Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. Dowd, Charles F, A.M. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Special Collections and Archives, Lucy Scribner Library, Skidmore College (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) The Saratoga Springs History Museum (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. Other Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Color maps Railroad map Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Travel and Tourism Transportation Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of the United States from "System of Time Standards"Illustrated by Map" Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1884 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Charles F. Dows, System of Time Standards Illustrated by Map (Saratoga Springs, SI, 1884) Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dowd, Charles F. map https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/1a211da8cf4d3169b2293daae9ddebac.jpg 5ca2128ca7f5f188f67f5f25ab083226 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/702be1880ba84b811df43de4f6cf9df2.jpg 57298786e51b7b5993688dbdbca0f4f9 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/561e4a6f8431a1148af2a40a44b414b0.png 1ff518c3f8e510d436c61185569d057d https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/1df70305ae7de8ad25cb053f10399bff.png c98b0152220058267a9a211d5a421d82 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. Burleigh, L.R. Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1888 Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Visitor's Center, Saratoga Springs Library of Congress Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. City Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Aerial views Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Allie Smith Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. This pictorial map of downtown Saratoga Springs, created in 1888 and printed by L. R. Burleigh, is one of the most popular views of the nineteenth century Spa City. With accurate drawings of the key buildings in the downtown, monuments in the cemeteries and downtown, and activities such as the circular railroad in Congress Park, it serves as an effective visual record of the streetscape of the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 10/10/2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs, N.Y. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1888 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Burleigh, L. R. Language A language of the resource eng Burleigh map pictorial map railroad Saratoga Springs https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/abd593ed866329791e8fd9117e6c66ed.jpg 534cbb08fdb5fc007867880c2519fb4e https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/b75e23c5e73f2cfb4ad832298cd89e66.jpg f572fe5dfe39256469a99435de9742e9 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/1c2145f02e7cae419cca1a6f3588671a.jpg 2d33b74a810ac596523a6dbeb4d68df5 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/3a823d494f4f0d3d8ab15564a2e47d67.jpg 27bc3d1a3fa6b09c33824e04ad8a63df Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Place of Publication The city (and if necessary) state or country of publication. Vatalie, N.Y. : Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1890 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1890 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1890 Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1890 Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. This map is a detail of the upper right corner of a county map of Saratoga. as it was is 1890. It does not focus on specific properties, but rather places cities and It depicts the roads and train routes that run through the county. Numbers refer to the farmers listed in the directory of which the map was originally a part. Advertisers include the Albany Business College and A.E. Carroll Real Estate and Loan Office at 5 Division St., Saratoga Springs, N.Y., and Att'y & Counselor at Law" Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. R Mooring Jordana Dym Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Transportation--highways Transportation--railroad Saratoga County (N.Y.) -- Directories. Saratoga County (N.Y.) -- Maps. Saratoga County (N.Y.) -- Agriculture. Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Highway map Railroad map Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga County Historian's Office (Saratoga County, N.Y.) Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. County Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Cities and Towns County Maps Transportation Infrastructure and Communication Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. New York (State) -- Saratoga County. Corinth (N.Y.) Hadley (N.Y.) Luzerne (N.Y.) Moreau (N.Y.) Palmer (N.Y.) Wilton (N.Y.) Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. Burr, David Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 6/3/2014 3/28/2015 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Saratoga County New York 1890 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant ||||osm Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Farmers' pocket directory and map of Saratoga County, N.Y., 1890: including the names of subscribers and advertisers. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Lant & Silvernail Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Burr, David color map https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/cdb46bf439833dc1cc79a8560cd4cd2b.jpg b1585db4aa9a5ceb91540c0a929cde78 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Creator - Organization Company, government agency, or other organization responsible for creating the item (the publisher should not be listed again here unless the same organization had a role other than that of publisher in sponsoring or creating the map). Lester Brothers, Inc. Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1890 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1890 Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Visitor's Center, Saratoga Springs Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. Property Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Plat maps Property maps Publisher Publisher of the item, or of the book or atlas in which it appears. J.H. Reagan Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Allie Smith Caption This field will include transcriptions of text that appears on or around the item, at the discretion of the cataloger. It should include relevant bibliographic information that is not given in the title, for example, "Top of map: 'EXAMPLE NEEDED' Publisher and printer information might also be included in this field: "EXAMPLE NEEDED.'" Note that the location of the printed text is given in the field itself and that the caption information is always included in quotes. Top of map: Finest Broadway Lots. Best South St. Lots. Desirable Hamilton St. Lots. --SEE DIAGRAM BELOW-- These Lots will be sold by auction to the highest bidder at the REAL ESTATE OFFICES of LESTER BROTHERS, in the ARCADE BUILDING. On WEDNESDAY, NOV. 19TH., 1890 , At 11 o'clock in the Forenoon Bottom of map: TITLES PERFECT. TERMS EASY. For furthur particulars apply to LESTER BROTHERS. J.H. Reagan, Printer, 1 &3 Caroline Street cor. Broadway, Saratoga Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 10/10/2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Grand Auction Sale of Valuable Building Lots Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890 map https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/798686490295a512daafede70e7b39b3.png 074c81eda973817d4d70741fac3a7017 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Carroll's Real Estate and Loan Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1890 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The Saratogian Description An account of the resource An advertisement for A.E. Caroll's Real Estate and Loan Office from p. 3, The Saratogian, February 4, 1890. An engraving of the business' storefront appears as part of the ad, and also on the Saratoga County map of 1890 in the Farmers' Directory. Language A language of the resource eng Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource paper Type The nature or genre of the resource advertisement Subject The topic of the resource Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Newspapers. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Businesses. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Advertisements. 19th century advertisement business Carroll development real estate https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/d24ff10305cfc29e71b6d7ce818740ac.png 71a9c742b3ff7a3738479cf9f214e644 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/dfd29f9080e864d20830717c15d8a8b1.jpg 5ca32f8414e97c3b581fba9671b474d0 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/c2e9d2546653353b98a499d32979b5ea.jpg c1da9517565e5ea8bff410555c41fdb2 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/aaab482f73ac83cb20e26e5bc222f827.jpg 799030146ef115bb10624b5867df696e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data book Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. A guidebook to Saratoga Springs with illustrations and three maps: one of Congress Park, one of the railroads in the Hudson River Valley area, and one of downtown Saratoga Springs and Excelsior Park. The railroad map is by Rand McNally, Engravers, of Chicago. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Library of Congress Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. railroad maps Congress Park (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Travel and Tourism URL Available at the <a title="Stoddard Saratoga Its Mineral Springs" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/01014101">Library of Congress.</a> Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 8/17/2014 Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. Stoddard, Seneca Ray Creator - Organization Company, government agency, or other organization responsible for creating the item (the publisher should not be listed again here unless the same organization had a role other than that of publisher in sponsoring or creating the map). Rand McNally Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Springs, Its Mineral Waters, Their Medicinal Properties... Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1892 Language A language of the resource eng https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/d1bc4083ac5cbef7a60e23b6d0741f95.jpg 227552f3678857eaf1f43e13a703e4e6 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/46f9e77e67cc82a098ab9af7c433da0b.jpeg 8da2ad949d7f049892fa979424a67413 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The proposed park to be created from the existing valley of the springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1894 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Souvenir of Floral Festival No. 1 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Albany Engraving Co. Language A language of the resource eng Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Smith, Franklin W. (Webster) Albany Engraving Co. https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/89f92decf89d58c7b1e7eee59b2e5518.jpg e6bb7827db14720d2918ffca2eb79ea1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Plan of Proposed Park, Saratoga Springs, N.Y. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1894 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Souvenir of Floral Festival No. 1 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Smith, Franklin W. (Webster) Cramer, Louis H. Eldridge, Thomas Cramer and Eldridge, civil engineers https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/e434806efeca171478d5eba93d8c8cf3.jpg 0c454b4ec8eede8e614c3b42482d6ef9 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/0a8aa74e817f6b5efef141aeb6aaef7a.jpg d63c69ac4b04c7b94bb2188bd7725cd1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. City Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Allie Smith Allie Smith Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. Smith, Franklin W. Cramer, Louis H. Eldridge, Thomas Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. Future Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. [1894] Caption This field will include transcriptions of text that appears on or around the item, at the discretion of the cataloger. It should include relevant bibliographic information that is not given in the title, for example, "Top of map: 'EXAMPLE NEEDED' Publisher and printer information might also be included in this field: "EXAMPLE NEEDED.'" Note that the location of the printed text is given in the field itself and that the caption information is always included in quotes. "Bottom left of map: 'Apartments on Broadway and Park with Roof Garden and Elevated Views. Terrace for Restaurants &e. &c.'" Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Bird's-eye views Color maps Mental maps Pictorial maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Property and Development Travel and Tourism Civic Life Publisher Publisher of the item, or of the book or atlas in which it appears. Albany Engraving Co. Def. Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. This pictorial view and plan depict Franklin W. Smith's vision of Saratoga Springs in the late nineteenth century. The pictorial map illustrates buildings thought up by F. W. Smith in 1894 for a renovated and renewed future of Broadway and Saratoga Springs. It includes an index of planned buildings including 'Public Spring,' 'Chinese Restaurant,' 'Garden Concert Pavilion,' 'Playstead,' 'Monkey House,' 'Sand Court,' 'Moorish Restaurant,' 'Museum Aquarium,' 'Tennis Court,' 'Public Library,' and an 'Archery Court.' While Smith designed (des.) both maps, the pictorial view was brought to life by the Albany Engraving Company, whereas the plan was the work of village surveyors and civil engineers Louis H. Cramer and Thomas Eldridge This is the first time that a planning map includes a plan for a Public Library in Saratoga. The view is colored and uses foliage to create a vision of Saratoga that could be applied in the future. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library The Saratoga Springs History Museum (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Special Collections and Archives, Lucy Scribner Library, Skidmore College (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Broadway Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Downtown--Businesses Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Fiction Saratoga Springs--Mental Map-- Business Saratoga Springs--Mental Map-- Drawings Creator - Organization Company, government agency, or other organization responsible for creating the item (the publisher should not be listed again here unless the same organization had a role other than that of publisher in sponsoring or creating the map). Albany Engraving Co. Subject - Name Names of individuals associated with the item. Last name first. For Maps: People represented on the map itself. In nearly every case, this field will be used when people are pictured on the map (several maps in this project are decorated with photographs or engravings in the margins). Use authorized versions of the name from the Library of Congress Name Authority File where possible. Franklin W. Smith Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 6/11/2014 3/23/2015 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Souvenir Floral Festival Sept 4th 1894 (No. 1) at Saratoga Springs & Prospectus of A Greater Saratoga with Views and Plans of Proposed Park, Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1894 Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Daily Saratogian Description An account of the resource In 1893, wealthy Boston merchant Franklin Webster Smith, a regular summer resident of Saratoga Springs, established The Floral Festival Association of Saratoga Springs as part of his vision for "a greater Saratoga." Attempting to counter Saratoga's popular image as a haven of vice and gambling, Smith urged a number of civic improvments as well as public events including the annual grand floral fête, featuring a parade and ball, inaugurated in September of 1894. The festival became a popular annual event extending its reach to include a literary and historical conference (added in 1895). By 1902, however, the event became too expensive, and after that fall's festival (which featured 20 huge floats purchased directly from the Mardi Gras in New Orleans and shipped to Saratoga by rail) the floral festivals were discontinued. (cf. Jeff Durstewitz and Teri Blasko "Floral Fete", Saratoga Living Magazine, Vol. 15, No. 2, Summer 2013). <br /><br />This supplement to the Daily Saratogian both celebrated the first festival and planned for its future.&nbsp; Click <a title="Digital Collections, SSPL, Floral Fete 1894 Program" href="http://cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/sspl/id/105/rec/1">here</a> for an image from the program of the first fete. Extent The size or duration of the resource. 9 x 12 '' Park : 7.5 x 5.25'' Plan: 7.75 x 4.5 '' 19th century Broadway business civic life development Floral Fete illustration map parks pictorial plan restaurants tourism https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/4aeb691ae34b38d8588719f833dee81f.jpg 42fcfdd14c6e204d60b96b7e6d1fd644 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. Cramer, Louis H. Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1900 ca. Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1900 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1900 ca Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1900 Caption This field will include transcriptions of text that appears on or around the item, at the discretion of the cataloger. It should include relevant bibliographic information that is not given in the title, for example, "Top of map: 'EXAMPLE NEEDED' Publisher and printer information might also be included in this field: "EXAMPLE NEEDED.'" Note that the location of the printed text is given in the field itself and that the caption information is always included in quotes. Item 39 (in a series) Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. Plots sold from the state of Mme. Jumel, at the intersections of Lake and Easte Avenues. Scanned by Bob Jones. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. The City Archives (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. Property Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Plat maps Manuscript maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Property and Development Subject - Name Names of individuals associated with the item. Last name first. For Maps: People represented on the map itself. In nearly every case, this field will be used when people are pictured on the map (several maps in this project are decorated with photographs or engravings in the margins). Use authorized versions of the name from the Library of Congress Name Authority File where possible. Jumel Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 6/23/2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Property of Jumel Estate of Saratoga Springs, N.Y. Surveyed and laid out by L. H. Cramer, C.E. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1900 Cramer Jumel plan property https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/2ba0bc7abe2a984662193602d60a0476.jpg a4a3d19206d75b63f4d324f1dbfeb6ae https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/96f9d11d2d47aa1a8362d13520c2c031.png 8a83c234c84ecc7d1ce6bec3769fc486 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Creator - Organization Company, government agency, or other organization responsible for creating the item (the publisher should not be listed again here unless the same organization had a role other than that of publisher in sponsoring or creating the map). Taintor Brothers Related Item If the item is a part of a book or a manuscript or archival collection, that should be noted here. Think of this field as the "parent item" or "parent collection". Entries in this field should generally be written as full citations. Charles Newhall Taintor, <em>Saratoga Illustrated: The Visitor's Guide of Saratoga Springs</em> (New York: Taintor Brothers &amp; Co, 1900). Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1900 ca Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1900 ca Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1900 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1900 Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. A map of drives in the vicinity of Saratoga Springs with roads, canals, railroads, and key destinations, including Bemis Heights, the Saratoga Battlefield, and Mt. Pleasant. This issue of<em> Saratoga Illustrated</em>&nbsp;also has an <a title="Taintor 1900 Congress Park" href="https://archive.org/stream/saratogaillustra02tain#page/n166/mode/1up">updated Congress Spring Park plan</a> and the <a title="1881 map saratoga springs taintor" href="https://archive.org/stream/saratogaillustra02tain#page/n19/mode/1up">1881 map of Saratoga Springs &amp; Excelsior Park<br /></a> Related Maps There will be many cases where multiple maps are in effect only slight variations on a single original. If we are certain, or even pretty sure, that one map is just a slightly altered version of another,the related versions should be listed here. A map of drives in the vicinity of Saratoga Springs that seems to be an update of the map in Walworth's guide to the Battlefield. It has the same scale (3 miles to the inch) and general area, with similar details of Saratoga Springs, including the boundary, and of the railroads and canals. Athat seems to be an update of the map in Walworth's guide to the Battlefield. It has the same scale (3 miles to the inch) and general area, with similar details of Saratoga Springs, including the corporation line, and of the railroads and canals. Additional topopgraphic shading highlights the Adirondack range, Luzerne Mountains and French Mountains above Mt. Mc Gregor. Many new roads are added to the map. Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. Neighborhood/District Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Physical maps Road maps Railroad map Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Travel and Tourism Transportation Military Battles and Campaigns Recreation Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. mountains railroads roads canals rivers Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Maps Adirondack R.R. (N.Y.) Saratoga Battlefield (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Saratoga & Schenectady R.R. Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad Company Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Corporation Line Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corporation (D &H, R.R.) Greenridge Cemetery (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Glen Mitchell (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Woodlawn Park (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Kayaderosseras Creek (Saratoga County, N.Y.) Round Lake (N.Y. : Lake) Ballston Lake (N.Y.: Lake) Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) Saratoga Lake (N.Y. : Lake) Saratoga County (N.Y.) Saratoga (N.Y.) Loughberry Lake (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Lake Lonely (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Hudson River (N.Y.) Greenfield (N.Y.) Schuylerville N.Y.) Stillwater (N.Y.) Glens Falls (N.Y.) Malta (N.Y.) Champlain Canal (N.Y.) Quaker Springs (N.Y.) Malta Ridge (N.Y.) Coveville (N.Y.) Mt. Pleasant (Saratoga County, N.Y.) North Greenfield (N.Y.) Ballston (N.Y.) Sacandaga River (N.Y) Publisher Publisher of the item, or of the book or atlas in which it appears. Taintor Brothers, Publishers. Place of Publication The city (and if necessary) state or country of publication. New York City Scale The scale of the item (if known) 3 miles to the inch Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 8/17/2014 URL Full text available on <a title="Taintor Saratoga Illustrated 1900" href="https://archive.org/stream/saratogaillustra02tain#page/n9/mode/2up">archive.org</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratoga Drives and Excursions prepared for Taintor's Guidebooks Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1900 battlefield Corporation Line driving map railroads road map tourism https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/13f43be1ab28806c745ac27c7b5e78d8.jpg 14410cbb281594ab1cd34874307cf618 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. Lester, Willard Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1903 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1903 Caption This field will include transcriptions of text that appears on or around the item, at the discretion of the cataloger. It should include relevant bibliographic information that is not given in the title, for example, "Top of map: 'EXAMPLE NEEDED' Publisher and printer information might also be included in this field: "EXAMPLE NEEDED.'" Note that the location of the printed text is given in the field itself and that the caption information is always included in quotes. "In LOC stamp: 'Two copies received...Copy B'" "Below map: 'Lester Brothers, Real Estate Brothers, 377 Broadway, Saratoga Springs, N.Y.'" Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. This map depicts downtown Saratoga Springs as well as the expanding streets around downtown. The size of the city is noticeably different from that depicted in 19th century maps. Detailed paths of the numerous railroads running through Saratoga Springs at the time are noted, as well as hotels and points of interest (schools, churches, recreation etc.). Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Geography and Map Division, Library of Congress Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. City Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. City Plan Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Transportation Property and Development Education Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Adirondack R.R. (N.Y.) Armory (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Boston and Maine Railroad (B&M Railroad) Church-- Baptist Church-- Catholic Church-- Congregational Church-- Episcopal Church-- Methodist Church-- Presbyterian Compass rose Congress Hall (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Congress Park (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Convention Hall (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corporation (D &H, R.R.) Grand Union Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Greenridge Cemetery (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Hudson Valley R.R. (N.Y.) Iconography--race track Kensington Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Post Office (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Public works (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.)-- water works, water supply Railroad Place (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Saratoga Baths (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Saratoga Racecourse (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Saratoga Springs (N.Y.)--Corporation Line Saratoga Springs Public Schools (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Temple Grove Seminary (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Town Hall (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) United States Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Woodlawn Park (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Worden Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Windsor Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) YMCA (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Congress Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Empire Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Hathorn Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) High Rock Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Loughberry Lake (N.Y. : Lake) Magnetic Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Patterson Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Red Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) Subject - Organization Names of individuals associated with the item. Please put "Tje" at the end: University of Chicago Press, The Lester Brothers Publisher Publisher of the item, or of the book or atlas in which it appears. Lester Brothers Place of Publication The city (and if necessary) state or country of publication. Saratoga Springs, N.Y. Scale The scale of the item (if known) 600 feet to 1 inch Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Deirdre Schiff Allie Smith Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1903 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1903 Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 17' 'x 22'' Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 6/12/2014 3/26/2015 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of a portion of Saratoga Springs, N.Y. Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant POLYGON((-8211068.5100698 5326697.8248027,-8212157.7377227 5326621.3877745,-8212176.8469798 5327557.7413708,-8214489.0670851 5327194.6654865,-8214603.7226275 5321958.7290497,-8211355.1489258 5322283.5864199,-8211049.4008127 5326716.9340598,-8211106.7285839 5326697.8248027,-8211030.2915556 5326716.9340598,-8211068.5100698 5326716.9340598,-8211068.5100698 5326697.8248027))|13|-8213648.2597741|5324664.1818356|osm Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1903 20th century churches hotels outline railroads springs https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/8278aa9ac2286d7d463cbe8f60a87312.jpeg de8d69030943256d0871fd5c5c6c5223 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Charles F. Dowd Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1903 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. Charles F. Dowd: <em>A Narrative of His Services in Originating and Promoting the System of Standard Time...</em> Charles N. Dowd, ed. (New York: The Knickerbocker Press, 1930) https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/5f61b98f8c37d520a38702654080427d.png e8e12ac837196d18d25155a1afdfd357 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Samuel J. Mott Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1903 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. <em>Just for Fun</em> [1906] https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/7d9378c42ba1dff14e215bad345bd3a4.jpg 1817896c2e4e7b7c977a9e7aa873770a https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/cf838517c8b7672f5670fc4a7e5987f1.png d8888ff7d5f786c744a532185ae8f73e https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/4d5fba01b497cb3ec83d3c418e0972f2.png 086e8573b9ad2c43620f15d16df29f5b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Creator - Organization Company, government agency, or other organization responsible for creating the item (the publisher should not be listed again here unless the same organization had a role other than that of publisher in sponsoring or creating the map). G.A.R., Entertainment Committee of the Forty-First Encampment of the Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. 1907 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1907 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. 1907 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1907 Caption This field will include transcriptions of text that appears on or around the item, at the discretion of the cataloger. It should include relevant bibliographic information that is not given in the title, for example, "Top of map: 'EXAMPLE NEEDED' Publisher and printer information might also be included in this field: "EXAMPLE NEEDED.'" Note that the location of the printed text is given in the field itself and that the caption information is always included in quotes. Issued by the Entertainment Committee of the Forty-First National Encampment of the G.A.R., to be held in Saratoga Springs, N.Y., Sept. 9 to 16, 1907. Upper left-hand Corner lists: Points of Interest. (See Red Key Figures Below.) 1. Presbyterian Church. 2. Town Hall. 3. United States Hotel 4. Worden Hotel 5. Baptist Church 6. Methodist Church. 7. Bethesda Parish. 8. Grand Union Hotel Upper Right Hand Corner Points fo Interest. (See Red Key-Figures Below.) 9. Episcopal Church. 10. Congress Hall Hotel. 11. Second Baptist Church. 12 Second Presbyterian Church. 13. Convention Hall (Headquarters G.A.R.) 14. Catholic Church. 15. Windsor Hotel. 16 Disbandment The Woodlawn Park area of the map shows the place of formation for an "Afternoon Parade, Commencing at 2 P.M. Sept. 11, 1907". Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. A map of the 1907 GAR Parade route, starting at Woodlawn Park and indicating the order of the state delegations, passing the grandstand across from Congress Park, and ending at the disbandment area. The parade route appears in red. The G.A.R. was an organization Grand Army of the Republic celebrating the veterans of the civil war. Like the regatta route maps, this is one of a handful of maps celebrating particular events and movements. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. City Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. City Plan Road maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Civic Life Religion and Spirituality Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Congress Park (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Saratoga Race Course (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) United States Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Grand Union Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corporation (D &H, R.R.) Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corporation (D &H, R.R.)-- depot Post Office (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Church-- Presbyterian Adirondack R.R. (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) City Hall (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Church-- Episcopalian Church-- Baptist Worden Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Grand Union Hotel (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Congress Hall (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Skidmore College (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Church-- St. Peters Masonic Temple (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Transportation--trolley station Transportation--railroad Convention Hall (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Greenridge Cemetery (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) springs schools compass rose Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) Place of Publication The city (and if necessary) state or country of publication. [Saratoga Springs] Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 8/17/2014 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Saratoga Springs with principal streets and points of interest issued by the entertainment committee of the Forty-First National Encampment of the G.A.R., to be held in Saratoga Springs, N.Y., Sept. 9 to 16, 1907. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1907 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Entertainment Committee of the Forty-First National Encampment of the G.A.R Language A language of the resource eng Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant ||||osm Saratoga Springs, NY Description An account of the resource Most maps show us a static moment in time; the G.A.R. parade map shows an event and suggests movement . An arrow hand points to where the parade starts, at Woodlawn Park. Major attractions along the parade route are included, including churches, hotels, the town hall, and the Convention Hall, which is described on the map as the G.A.R. headquarters civic life Civil War GAR map parade veterans https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/f7e0070ca85e9366f39b15f56b9e87fa.jpg 039256cfce743162383615bfc247ce24 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Map Cartographic document Creator - Individual Name of the person or people responsible for creating the item. Anthony, Charles Creator - Organization Company, government agency, or other organization responsible for creating the item (the publisher should not be listed again here unless the same organization had a role other than that of publisher in sponsoring or creating the map). State Reservation Commission Date Depicted (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the content date field that will display. Dec. 1914 Date Depicted (Numeric) Date that the information on the item depicts. In many cases, this will be the same date as that in the date field, but there will be exceptions. For example, a historical map drawnin 1890 might show Saratoga Springs as it was in 1820. Or, the information on the map itself might include detailed information that enables us to extrapolate a date, for example, "based on a survey done in 1841." Many State Archives map catalog records refer to this as the "situation date." 1914 Date Published (Display) Text version of the date field -- can handle non-numeric characters (ca. 1850s, [1844]). This is the date field that will display. January 1915 Date Published (Numeric) Date the item was printed. This will be set as a date field, accommodating only numbers. The field will be able to handle single dates or date ranges. This will not display, but will be indexed and searchable. 1915 Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. This map is part of a three map series that the State Reservation Commission included in their 6th Annual Report to communicate what lands they had acquired for planning future park development and springs conservation. This map focuses on the downtown Broadway area of Saratoga Springs. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Scope Tiered geographical location (for example: United States, New York State, Saratoga County, Saratoga Springs, Congress Park). This field is here for two reasons: first, to present, at its narrowest level, the scope of the entire item (in other words, not every place name has to be listed here). Second, this field will allow for accurate and helpful narrowing and broadening of geographic searches. Neighborhood/District Type For Maps: This subject field describes the purpose of the map. This is a controlled-vocabulary field using terms developed for this project. It is important to note that Map Theme and Map Type are not hierarchical, thus it is possible to have the two fields overlap or even duplicate each other. In determining the purpose of the map, the cataloger should consider the publisher, and, (if known) original use of the map. For example, a map that shows a wide variety of information might be a candidate for General in the map_type field, however, if it was prepared by the state geologist and contains, in addition to everything else, substantial information about the geology and topography of the state, it would be classified as a Geological map. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Color maps Property maps Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Environment and Conservation Property and Development Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. Boston and Maine Railroad (B&M Railroad) Compass rose Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corporation (D &H, R.R.) Hudson Valley R.R. (N.Y.) Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Columbian Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Congress Park (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Congress Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Emperor Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Hathorn Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) High Rock Park (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) High Rock Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Patterson Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Peerless Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Putnam Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Red Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Royal Spring (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Place of Publication The city (and if necessary) state or country of publication. Saratoga Springs, N.Y. Scale The scale of the item (if known) 200'= 1" Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Deirdre Schiff Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 3/9/2015 Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 37 x 67 cm. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of a part of Saratoga Springs made by the State Reservation Commission under the direction of the Consulting Engineer Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1914 Is Part Of A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included. 6th Annual State Reservation Commission Report Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Anthony, Charles Ziegler, J. Language A language of the resource eng map https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/df5a4722b66986bbaef300562a9c60b7.pdf 8c4985f31d4d08c7b84076ec873e4b71 PDF Text Text F 129 l^.J^'^^ 1915 Se+ 1 STATE OF NEW YORK Annual Report Sixth OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE State Reservation at Saratoga Springs \9\5 TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARY ALBANY J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS 1915 6, 1915 ��STATE OF NEW YORK Annual Report Sixth OF THE K.v.%AUvt.)COMMISSIONERS ^ OF THE State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 19J5 TRANSMITTED TO THE LEGISLATURE JANUARY ALBANY J. B. LYON COMPANY, PRINTERS 1915 6, 1915 �D. Of D* UN 24 19 5 �State of New York 1^0. 9 AT E IN S KN January Annual Report of Commissioners the of 1915 6, State the Reservation at Saratoga Springs To the Honorable the Legislature:' The Commissioners Springs respectfully the of make ; . State report Reservation of at Saratoga proceedings their since January, 1914. In their report of that date they made urgent request for the appropriation of the sum of $350,000 to provide funds for the acquisition of additional properties then to known to be needed and provide for the deficit in the original appropriation caused by the accumulation of interest and expenses incident to acquisition, amounting to more than $100,000. for the appropriation of the sum They also made urgent request of $100,000 to carry forward vigorously " the further investigation and expert study of the various aspects of the problem committed to this Commission and for the proper maintenance, administration and protection of the properties taken and the supplying of free service to the public." Of the $100,000 requested, only $10,000 was provided by the passage of an emergency act. duced in the Legislature The remainder of $90,000 $50,000, an appropriation was re- bill for which sum passed both houses but was vetoed by the Governor. In to place of the $350,000 requested to provide for the deficit as above [3] �State Eeseevation at Sakatoga Spkings 4 stated and the acquisition of further property, $235,000 of bonds were appropriated fo^r the general purposes of tJie Eeservation as set forth in the request for $100,000 above referred to and for the acquisition of property and for the deficit. This reduction of $205,000, or nearly half of the necessary amount requested by the Commission, has seriously imi^eded the work of the Commission during the past year. They were, in consequence, unable to first importance were they free make to the to acquisition of certain properties of the proper development of the Reservation, nor plan for such vigorous prosecution of the work of development as W'as desirable because they thought to it necessary hold in reserve funds to meet any unexpected emergency. This emergency actually arose when the European war so suddenly developed conditions that greatly increase the demand will, it is the mineral waters of Saratoga Springs. ditional facilities for baths then hasten and more varied use of believed, for the fuller and The provision of ad- became the most urgent claim upon the Commission. The improvements in the one small bath house owned by the State, formerly known as " The Magnetic Bath House," were made _ as proposed in the last annual report, so that the limited facilities were brought in line with the better modem practice which our investigations disclosed. This is now called " The High offered there Rock Bath House," as and proper historic relation to also as having a more in accord with the facts of the case, its location the source of the mineral water used in these baths. business during the last summer showed an and to The bath increase of 40 per cent over the previous season, which was very satisfactory in view of the moderate equipment. Stenstrom, who is This plant was leased to Mr. Oscar R. technically well equipped and has given much satisfaction as a practical bath director. Mr. Stenstrom also leased the " Saratoga Baths " from the owner, Mr. Harry M. Levengston, with an agreement to utilize therein the State waters under the supervision of the director and the engineer of the Reservation. This agreement gave opportunity for acquiring valuable additional knowledge of the conditions and make necessary experiments and obserThe knowledge thus acquired will bo of the utmost serv- enabled the Commission to vations. �Report of the Commissioners 5 and advantage in preparing plans for the construction of the new bath house. The Commission are now convinced that it is of ice immediate importance to the State that this property known as the " Saratoga Baths " should be acquired as a part of the ReservatioiL It is so situated with reference to mineral springs and the the property where the principal bath house should be constructed as to make most necessary it to the They in developing these waters. that the completion of the State's purpose believe the State fortunate in Commission have secured from Mr. Levengston an offer property to the State for an amount which is consider- to sell this ably less than half the sum it cost him to build of this offer will also settle the claim of it. The acceptance Mr. Levengston against the State for mineral water rights taken in 1911. The engineer Commission finds it practicable to bring this plant up-to-date in its equipment for giving mineral water baths by a moderate The Commission expenditure for the necessary improvements. of the respectfully urges that at a very early date funds be provided to take advantage of the option to purchase this property, so that the improvements required pleted by the this property month is of to put it in proper condition may be com- The amount necessary to improve the request of the Commission for the May. included in appropriation of $75,000 for maintenance, improvement and de- This amount velopment. is an increase beyond the $59,000 named in the budget submitted in ISTovember to the Comptroller, because the option it from Mr. Levengston was secured was necessary to file the after the date when budget with the Comptroller. Very many indications have convinced your Commission that there will be a great number of people desirous of taking the mineral water cures in Saratoga Springs during the season of 1915, provided there are the necessary These people have facilities. heretofore been in the habit of taking such cures in the resorts, and will be unable for various reasons to visit such spas in 1915, whether the war shall continue or not. mand seemed that they European to deemed facilities the your Commission it obligatory This probable de- of such imperative character upon them to utilize for additional building of the Lincoln Spring Company, which was acquired when that property was taken by the State as necessary to the control of the mineral water basin and to stopping the pump- �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 6 The ing of the waters for the separation of the gas from them. building is a good wooden structure, being 205 feet in length, with steam boilers and smoke-stack already an opportunity installed, so that minimum to develop, at a accommodating several hundred patients The construction a expense, facilities for day with mineral be simple and economical will, of course, offered it ; baths. but it will be good and of the most approved type as regards the hygienic and therapeutic equipment. efficiency of the It is the judgment and the of the Commission that this utilization of the building would in any case have an early date in order to provide accommodations mineral waters in the ground around been desirable at it at the lowest prices possible for the great population of farmers, artisans and others, who would not be able to avail themselves of the luxurious facilities necessary to be provided for those accustomed to take the cures in Europe, non-mineral water surrounding swimming is also A who fine quality of are pure available in the upper strata of the land this building. The equipment therefore will include pools and full use of the fresh water as well as the mineral waters. The building is situated in what is knowm as Lincoln Park, of the State Reservation, about sixty acres in extent, including some six acres covered with a mature growth of pine which provide the very desirable adjunct of groves, carpeted with pine needles, where patients can take the Oertel exercises, trees which are an important factor in the bath treatment for and heart affections. paths and the planting arterial The preparation of the necessary roads and to make this park a proper environment of the bath house have been pushed as rapidly as possible during the and the results warrant the assurance that during the coming season there will be an attractive surrounding to an excellent bath house, which will enable those who may come to receive in comfort fall, the benefit of the healing waters the State has acquired. The whole outlay for this equipment, including the fresh water plant and pumping station, and two swimming pools, one for women, will be within the sum of $25,000. the bulk of the land in this for men and one During the fall park has been forested, and paths and roads lined with larger trees. In one portion of the tract alfalfa will be planted next spring, it practical farmers that the soil being the judgment of certain is promising for such a crop and �Report of the Commissionees 7 may become an important object lesson to the citizens of the State in connection with the nearby that its utilization at this point Nursery of the State Forestry Department located in Geyser Park of this Reservation, which annually provides some millions of pine and spruce transplants for farmers and others. The reasons given above for the immediate equipment of this building add emphasis to the urgent recommendation of the Commission in the report of last year fund sufficient that to build a first-class State appropriate a the modern bath house be thoroughly up-to-date in every particular and in that shall respects all The sum of able to compete with the attractions offered in foreign resorts. Commission has placed in their budget a request for the $350,000 construct to now a portion of such a bath house, to be of one-half the size of that which in their judgment sary for the State to have in due time. have funds to acquire the entire block it will be neces- The Commission did not which they deem to be necessary for such a bath house, but were able to acquire at a low figure one-half of the block, located immediately opposite the beautiful village park (Congi-ess Park) block that it is The Commission were without house. ; and on this half- it is proposed to construct a portion of the new bath sufficient funds to pre- pare the plans and model of the bath house needed, as was recom- mended in last year's report. The engineer of the Commission has, however, prepared preliminary plans for the portion of the building now proposed, and the State Architect will it is hoped prepare a perspective drawing of said building, so that the Legislature may gested. be able to appreciate the more readily what It is not recommended that the Commission is sug- shall be confined to this preliminary suggestion, but that they shall be free to take advantage of the fuller study of this problem which will be given by the State Architect. architect, They cannot who shall later be chosen too strenuously urge that there be no delay in making the appropriation for they deem it by the this construction, as important that the foundations and walls of this new structure should be under process of erection during the summer of 1915. There has been acquired during the year only a small part of the additional 2>roperty needed by the State because of the lack of �State Resekvation at Saratoga Springs 8 available funds. due to Miss C. L. Huston, of Philadelphia, acknowledgment should be made by the CommisIt is that this formal sion, of her noble public interest in making purchase at her own now held by the State for the proposed bath house. The Commission waswithout fund's at that time to acquire the property, which was then obtainable at a low valuation, and feared the purchase by interests that might begin the construction of buildings that would risk, in the fall of 1913, of the half-block of ground result in largely increased cost to the State at a later date. property is This- so manifestly a part of the proper site for the bath house, that it was a notable gain to have this risk eliminated. MissHuston made no profit whatever, but was at considerable incon- venience during the erty was talcen over many months and finally of ownership, before the prop- paid for by the State. Other small properties acquired enabled the completion of the- connection between the Lincoln Park and the Geyser Park tracts, by the construction of a promenade sixty feet in width, extending, one mile in a straight line. This promenade has been planted with four rows of white pine trees and is to be reserved for pedestrians and for occupants of wheel-chairs, where the necessary exercise and open air may be obtained, away from the usual dust of road travel. A property of about six acres, needed for the above and tocomplete the Geyser Park entrance and enable the closing of a to second grade crossing of the four railroad tracks through the park was acquired. The cost of these properties and some ten acres, completing the Lincoln Park, will be moderate, as the values are small. A small tract adjoining the Geyser crossing of the Delaware Hudson R. R. & tracks has been acquired as the location of the necessary storage house for bottled waters to which the R. R. side tracks can have direct access for loading. both the Geyser Central Bottling Spring Bottling Plant. This Works and is convenient for the Soft Sweet Also several parcels of farm lands neces- saiy properly to protect the water supply of important springs will be acquired shortly. These aggregate some fifty acres of moderate value. The Stat-e also acquired the property adjoining the Favorite Spring on Broadway and adjacent to the Hudson Valley Trolley �Report of the Commissioners Terminal. ment of 9 This property was necessary for the proper develop- the park and terminal to be constructed and maintained by the Hudson Valley Company in connection with a lease negotiated by the Commission with said company, which lease is conditional upon proper track connections being authorized by the village. is In the judgment of the Commission the best for the interests of the State ; this use of the property but, if it should be pre- vented by the failure of the village authorities to give the necessary consents, would be the only property owmed by the State Drink Hall, which is it at all available for the construction of the Its present size is not large essential to complete development. enough for the Drink Hall, but site w^ere obtainable. cial value if it if no other of undoubted commer- could be enlarged The property is also the special public use above suggested should not develop. The remaining small property acquired is that containing the United States and Pavilion Springs which, under the control of the State authorities, ^are already showing improvement in their mineral contents as a result of the restoration and protection by The mineral water the State of the mineral water basin. the small property adjoining, also knowm rights of as the Royal Spring, have been acquired. There are other properties now known to be important to the future develojmient of this Reservation, which, in the judgment of your Commission, should be acquired at an early date in order to protect properly the ments which it is now mineral water basin and make improve- to clear are essential to establish permanently the full use of these waters and a suitable health resort. The budget submitted asks for $350,000 to cover these and the purchase of the property known as the Saratoga Baths, above referred to. This report has already grown mission like to inflict to a length greater upon the Legislature and briefly report that the properties of the State at as small an expenditure as possible. than the Com- they, therefore, have been maintained All the various springs have received attention and some few have been retubed, as shown The Hathorn ISTo. 2 in the accompanying report of the engineer. and Coesa Springs, which are at the southernmost end of the �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 10 Reservation, have been connected with the Geyser Building by means of wooden pipes. The Orend'a Spring is also connected with this building, in which the Geyser and Minnonebe Spring waters were already being bottled, so that the handling of the State mineral waters is side track of the concentrated here. Delaware This building is close to the & Hudson Company; and this will assure the bottling of these waters at a point where the expense of cartage of bottles and materials and of the cases of bottled water to the railroad will be considerably lessened. Having thus concentrated the bottling of these naturally car- bonated waters, the Commissioners are now able to determine that the State will have a considerable supply of surplus carbonic acid gas, which it will be able to dispose of after the bottling of these waters. It is probable that there may be an income of several thousand dollars per year from this source, increasing as the sur- plus of gas from other wells Anticipating such an is collected. opportunity for profit the Commission, in removing the structures Geyser Park, retained one gasometer and one gas compressing in plant. jSTegotiations are now under way, and may be made for within a few weeks a contract disposition of this surplus gas is it hoped that and the collection on satisfactory terms. In order a to recover the waters of the original Congress Spring, new is now being bore neer. Professor cal drilled and closed by pipes fastened culty may under the direction of our engi- Anthony, who found the old bore out of the in It is believed that this prove a blessing in disguise as better and more access will be secured to the vein mineral water was taken. new year it. It is from which this report the recovery of the Congress Spring. Hathorn and other waters, it is diffi- reliable most famous hoped that by the early part of the the drill will reach that vein and that perience of the slow return verti- to we may then In view of the their original ex- strength of the assumed that when first recovered perhaps be only half its ordinary strength, but we have no doubt that in time the Congress water will regain its full this spring will strength and become one of the most widely distributed of the and again prove of very gTcat value and profit. lease to Hathorn & Company has been continued on the same terms. Although terminable on ninety days' notice, which State's waters The �Report of the Commissioneks precluded much 11 show One- advertising, the results during the past year and a fair increase in sales, profits increased 50 per cent. half of the profits, reserved for the State, sufficed to cover the cost of the free service to the public provided bj under the terms of the lease and also Hathorn & Company improvements on the State The Commission have property authorized by the Commission. continued the bottling and sale of the mineralized table waters from the Geyser and Minnonebe Springs, with constant study of the problems connected with the maintenance of the proper equilibrium between the gas and mineral contents, which it is hoped are now solved. The proper marketing of the waters requires large capital, with ample funds provided for advertising. of the It had been the expectation Commission that the summer of 1914 would prove the proper time to advertise both in Europe and in the United States for bids to lease for a long period the privileges of bottling The European war, however, selling these waters. situation completely, direction. now It and no steps have as yet and the altered been taken in that proves well for the State that there was delay because during the fall months, the Engineer and Chemist were able to develop several exceptional springs of pure non-mineralized The water, without gas, which should be put on the market. made analyses of this water demonstrate that purest drinking waters made by many known and ; known the practical use which has been in fact, all thusiastic as to its qualities the well ranks with the families and by physicians proves that strong appeal to the taste erly marketed. it and the The demand still who have used it it are most en- desirability of having for such water is makes universal, it prop- some of waters that are marketed being shipped to both Europe and Asia, besides being widely distributed throughout and private residences in the United States. It is believed hotels that the proper handling of this water should prove in its way as great a benefit to the public as will the restoration and wide distribution of the mineral waters. accrue a very large profit It seems clear that there should from the proper development of this additional business, as the gross sales of such waters aggre- gate millions of dollars each year. of I*J"ew York on the label, With the seal of the State and the guarantee of the regular �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 12 analysis by the State Chemist mission showing among such the Laboratory of the iii should It has been named " purity, its easily it take first Complace The Saratoga Soft Sweet These springs are located in the Geyser Park purity of their waters will be thoroughly protected. The waters. Spring Water." where the Commission have begun the construction of a bottling plant of the style, which should provide for such demand as may most approved develop during the next two years, and enlargement of the plant The group of springs will be developed in most attractive manner for proper observation, as it is located can readily be made. th-e close beside one of the paths in the quented by great numbers of is every reason to believe Geyser Park which will be fre- There visitors throughout the year. it will, in this way, advertise itself extensively. The current business of the Commission in the maintenance of the State property and the care and development of the the organization of the engineering same and with the necessary staff, office force to further the limited advertising propaganda, has been one of much variety and •continual pressure. remitting attention at all hours from a numbers, because of the very strict It has called The Commission think it proper, therefore, to to be prac- make refer- ence to the great devotion to the interest of the State sho\\Ti by who have been un- economy, even called by some parsimony, which the Commissioners deem necessary tised. for staff quite too limited in all associated in this work. During the year the chemical laboratory has been organized, to we secured Mr. Herbert Ant, an experienced chemist, who was in the Department of Health at Albany for several years. The work of this laboratory will become continually of more interest and importance. take charge of which The Engineering Department will have, for some time to come, a great amount of detail to handle in connection with the varied work which the Commission must undertake, and especially in connection with the studying out of possible improvements upon the plans of other State and municipal establishments of like character. Each new development confirms the Commission in their realization of the good fortune of the State to secure at the proper time an engineer of such experience and facility in mechanics as �Report of the Commissioners also in engineering as Professor Charles G. 13 Anthonj, who has de- voted to this work a considerable amount of his time as consulting expert, doing A year's been much supervisory work as well. further experience has difficult for the work had their Commission made to it clear that it would have have proceeded eifectively with not secured the services of one so variously it equipped by special experience as Dr. Albert Warren Ferris, the director, has proved himself to be. It was of have constantly at hand some one upon whose and character they could unquestionably We vital importance to ability, experience rely. record with utmost emphasis the inestimable value to the State of the services rendered by the Hon. C. C. Lester during the past year, not merely in his capacity of legal adviser but because of the wholehearted manner in which, from the very beginning, he has placed his great information respecting and his scientific local conditions knowledge of the problems encountered command of the Commission and The Commission accepted with at the its staif. regret the resignation of Irving G. Rouillard, as secretary, who left in May course of study for his chosen We profession. fortunate to secure, as his successor, Mr. Louis to take deem Mr. up the the State W. Noland, who had been for some twelve years associated with the Poland Water Company. Mr. K'oland's knowledge of the business of distributing waters has proven of great importance at this particular time in the development of this feature and should be increasingly valuable to the work. All additional facts and knowledge which the Commission are able to secure more than confirm their confidence in tlie great and assured usefulness and large profit of this Reservation of waters taken by the State. These the proper development and others now known to are, of course, whoUy dependent upon by the State of the properties acquired be necessary, so that they shall be made as attractive to those in search of health or recreation as other lik« resorts. Success is necessarily bound up with the ability to deal with the problem broadly and generously as any business organiza- tion would do. The Commissioners ask for three-quarters of a mil- lion dollars to be appropriated this year for the purposes set forth �State Reseevation at Saratoga Springs 14 in this report. Tliej have restricted themselves to this sum be- cause of the emphasis that has been placed upon the condition ol the State finances, Thej feel bound, however, again to call the attention of the Legislature to the methods used in bj governments Europe and private corporations in the United States in de- veloping such resources. at the beginning Their practice is to provide ample funds with which the proposition may be treated broadly. It is understood that recent important developments at Green- 6rier Springs in West Virginia have involved an expenditure in excess of $1,000,000 for improvements and attractions offered. Your Commission have had many comments respecting trasts the con- between the methods of developing property based on springs in a community distant a few from the centres of population, and the very limited appropriations made by the State of ^ew to develop what is concededly the greatest collection of mineral springs anywhere to be found. There is in Saratoga every York opportunity for beautiful landscape development at a very moderate expense, as could be and the appeal for such outlay The Commission further made. lions of dollars for of one improvements of City of Wiesbaden the sum certainly as strong and again, as must meet, the appropriation illustrating the competition the State by the City of Harrogate, England, is recite, and three-quarter mil- spring property; by the its of ene million for a new bath house; by the Kingdom of Bavaria of one and three-quarter million dollars for improvements at Bad Kissingen by the City of Carlsbad of about two and a half million of dollars and the appropriation made in the spring of the year 1914, by the 'City of Aachen (Aix ; ; la Chapelle) ten millions of marks, or nearly two and a half mil- improvements to their bathing facilities, famous for a century past. All of these bathing establishments pay handsomely. The Commissioners are confident that it would lion dollars for additional so be the truest economy for the Legislature to provide now, in one appropriation, the sum of two million dollars to be used by the Commission, so far as needed, for the prompt and full utilization of the resources of the State in the property already taken and for acquiring other property now known to be needed, and for the oonstruction of proper buildings and the necessary landscape treat- �15 Report of the Commissioners ment in connection with the Three Commissioners are to development of the grounds and parks. be appointed by the Governor in Janu- when the terms of the present Commissioners expire; and every known fact calls for their being put in control of ample funds to enter upon a wise, farsighted and prompt carrying forward of this extremely important work of conservation. The present Comary, missioners cannot too strongly urge the very early consideration of this matter as one quite apart from the ordinary question of appropriations for the expense of the special conditions, urgent We that created by the great war in Europe, make more now than heretofore. recommend most earnestly sideration Government and one the early and favorable con- by the Legislature of the items submitted in the Budget for appropriation in a Special Bill: For the acquisition of additional property For the construction of a suitable modem bath house including power house, of one-half the ultimate size, $350,000 on the half-block on Spring street now owned by the State For maintenance, development and improvement 350,000 of the Reservation property, including advertising, and the work of the engineering and other departments, preparations of plans, etc 75,000 $775,000 The Commissioners beg the many courtesies to express their hearty appreciation of and cordial co-operation extended by the Com- missioner of Health and his deputy and the various members of They the staff of that most important department of the State. beg to express their sense of obligation to the Hon. Lewis F. Pilcher, State Architect, for his considerate attention to and also counsel upon problems of construction which the Commission presented to him. They make record of the enthusiastic expressions of the Governor respecting his recognition of the importance of this work of conser\'ation. �State Reseevation at Saratoga Springs 16 The Commissioners submit herewith the reports of the superin- tending director, the engineer, the chemist, and the secretary, of all which reports they urge that the members of the Legislature will read with care. They will also submit later, appended study to their report, a of the hydraulics of the Saratoga mineral water system, written by their counsel, Hon, Charles C. Lester, embodying some of the results and practical importance attained of scientific interest by means of the investigations they have instituted and the data they have collected since they undertook the creation and administration of the State Reservation at Saratoga Springs. The accounts for December and the year will not be completely made up until the middle of January, but the Secretary will give herewith summaries of the financial record of the year. They beg to call attention again to the matter of the deficit of over $100,000 deducted from the fund for the acquisition of lauds, for expenses incident to their acquirement, and for interest. deduction was not contemplated when there was committed This to the Commission the problem of securing for less than $1,000,000 properties claimed by their owners to be worth in the aggregate twice that sum. This Commission has since 1912 been seriously hampered by this deficiency in funds available for taking property, and the Legislature has on three different occasions recognized the imperative need of the situation. It voted in 1912 to appropriate for this purpose $100,0€0. That bill was vetoed Governor Dix on the ground as he stated that the money was not by then needed, although it was his well-known and strong conviction, expressed in a letter to this Commission, that it was both wise and necessar)^ to vote this sum. Again in 1913 the sum of $100,000 was voted by the Legislature for this purpose but was vetoed by Governor Sulzer with the expectation, as he aftenvard explained, many of approving it at the extra session in a deficiency appended the following language bill. He to his veto: " This $100,000 appropriation is now disallowed as it wa-^ disallowed last year, because the Board of Claims has not yet been able to try the cases and it does not seem probable that they will reach a decision during the current year. It is understood that when the Board of Claims shall reach a �Repoet of the Commissioners judgment or decision 17 as to the price to be paid for these properties, the Legislature will, I believe, appropriate the funds to provide the amount " Therefore, money the it and expenses incurred of interest by reason of the delay in trying these cases. does not seem to be necessary to appropriate this year. " I have already signed a reappropriation of over $450,000 for the purposes of adjustment and payment of claims for lands and property appropriated by the State at Saratoga Springs, which seems to be more than is likely to be neces- sary for such agreement on compensation as the Commission is likely to reach this year. " For the reasons stated above, I disapprove the item of $100,000 contained in section 2 of the the other portion of the while approving bill. William Sulzer." "(Signed) The Legislature bill, 1914 cut the amount of the bill for a special sum was voted by the Assembly and the Senate, but the bill was vetoed by Governor Glynn because of his general policy of economy and because he thought that the of appropriation to $50,000 which cash was not then needed and that the appropriation could be safely delayed. Governor Glynn expressed himself then, and during the campaign, as heartily in favor of providing money that later all the was needed for the proper development of Saratoga Springs. The Commissioners, therefore, most respectfully urge the im- mediate passage of a special emergency appropriation for this purpose. They are glad to say that it will suffice to appropriate for this need, instead of cash from the General Fund, the $100,000 of bonds which wall be available on of the issue made March 1, 1915, when $95,000 for this purpose in 1912 will mature. will provide for the deficit in the Eeservation land purchase without making an additional charge upon the General the State. They to facilitate immediate Fund of drawn by the counsel action. Commisprovide amply and in good time for the season of 1915 If this action sion to respectfully submit a bill This fund is taken, the pressing necessity upon this �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 18 can be cared for by the immediate acquisition of the building kno\\Ti as the Saratoga State. Baths under the option secured to the The Legislature can then take the necessary time to study and become fully informed respecting the wisdom the request made for the much larger sums required to enable the situation of The Commembers of the the State to go forward properly with this great work. missioners express the earnest request that Legislature will arrange to make an all the early visit to the Springs to study the problem on the ground before taking action on any of those requests other than the matter of the $100,000 of bonds to make good the deficit which the Legislature sought heretofore to extinguish by several bills which were successively vetoed as stated. GEORGE FOSTER PEABODY, FRANK I^. BENJAMIN GODFREY, F. TRACY, Commissioners. Saratoga Springs, January 1, 1915. �Report of the Commissioners Secretary's Fijstaxcial 19 Memorandum The accounts for December and the full year, which have not yet been made up, will be included in detail later in this report. I give herewith in simunary form the financial status, estimating the December accounts. Chapter Amount Laws of 1913 of original appropriation, $950,000 of bonds. Balance, January Claims 239, settled 1, $399,353 28 1914 during 1914 $271,929 75 and miscellaneous Interest on same, 49,144 87 expenses incident thereto 321,074 62 Balance, January With which 1915 1, meet to $78,278 66 unadjusted claims for land estimated to be fairly valued at And interest accrued in excess of . . . $170,000 00 8,278 66 178,278 66 Showing deficit in land purchase fund of over. Chapter 252, . . . $100,000 00 Laws of 1914 Appropriation for general purposes, acquisition of $235,000 00 land, interest on claims, etc Expended to December 1st, for re- new con- struction, including Lincoln Bath pairs, House improvements, and Park, and general maintenance, salaries, current ex- $70,000 00 penses, etc December estimated expenses, and construction and improvements contracted for but not vouchered . , 30,000 00 100,000 00 Balance $135,000 00 �20 State Reservation at Saratoga Spri^'gs This amount will be available to acquire the Saratoga Baths and make the necessary improvements and provide for the current expense necessities of 1915 provided the $100,000 deficit in land fund is now appropriated and, later on, further funds to take additional property known to be needed. Original appropriation as voted in 1911 for pur- chase of property, from the sale of bonds $950,000 00 Agreed value of property paid for to January 1,1915 $765,889 75 Estimated value of lands taken but not settled for (no case having been decided by Board of Claims) 21 claims; only two tried to January 1, 1915 170,000 00 . $935,889 75 Agreed and estimated value of to January 1, 1915 all lands taken up 935,889 75 Balance of original fund not used for land purchase But against this, $14,110 25 the State Comptroller has paid and charged against the fund interest and ex- penses on the lands paid for at agreed value to the amount This makes a There is 105,831 59 of deficit in the $91,721 34 fund of accrued interest on the value of lands not yet paid for, in excess of Showing a deficit in the 8,278 land because of interest accruals of purchase Q>^ fund $100,000 00 This amount of $100,000 was voted by the Legislature to cover the deficit for interest in 1912 and again in 1913, and was vetoed in each year, because in the judgment of the respective Governors the cash would not be needed in those years to meet payments due. �Repokt of the Commissioners 21 would seem imperative that there should be promptly approsum of $1€0,000 to meet the above deficit in the land purchase fund, inasmuch as claims against this fund will need to be paid early in 1915 and unless such approproation is made, the Commission will have no fund available for the acquisition of the It priated the ; building For the sion's known five as the Saratoga Baths. years and seven months of the Commis- existence, there has appropriated been for expenses of organization, salaries, insurance, improvements, repairs, structures destruction of useless and material, park development and expert investigations in Europe and America, also including new extent and in many construction of considerable places, sum the total of, from the general fund of the State In 1914, for the above and land purchase, the sum $137,500 235,000 of (from the sale of bonds) .' Total Of $372,500 • this total, the expenditures for current purposes and construction, including the Lincoln as above Baths, for five years and seven months will be. Leaving apparently available on January But 237,500 . $135,000 1 the appropriation for purchase of land shows a deficit because of deductions for interest and 100,000 expenses not calculated in taking land of Leaving now available on January 'is The appropriation deficit of $100,000 acquire the building of $100,000 of bonds will enable the known it, penses and improvements for probably 6, now to Commission make good to as the Saratoga Baths, for the necessary improvements to January $35,000 only 1, and all to the immediately and to pay meet the current ex- of 1915. 1915. LOUIS W. NOLAXD, Secretary. �Report of the Superintending Director To the Honorable, the Commissioners of the State Reservation at Saratoga Springs: Gentlemen: ment — The prophetic and good judg- vision, sagacity, of the Legislature of 1909, as well as of his Excellency, Charles E. Hughes, Governor of the State of already been completely vindicated New York, have for the operation of the ; Com- mission under the provisions of Chapter 569 of the laws of that year, as slightly amended from time to time, has already resulted in the transformation of Saratoga Springs. The aboriginal Saratoga, the Saraghtogha or Saraghtoghie of the red man, and to us — at this distance in Saratoga, dates from a very remote period. time — the romantic Actual history and enticing legend provide a most interesting narrative if one chooses to construct it from available The appearance authorities. of the oldest Saratoga spring is shrouded in the obscurity of geologic ages; but it aborigines who camped by if is fairly certain that a iire was kindled by some that spring, during the Second Crusade, over the charcoal remains disclosed at a depth of sixteen feet the deposition of tufa Rock spring was as rapidly as in recent time made in those days by Geyser spring. fascinating to think that while Conrad III., of by High It is indeed Germany, and Louis VIL, of France, were engaged in their unsuccessful attack on Damascus, a band of red ings to the men were making propitiatory offer- Manitou of High Eock spring about the year 1150. made of the visit of the first white man, Brief mention should be as far as From we can conjecture, to the healing Avaters of Saratoga. the Jesuit Relations we learn that a band of Mohawk Indians in 1643 brought with them to the Saratoga springs Father who had been surprised and taken prisoner by a Repairing to the " Medicine Waters of the Great Spirit " with their captive, they rested and secured refresh- Isaac Jogues, marauding band. ment and restoration to health and strength at the fountains whither they had been for ages accustomed to repair for relief from exhaustion and disease. [221 �Eepoet of the Commissioners 23 Saratoga of the olden time was a fashionable resort to which people came for pleasure of various kinds, incidental to which was the use of waters to correct errors of the digestive tract, from many votaries of fashion, devoted to " the pleasures of the which so from time to time. People then drank these waters in order that they might be relieved of their discomforts and be able to sin again. It was fashionable to drink a certain water in the morning, another in the afternoon and sometimes a table," suffer third in the evening, simply for the reason that everyone did The use of the medicinal waters then available so. was desultory and by caprice and, in a large majority of instances, Too without any prescription or suggestion by the physician. entirely governed much water was drunk by most people and too many varieties were drunk in one day. As far as we can learn at the present time was never recognized, except the cathartic water as it was tossed The bath, so arranged as to depend the value of the carbonic acid gas as it down gave a pleasant fillip to the throat of the guest. upon the content of the gas remaining in the water when it It was erroneously reached the tub, was entirely unknown. thought that the minerals dissolved in the bathing water were in some way absorbed by the skin and thus entered the system, and that they constituted the medicinal feature. It is small wonder, therefore, that when fickle fashion swung away from Saratoga, when the opening of new resorts attracted unstable and volatile minds, and when increased railroad facilities rendered equally charming spots, the patronage of new and accessible Saratoga decreased almost to the vanishing point. Owing any system of treatand especially owing to the to the lack of the establishment of ment for any special class of diseases, fact that the tremendous value of the waters for bathing, when properly controlled and installed, was not appreciated, there was clientele coming back year after year to take treatment under the giiidance of physicians here. In fact, Saratoga was not a health resort, though it possessed for a century the environment and necessary external features, with a vast treasure of no regular mineral water in the underground reservoirs not only waiting to be developed, but leaping forth into the examination and use. air, and inviting �24 State Reservation at Saratoga Springs The action of jour Commission, under tlie intelligent and fos- tering provision of the Legislature, has changed the scenes, so that the new Saratoga Springs rapidly emerging from the is which you found it and is expanding into an attractive resort for the thousands who are in search of health and pleasure. chrv&alis condition in There was no lack of analyses of waters in the olden time; for several of the physicians of preceding generations had made as accurate studies as the limited laboratory facilities of those days aiforded. However, the new analyses made under your direction showed decided changes of many made of the springs, from the previous conditions and now that accurate studies have been of the use of various waters in various conditions of disease (close comparisons having been made with the well known mineral waters of foreign spas, hitherto, as it appears, little studied as to their resembling or identical features), Saratoga Springs is pre- feet above the sea level, a few pared to offer definite treatment for definite disorders. In Wiesbaden, which miles from the 400 lies Rhone river, sheltered from the cold northern winds by spurs of the well fostered Tauuus moimtains, and fre- quented as a resort during the entire year, treatments are carried on to relieve gout, sciatica, rheumatism, various joint disorders, neuralgia, inflammatory exudates, heart disorders, certain nervous disorders and some diseases of the kidneys and bladder. These are all benefited by the bath treatment. The " Trink-Kur " is used in certain affections of the organs of respiration and of the digestive organs, as well as in gout Springs all and obesity. these disorders can be treated after the In Saratoga same methods, with the exception of affections of the respiratory organs. The waters at Wiesbaden are hot, but heat is merely a mechanical con- which when artificially supplied above the when due to combustion or pressure at a The products of the orifices of the Springs. dition, is as efficacious surface of the earth as point far below the Wiesbaden Springs are classed as sodium-chloride waters, taking their name from their principal ingredient, which exists in such large comparative quantities in the mineral waters of Saratoga, At Baden-Baden, est, situated in the about 700 feet above sea Oos Valley of the Black For- level, there are about twenty thermal �25 Eepokt of the Commissioners springs used for bathing and drinking in the treatment of gout, rheumatism, catarrhal aftections of the upper ralgia and neuritis, and also 'air passages, neu- inflammatory deposits, certain ner- vous conditions, certain skin diseases, as well as reduced vital energy and imperfect nutrition so often encountered in tardy convalescence after wasting diseases. oti'ers Again, Saratoga Springs mineral waters exactly as useful, and destined to be as etr'ective as the waters of Baden-Baden, though differing in min- eral constitutents to a certain degree and lacking entirely the arsenic salt found in the principal springs of the of Baden. Grand Duchy Excellent paths ascend on various slopes through the valley, in order that the Terrain-Kur may be employed for the treatment of obesity and disorders of circulation exactly as the new paths and climbs throughout the ravines in Geyser Park of our State Reservation will be employed. In Nauheim, the majority of patients now treated are suffering from heart and arterial disorders, although a different method of employment of the same waters was formerly used for digestive and joint disorders as well as certain nervous difficulties, before the application of the waters to the treatment of cardiac disorders was elaborated or proved. efficacy to the The waters of jSTauheim owe their graduated temperature employed, the carbonic acid gas in them, the chloride salts in great abundance, sibly to their radio-activity. The and pos- baths are given in increasing strength throughout the series, gas and mineral salts being added to the successive sets which comprise The German town it. is situated 448 feet above sea level, on the slopes of the Johannisberg. a spur of the Taunus mountains. The season for invalids extends from April 16 to October 15, but visitors not unfrequently encounter cold, rainy periods in July. Subsequently to their course of baths, patients are sent elsewhere for the " ISTach Kur " (the '^ after treatment"), that they may enjoy advantages ISTatiheim and scene not obtainable in Nauheim. enjoys a cool atmosphere mornings and evenings, from the neighboring mountains and has a porous, absorbent soil. of climate comparable with those at Nauheim. Saratoga Springs occupies a central position on a plateau about 25 miles square, averaging 300 feet above sea level iVt Saratoga Springs facilities exist �State Reservation at Saratoga Spri^'gs 26 in the village and sand or glacial its neigliborliood. The soil is sandy loam, clay, and is in general very porous. There is a large proportion of sunny days and the sky has the blue of the open country. In 1912, 115 days were partially cloudy and 128 drift, days were sunny throughout, making a total of 243 days out of 366 days on which the sun shone. In 1913, 101 days were parcloudy and 133 days were sunny throughout, making a total 234 days out of 365 days on which the sun shone. The air is tially of unusually fresh, dry and tonic, owing to the large number of trees and the fact that the air comes to us from the boundary hills — the Kayaderosseras, foot hills of the Adirondacks, and the Palmertown range of the same mountains, together with the Green Mountains of Vermont which furnish breezes from either side and from the North. Thus one at Saratoga secures the advantages of a mountain climate without enduring the rarification — of the atmosphere of a high elevation, a most favorable condition for cardio-vascular sufferers. The autumn is a beautiful season sunny days and cool nights, the air being tonic and bracing almost daily. There is no necessity for sending patients elsewhere for the after treatment, since no undermining or devitalizing agencies interfere with our climatic in Saratoga Springs, with conditions. They remain here at the close of their course of baths, some taking a course of resisted movements, as devised by Beneke and improved by the late August Schott; some taking electrical treatment some taking graduated and increased walking exercise, already mentioned as the " Terrain Kur ". In Kissingen, known as a saline since the year 824, and as a ; health resort since 1544, situated at the altitude of about 605 feet above the sea level, in the eastern slope of the kingdom Bhone Mountain, the Saale river, the season lasts in the charming valley of from April 15 to October 15; however, baths are given from the October. of Bavaria, on the south- first of April to the end of This resort attracts about 34,000 patients annually, beside 14,000 other travelers, as estimated. In this resort are treated catarrhal affections of the digestive tract and related dis- orders including disorders of the liver, also affections of the heart and blood vessels, catarrhal affections of the respiratory organs, residues of inflammation, anaemia, gout, diabetes, obesity, and �27 Report of the Commissioners certain nervous disorders, as well as selected skin diseases We aifections of the kidneys. and learn from Dr, Paul Haertl, the accomplished chemist and general scientist holding an official position at Bad Kissingen, that the waters of Saratoga Springs are exactly adapted to the treatment of Marienbad is all the disorders named. situated at a point 2,200 feet above sea level in a valley in the northwestern part of Bohemia, opening toward the south and entirely surrounded by dense pine forests. groups of its springs are known The principal as alkaline-saline; ferruginous; mineral-alkaline, " containing larger proportions of calcium and magnesia carbonates than the others " ; and a single iron spring, Marienquelle, described as " poor in solids, but extremely rich in carbonic acid, and so an ideal means for natural carbonic acid Marienbad also possesses special bog-earth, or moorThe earth, which is used for giving its celebrated mud baths. list of diseases favorably treated at Marienbad compares very baths". closely with those that may be treated with the equally valuable waters of Saratoga Springs. this report to the facilities we Keference will be made later in possess for giving iron-moor baths with unusually valuable earth. Ems, (Page 33.) situated in the Province of Hesse-Xassau, partly in the valley of the river Lahn and partly upon the lofty spur of the neighboring mountain, has been known as a watering place since the eleventh century. The maladies May 1 to October 1. Bad Ems are catarrhal affec- Its season lasts principally treated at tions of the respiratory organs from and passages, disorders of the digestive tract and the results of inflammatory processes, as well as certain forms of kidney disorders and also joint disorders. Ems boasts several hot spring, which sodium chloride waters, and one cold iron the authorities in that to^vn describe as " a acidulated chalybeate water weak ". The mineral waters of Saratoga provide agencies which will accomplish the same results as the waters of Ems, and far surpass Ems in respect to iron springs. At Ems a vacuum evaporation plant soluble is salts, in operation which produces a large quantity of extracted from the mineral waters and compressed into pastilles, for home use, after re-dissolving, for catarrhal diffi- culties of the respiratory organs and the digestive tract. Experi- �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 28 ments are now being made in our laboratory with the solid constitnents obtained by evaporation of the mineral water, with a view of possibly producing similar pastilles. In Franzensbad, Austria, 1,600 feet above sea level, the most celebrated mud bath in the world is maintained. Marienbad compares her moor-earth with that of Franzensbad as a standard; as stated later in this report, the available moor-earth of Saratoga Springs far surpasses that at either of these foreign localities. In Homburg Taunus Mountains, there are in the six cold car- bonic acid sodium chloride springs, and two iron springs. To avoid the weariness of a repetition of a be list of diseases, it may said that the Saratoga Springs waters are fully as efficacious as those of Bad Homburg, and it may be added that, since the per- centage of free carbonic acid gas in our waters far exceeds that in the waters of Homburg Homburg, ours provides mud are destined to be fully as successful. baths given with a clay impregnated with as well as the mineral water baths, iron, and baths containing extract of pine needles. In Karlsbad, Austria, the diseases treated are largely those of the digestive tract, diabetes, kidney disorders, and joint affections. ing to This is the most largely frequented official figures, though it Spa in Europe accord- has been reported that the number and disturbing features of many of their entertainments and diversions have resulted in a request by the physicians practicing in the resort that the authorities should control these diversions so away that the drifting of patients The system to other of baths at Karlsbad Spas may be checked. elaborate but not all the is waters contain sufficient gas for the ordinary carbonic acid gas Therefore, gas bath. and is collected as is it escapes from the Sprudel condensed and liquefied and then injected in the tubs in wdiich the mineral waters baths are given. Saratoga waters will fulfill Karlsbad, although ours are the same indications as those of much less powerful taken in the same dosage, and although the laxative ingredients of Saratoga spring waters are less drastic than those of Karlsbad. stitute a great feature at Karlsbad and many Moor-baths conpatients testify as to their efficacy. In Vichy, patients to the number of over 118,000 a year are �29 Report of the Commissioners treated for disorders of digestion, affections of the liver, of the kidney, of the bladder, of the joints, rheumatism in general, cer- The bath tain skin affections, diabetes, and anaemia. ments are very large establish- and very luxurious, and thousands of people repair to this resort for a course of treatment annually. I am convinced the maladies treated successfully at Vichy may be treated successfully here, by the studious use of various Sara- toga spring waters. Dr. Simon Baruch, establishment of Vichy, among many who in 1913 visited the others in order to report your Commission, was impressed with the resemblance of Saratoga Hathorn Spring !N^o. 2 in its flavor and efiiicacy to the to Grrande Grille of Vichy. Bearing in mind our possession of the Geyser and Minnonebe waters, both with predominating alkalinity, a system of treatment fairly comparable with that at Vichy is perfectly possible. there lies before us just opened a vista of future, if not immediate, usefulness to suffering mankind coming to us from Thus not only our and Europe. ing which land, but also the countries of South own America It is the experience of every foreign spa concern- we can get accurate knowledge of financial returns, that the Governmental control of springs for medical purposes lucrative, and that the income from these sources increasing. The may be where for many increase in the number very constant and of patients visiting such studied in the case of a resort is is Nauheim for instance, years special care was taken to refuse patients who could not be as a result of benefited by the treatment offered at this spa, which practice confidence was augumented and patronage was considerably increased directly, until the number of patients taking treatment at that spa in 1912 whom was 35,000, of 1,600 came from America. Not only are the resources of Saratoga now made available, through the action of the Legislature and Governor already mentioned, but the field of usefulness is rapidly years of close competition and strenuous men and women who widening during these life. should be in the prime of The numbers of but who suffer life, a great lowering in their efficiency and their capacity for enjoy- ment because of the impairment an alarming rate, especially in of vital organs, are increasing at our great cities. Recently " wel- �State Reseevatio:n at Saratoga Springs 30 work " fare lias been instituted among thousands of emj^loyees of our large manufacturing establishments, in order that the ordi- nary facts concerning housing, food, work, recreation, may be taught to a may preserve their cation, etc., employees real value to their rest, edu- certain degree, to the end that the efficiency longer, and may be of employers throughout the entire part of their life, which in most cases is devoted to labor. Xor is the impairment of functions or disease of vital organs laigely confined to the or mechanic, .artisan Fully as many instances are encountered in thousands whose lies largely in fields of in banks. age, in or the general employee of the factory. mental one bank 100 per efficiency, such as clerks and work officers Recent examinations show that a very large percent- chronic disease of such many activity, a cent., of the clerks and officers show character as greatly to limit their and of such a gravity as to be beyond cure. of these prospective invalids could have been prevented Very from reaching a point of incurability, had they been treated properly and earh^, and many could have been easily cured had the premonitory symptoms been recognized and regarded. The first " Cures " to be offered at Saratoga Springs are of such a character and variety as to meet most of the difficulties existing in those suffering from commencing invalidism, to which allusion has been made, either as palliatives or partial restoratives, operating so as to lengthen the life and increase the comfort of the persons permanently impaired, or to assist nature in effecting an absolute cure. The fact that such a possibility is now opened for suffering humanity should be a cause of great congratulation for the Legislature and the Governor, who made it possible for a conscientious, devoted' and intelligent Commission to accomplish the To the Legislators and Executive, must be given a share of the credit which is hereafter in report ascribed to the members of your honorable Board. results thus far attained. therefore, this A review of the progress and achievements of the State Reser- vation at Saratoga Springs during the past year inevitably leads an appreciation of the wise methods adopted throughout the early formative period, during which conditions were studied; rights, titles and interests were carefully weighed; and plan? were to �31 Eepokt of the Commissionees adopted and elaborated. Had it not been for the wise counsel and deliberate advance that contributed to lay broad foundations and to commence great developments during the four years preceding 1914, no such results could have been accomplished as Perhaps the those of the annual period now drawing to a close. advances of the closing year are more patent and more convincing than the accomplishments of any earlier year; if so, these advances were possible only because of a previous broad comprehension of needs and possibilities, a calm and yet forceful handling of many problems, an artistic and imaginative treatment of material, and an actual and increasing knowledge of the great agencies of health existing at Saratoga Springs for centuries, awaiting sagacious and practical control and employment by such an administration as that of your Board. the statute which created your Commission, Your duty imder as accepted by your body, healing waters of tlie is to restore, mineral springs. develop and utilize the Developing such a Health is now being created by the Reservation Commission and the village of Saratoga Springs is, of course, the end and aim of the undertaking, which in a few months will provide moderate Eesort as and initial opportunity for partial or complete restoration to health of thousands and recuperation of who look to Saratoga for relief efficiency, from all from disease The over this Continent. great fatigue and expense of an ocean voyage, the doubtful experiof encountering an untried climate, and the puzzling and discouraging experience of dwelling during a protracted course ment of treatment among people few speak the English lan- removed from the path of the from any part of our own here by the State of ISew enjoy the provisions made all invalid who comes '^ whom these difficulties are guage, country to of to Saratoga Springs York. The experience of English, Austrian, French and German chemists, engineers and physicians has aided in our guidance; for through your wise action last year in securing the results of Prof. Baruch's observations in foreign Spas; of Dr. Haertl's teaching and consultation during his brief residence here, on leave of absence experience of from Bad Kissingen; and of the previous wide our own Consulting Engineer, Prof. Anthony, �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 32 added to his acquisition, during a study of eight European Spas, of special knowledge of the mechanical devices and installations used in handling mineral waters containing carbonic acid gas, iSTew York State launches this enterprise in Saratoga Springs with a tremendous advantage. A natural conditions. obtained and controlled; easily v/ater, This advantage determined by ; combine to favorable climate as existence of and proximity of mountain a moderate elevation above sea level point of easy access from, almost 23eople a relative absence of humidity, soil, sufficient groves of beautiful trees, ranges enlarged by is great and increasing supply of mineral all ; and a situation at a directions by millions of render this spot peculiarly suitable for the crea- tion of a health resort. During the past year observations of the movement of the mineral waters have been prosecuted, and the changing water levels in wells the graphs the properties information of studies are and bores have been accurately charted, adding to commenced when your Commission began and mineral much rights, scientific and forming a mass of unique Comparative and practical value. our knowledge of the enlarging to acquire '' upper ground waters " as well as of the underground reservoirs of mineral W'ater, so that we can come nearer to the origin of the and the to answering the questions as mineral waters, the direction of their flow, steps necessary to protect them by establishing zones of safety, as well as their probable future conditions. The Chemical Laboratory established and equipped during the year has been of prime importance. A separate report our learned and industrious chemist, well known in is made by New York State as a water analvst of ffreat abilitv, Mr. Herbert Ant. Re- peated and regular analyses show progressive increase in the mineral constituents of brated Hathorn No. 1, many of the waters, notably the cele- which has increased by 10 per cent, during and the Gyantwaka (Champion ISTo. 1), which has Bacteriological increased 300 per cent, during a few months. the year, examinations are also made in order that contamination, occur, may if it be promptly ascertained* and in future prevented. Studies of the mineral water as delivered in the tubs in our High Rock (formerly JMagnetic) Bath House, as well as in the �Eepokt of the Commissioners Saratoga Baths, have been very instructive. 33 has been of It decided advantage to the Coniniission to have the Saratoga Baths owned by a private individual) leased and managed by as competent and intelligent a bathmaster and masseur as Mr, Oscar (still The owner permitted R. Stenstrom. for neuro-vascular treatment, the installation of apparatus agency valuable a In anaemia, insomnia, neurasthenia and obesity. water of the Hathorn Spring ing attic tank in such a in use house the conducted to the 'No. 1 is used, way for this exist- as to preserve the gas content in amply sufficient amount for administering the Saraghtoghie Bath (Nauheim Bath) properly, with the provision of Rest Rooms, the latter impossible in the High Rock Bath House. Observations of value upon temperature, and gravity specific reaction of the bath waters in both bath houses have been made. Besides brine baths, carbon dioxide (Nauheim) baths, neurovascular training, Turkish and Russian baths, the State will be able to give Iron-Moor Baths, as at The moor specially Marienbad. purpose some of the foreign spas, soil that will be used for this very abundant, having been permeated for is many years with a rich iron mineral water escaping from the Karista (Iron) Spring. The vegetable substance in this soil is decomposed and bonized and largely dissolved in the mineral moor. need very little Hence, car- will it treatment before being utilized in giving the moor Marienbad claims iron mineral moor containing " a larger percentage of iron than any moor earth so far analyzed, even more than the Franzensbad moor earth ". The Marienbad soil bath. contains 2,04 per cent, of ferrous oxide, while the soil proposed to be used at Saratoga Springs contains 3,72 per cent, of the same oxide of iron, thus offering a the best of the kind recommended partial known still for various nei-vous paralysis caused more valuable material than The iron-moor baths are disorders caused by anaemia, in Europe, by exudation within the gheaths of nerves, as well as hysterical paralysis, rheumatism, gout, certain and injuries such as sprains, and also the results of dislocations and fractures. Hydrotherapy, as practiced at Saratoga Springs, includes the circulatory disorders, use of the baths already mentioned, as well as brine douches, colon irrigations, packs, fomentations, sprays, etc. 2 baths, The �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 34 term properly includes Balneology (medical baths), while Croimotherapy denotes the use of mineral waters for drink-cures. practice of hydrotherapy should not be a specialty, The any more than should the prescription of tonics, or of digestants. therapy its is Hydro- simply a part of the general practice of medicine, for agencies may often be used to great advantage in place of vegetable or mineral drugs, and with better results ; for, by means of these agencies, recuperation and restO'ration of vital processes is often secured in cases wherein drugs produce but a temporary condition, under cover of which nature But its by those who self. is expected to assert her- principles and practice should be well understood prescribe its measures. Other varieties of treatment wull be added when funds are available for the erection of the State bath house; such as physical Zander and Swedish, amount of gymnastic work. exercises, including the It will be unnecessary to provide for X-ray examinations or treatments, since this department of medicine the provisions made at the local as well as a certain is fully covered by Saratoga Hospital, where Dr. Earl H. King, of Saratoga Springs, has installed a full equipment and has proved himself to be a scientiiic and successful roentgenologist. Electrical treatment should be provided in special rooms in the bath house to be erected by the State. ing Galvanic, Faradaic, Ray and full equipment, includ- and Sinusoidal current, chairs for auto-condensation, Violet A High Frequency current with Static, also the the Leeodeseent Light should' be installed with the necessary appliances for use. There remains but one more ndjunct mention, beside diet, which must be sician. This remaining agency to other left to the is exercise. treatments to individual phy- Tn the State parks, Lincoln and Geyser, paths have been laid out providing for by walking a measured distance upon a level, upon a slight incline, or upon such decided inclines as to constitute climbing. These paths are thus designed and developed in order definite exercise to provide what are called the Oertel hill-climbing exercises ", so who aro recuperating during heart disease, what is known by the Germans as the Terrain valuable to individuals forming part of '' �35 Repokt of the Commissioneks Kur. The aesthetic features of property the Reservation as developed through the artistic sense of your Commission provide much that is essential, though often unnoticed by the average individual. The most speedy results are obtained amid an envi- attractive to the eye and peace, together with features that are and sufhciently varied to avoid being tiresome. The Oertel walking exercises could be carried out uj)()n slopes ar- ronment providing rest ranged within the walls of a gymnasium which might be well and free from dust; but the tedium and weariness of repeating exercises under these conditions would render them far less beneficial and would defeat their aim in the case of the ordiventilated nary individual. " The soft influences of nature," the hillsides dotted with ferns, the brooks with ripples and eddies, the shallows planted w^ith sarracenia, the occasional glen filled with meadow shimmering hemlocks and shadowing beeches and birches over all, combine to render the exercise a delight; so that the patient is not conscious of the distance he has gone or of any orchids, the fatigue in the process, beyond the comfortable feeling that ac- wann and relaxed skin surmuch attention is paid to the companies equalized circulation and face. In certain foreign 'spas, so impression upon the weary, weak and occasionally irritable patient that trees have been pollarded, with the idea that to tall trees are disturbing and annoying. Hence many vistas people have been opened up through the natural low shrubbery and forestry in the and paths have been constructed, presei-ving the natural beauties and making nooks and dells avail- woods of the Geyser park, able and trails accessible, while frequent rest places will be provided here and there for the complete comfort of those in search of health who come to us and pleasure. The Pine Promenade, stretching a mile away in a straight line, diagonally bisecting Lincoln Park and nearly tying of Saratoga Springs with the hamlet of The up the village Geysers, forms a walking exercise scheme, and will later prove a most notable feature of Saratoga Springs the whole country over. The provision for wheeled chairs upon one of the side paths of vital part of the promenade wdll be of great value and interest to patients who, coming from the village on the trolley for this short distance, will be transferred from the trollev station in the edge of n beaMti-^'ul this �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 36 pine grove mum to the door of the Lincoln Bath House with the mini- of fatigue or disturbance, N^othing that your Commission has accomplished will be of more actual value to invalids this year than the adaptation of the old Lincoln Spring House, by Lincoln Bath House, means of which it now being equipped with has become the the appliances necessary for giving about 325 treatments during the usual bathing hours of each day, including the brine, the carbonic-oxide (Nauheim) and the plain mineral baths, as well as neuro- vascular training, colon irrigations and the Plombiere treatment (employ- ing water from Hathorn No. 2 or No. 3 springs), salt rubs, rubs, packs, fomentations, massage, etc. made available in May, 1915, oil This provision will be who othermany of them and to which many for the care of patients wise would seek treatment in foreign spas, to which have been accustomed to repair annually, have been unable to go for treatment because of the distance and expense, as well as the f atigTie incident to long travel ocean travel — in — especially the case of patients suffering with heart or arterial disorder. The enumeration of the mineral waters of Saratoga Springs used for " drink-cures " remains as stated in my last annual report. The saline-laxatives, Hathorn No. 1, Hathorn No. 2, Coesa, and Orenda (formerly Adams) are bottled for the trade, and are also served at the Hathorn Spring Building, as are in addition the alkaline-saline waters with predominating alkalinity. Geyser Minnonebe, both used widely as table waters. and The Karista (formerly Flat Well No. 2) and the Columbian are the chief alkaline-ferruginous their sources. New Red or chalybeate springs, both It has been necessary to close the available at Old Red and Springs because of contamination from the soil in their The Old Red was made available by means of a square wooden trough carried down at the point where the spring reached the surface in 1784. The New Red, recently deepened by drilling locality. into the rock a short distance, has always been obtainable only from the stratum of earth lying above the rock, and the new bore drilled into the rock yields no water. The layer of clay, which formerly protected the mineral waters, that flow in the gravel and from the upper ground waters and from general percolation, became pervious at this point in many places. shale of the lower strata, �Report and thus the local op^ the Commissioners underground reservoir is 37 The contaminated. Magnetic Spring, fonnerly an iron spring of large repute, and so named because its iron outer casing had become magnetized, ceased to flow over a year ago, and has, therefore, been filled up. The water which fonnerly supplied it has undoubtedly found its way by means of new solution channels into the general basin from which the Emperor and Peerless flow a few feet away. Excellent Indian names have been used to supplant the former crude appellations by which many of the springs were known for ; instance, Zalama (''Sweetheart") and Alnoba (''Warrior"), situated directly opposite each other in a small picturesque ravine, having been assigned to Clark respectively. Pump ISTo. No. "Well 1, 4 and Clark No. has been 2 springs named Tallulah Water ") while Flatwell No. 2, the great iron spring, The old Pandora, which is now known as Karista ("Iron"). flows noisily in a large bowl in Diondaroga (" The Vale of Springs "), is now termed Awassa (" Where the Bear Drinks ") and Champion No. 1, which spouts continually in Diondaroga, has been named Gyantwaka. While all of our springs are radio-active, we have not laid much stress upon this feature, for the reason that thus far the use of radium emanation is still in the experimental stage. However, (" Leaping ; ; it is a settled fact that radio-active waters are of decided benefit both internally and as bathing waters in cases of gout, rheuma- bone and joint disorders, as well as neuritis, including It is claimed that radio-active water is sciatica, and in neuralgia. tism, of extreme value in anaemia. Directly from this citizens, office and with the help of public-spirited many thousand pamphlets providing information for pa- and the public, and others providing special information for physicians, have been circulated to the profession and to many tients laymen in different parts of the country. The distribution of 25,000 pamphlets to physicians in twenty-nine states is now almost completed. This advertising is necessary for we have encountered many of the medical profession who are entirely uninformed con- cerning the properties and value of our waters. Two of our pamphlets of information have been translated into and printed German, Spanish and Portuguese, the two use in Cuba and South American countries. in latter especially for �State Keservation at Saratoga Springs 38 Addresses have been delivered before certain medical societies, and more are projected at various localities including Philadelphia, vv^here arrangements are being made for a presentation of the facilities of Saratoga Springs before the great Philadelphia County Medical Society in January, 1915. This publicity is an important part of our w^ork, for the medical profession needs accurate and complete information concerning the provision New York by made State to meet the necessities of patients formerly treated in Europe, as has been stated. As suggested imperative, it to your Commission a year ago, though not then seems desirable to establish centers of information as well as of distribution of the drinking waters in New York and Philadelphia at this time, that the success of the State's enter- may prise be more immediate. Advertising in the daily papers has been pursued to a very moderate extent, and special advertisements will few important medical This journals. run in a also has step been necessary in order that the Commission might more easily learn the value of the bottling franchise, and therefore, be better pre- pared to execute a long lease to some responsible individual or firm that will properly exploit the drinking waters. But the principal minds facts to be brought to the of patients near and distant are the ones already stated, namely, the great remedial value of our bath waters charged with carbonic acid gas and the easy The to accessibility of Saratoga Springs. fact that, when properly equipped, the State will be able reap a large return and enjoy a constant income amounting to a very handsome percentage of the outlay here, is becoming more prominent, not only through the study of the large incomes enjoyed by foreign spas, where initial and repeated large appropriations have been made for development and equipment, but also through the study of the who new statistics provided by those are investigating the average loss of efficiency in cities, due to many all our large chronic diseases that early treatment would have prevented or cured, had the unfortunate victims taken advantage of such opportunities as the State of providing at Saratoga Springs. working, over-fed, under-slept business self to a careful New York is It is a fact that if the man would now hard submit him- medical examination and possibly treatment once �Report of the Commissioners 39 every half year, early stages of serious diseases would be detected, and in a large nmnber of instances serious development of disease could be prevented, and the life and efficiency of the individual could be prolonged for many comfortable years. Respectfully submitted, ALBERT WARREN FERRIS, Superintending Director. Saratoga Springs, W. Y. January 1, 1915. �Report of the Consulting Engineer for 1914 Saratoga Springs, To ]Sr. Y., December 18, 1914. the Honorable, the Commissioners of the State Reservation at Sa rat oga Sp rings : On Gentlemen: sioned! me to the 24th of December, 1913, you commis- go abroad and investigate several European Spas. In compliance with these orders, I visited Vichy, Kissingen, Briickenau, Bath. cal Wiesbaden, Nauheim, Homburg, Harrogate and At each Spa I made a comprehensive study of the mechani- Saline, and I submitted and engineering features of equipment, pipe systems, buildings and parks a detailed report covering all physical ; importance. Before going to Europe I had, as Consulting Commission, made a study of the conditions My study abroad enabled me to observe, at Engineer to the Saratoga Springs. on my return, thf! absence of such scientific consideration of the problem in the is now utilized in similar The previous experience which I have had in sinking wells and developing water supplies in our own country gave me definite points of view from which to make com- past practice at Saratoga Springs as problems abroad. parisons. I found this comparative study of the utmost importance in discussing the problems with manufacturers and engineers, and in consequence we have been able to modify designs used abroad, even the most modern ones, so that the State of New York will make some new departures in details of practice that will give After my it my an advantage over the most successful resorts. return from Europe, in addition to the perfonnance of duties as professor at Union College, I continued to make a knowledge I had acquired abroad, and I have had the superintendence of construction work as well. fuller study of the conditions here in the light of the The work undertaken under my supervision was the conof the High Rook pit. This development was something first struction [40] �Report of the Commissioners entirely new in this country. 41 1 liave followed' the practice has proven so successful at the German Spas. which The High Rock spring was formerly equipped with a six-inch steel casing extend- ing to the rock, and a six-inch boTe extended from the surface of the rock to the bottom of the well. In carrying out the new con- pit 18 feet deep and was constructed at the mouth of the bore. The pit was made of concrete and is thoroughly waterproofed, so that Extending from the the seepage of groundwater is impossible. bottom of the pit to the rock is a eVo-inch wooden pipe. The wooden pipe is surrounded by a 12-inch cast iron pipe, the opening between the wooden and the iron pipes being filled with cement grout. This arrangement insures the constant supply of a large quantity of water, always highly carbonated, and a permanent source of supply for the High Rock Bath House. Much difficulty was experienced in the construction of the pit, owing to struction, the steel casing was removed and a 6 feet in diameter the fact that the pit gas. The bottom was always of the pit is full of large quantities of provided with special COo fittings for the regulation of the quantity and height of flow of mineral water, so that the spring struction may is now under absolute control. Before this con- be considered complete, the upper poTtion of the pit should be properly tapped, in order that a continuous flow may be maintained from the spring, which at present and not flowing. is sealed off This drain should be constructed in the early spring. Red Springs Bacteriological examinations made at various intervals during the past year by the State Department of Health showed pollution It became necessary to in the Old Red and New Red springs. make a complete examination of these springs and decide definitely whether or not sanitary conditions were such that they could be safely operated, because the water was in great demand, being used continuously by citizens residing in the vicinity of the A machine was moved to the site and a bore made in the centre of each spring. Samples of water were taken every five feet and complete analyses made. The results of the investigation showed that the mineral water came in through the springs. drilling clay at a depth of fourteen feet from the surface. Any casing �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 42 below this point shut out tlio supply of mineral water, and at no greater depth than fourteen feet would the springs flow. It dangerous to drink water from this spring only fourteen is feet deep, on account of the proximity of the underground village brook and the sewer. Therefore these springs were not retubed and are not now being used for drinking purposes. Undoubtedly they should be permanently closed, and I have so recommended. Closing Bores As a measure of conservation it was known desirable to prevent the Hathorn North and Hathorn South. In case there should be a demand for this water at some future date, a scheme was devised whereby these escape of gas from the two bores as the the springs could be hermetically sealed, but leaving the water always available by the simple procedure of removing a hexagonal nut with a wrench. This system has proved so method has been used in closing the efficient that the same United States and Pavilion springs. Retubing Wells The next lowed at place all materials radical departure from the methods previously Saratoga Springs was our action in commencing to iron fol- re- casings and tubings in the various wells with recommended by foreign Spas. Briickenau I found all At Kissingen and wells tubed and cased with phosphor- bronze, an alloy of tin and copper only, while in Nauheim, WiesIt was found proper amalgam baden, Ilomburg and Vichy pure copper was used. to be impossible to secure phosphor-bronze of the in this country, and after a careful study we decided to tube the Saratoga wells with pure copper, at a smaller expense than would be entailed by the use of the foreign phosphor-bronze, although copper is a very costly material. The result to date is that the tubing of copper was placed in the Hathoni No. 1, Minnonebe, Geyser and Orenda springs, and an order has been placed for sufficient copper to tube the Hathorn No. 2 and Coesa springs. In all of this copper work, special fittings have been designiod to reduce the friction to a thus diminishing the loss of gas. minimum, �43 Report of the Commissioners As copper makes ;m expensive pipe, and stated, longer pipe lines the nso of eopper would have development almost prohibitive. some suitable substitute possible. The to It in some of our made the cost of was deemed advisable to find was be used wherever a substitute result of this research is recorded later in this report. Equipment The former absence of unified ownership of the wells in this village naturally resulted in an absence of uniformity in the boTes and of standard construction methods. me enabled to determine that it struction at certain of the wells, My observations abroad was desirable to change the conand to do this additional equip- ment was necessary. A Keystone drilling machine, capable of drilling an 8-inch hole one thousand feet through solid rock, was purchased, and also a portable gasoline pumping plant, consisting of a suction pump and a Cook engine, mounted on wheels. This last piece of apparatus has been in almost constant use for the past six months. All necessary apparatus has been added to the above equipment, and the engineering staff and research work is now able to handle in a thorough all field construction and workmanlike manner. High Rock Bath House The next immediate problem was the improvement of the facilities for giving baths at the High Rock Bath House, known for many years as the " Magnetic Bath House," in order that the baths given there might be more nearly up to the modern standard', in spite of the limitations of the plant. It proved necessary some of the equipment, and also to connect with This bath the High Rock pit for additional water supply. house had used water from the Emperor and Peerless springs, which is naturally high in COo gas; but under the methods to change used in the bath house prior to »Tanuary gas actually were not reached the tubs. For efficient for certain treatments, 1, this 1914, very reason the little baths such as the Naulieim system for heart troubles, in which a large percentage of free gas is necessaiy in the bath before the treatment has any value. test of A the water previously used for the baths showed only 4 per �State Reservation at Saratoga SpRiNGfi 44 cent, supersaturation, whereas 25 per cent, is absolutely necessary make the baths efficient for the later Nauheim series. Some apparatus like that used abroad was immediately installed. The plumbing was rearranged and a large pump and to special apparatus for heating the water the water rose 33 per cent, 8 per cent It may were designed and con- After this installation, the supersaturation of gas in structed. more than was necessary. be said with perfect safety that the baths given this year High Rock Bath House were superior in this respect to those ]Srauheim and Homburg, and equal to those at Kissingen and at the at Briickenau. With the completion tional of the pit at the made changes can be The High Rock bath house. to High Rock spring, addi- increase the capacity this at spring water will bo used in the baths given next year, replacing the Emperor and Peerless waters. I believe that this change will show further increase in the gas content in the water, and that the mineral water used in the baths given under this arrangement will not be excelled at any spa in the world. Saratoga Baths Establishment With such favorable results shown at the High Rock Bath it was deemed desirable to deliver the State mineral water used at the Saratoga Baths in such a manner as to give greater efficiency to the baths at that establishment. The antiquated plumbing in this bath house made the problem a difficult one, but the changes made resulted in supplying water for these baths containing a higher percentage of CO2 gas. It is now manifest, how- House, lently located building, the and excelplumbing and equipment should be thoroughly remodeled. As the State has recently secured an ever, that in order properly to utilize this substantial option from the owner to moderate price, a study methods of bringing permanent use. should bring it A up is being bath house to the State at a made of the most economical this very desirable building into ethcient and moderate sum expended in repairs and changes to date. the Saratoga Baths be immediate additional now I venture strongly to new and recommend that purchased, remodeled and used for facilities as a central of moderate means, to the projected sell this bath house, for patients meet a necessity which will continue elaborate State bath house is when constructed. �Repokt of the Commissioners • It is 45 Reclaiming Congress Spring No. customary to associate 1 Congress spring No. past glories of Saratoga Springs. When 1 with the all the village was at its summer resort, Congress water had a worldwide repuThe original water disappeared after the operation of height as a tation. the carbonic gas companies at Saratoga began, bvit inquiry for continues this it is what we and work still now underway is to recover necessary to penetrate to a depth of 375 feet, through hard and flinty sandstone same vein that supplied the water to The work of drilling a six-inch hole through find to be layers of unusually and limestone, to strike the the original spring. these formations is progressing favorably at an average rate of ten feet per day, and at this rate the bore the New The At present Year. it be completed by v/ill has reached the depth of 245 feet. old Congress pavilion has been removed, instructions a small ornamental building mount it To do it. the spring. is and under your being designed to sur- This will be made more like the original treat- ment, and in keeping with the beauties of the surrounding park. Concentration of Mineral Water Bottling To insure greater efficiency and economy, a system with features has been worked out whereby the waters now being new bottled under the direction of the Commission, in three different bottling The works, can be bottled with a smaller force under one roof. Geyser bottling works has been decided upon as the most available for this use. The Orenda spring, undoubtedly one of the best ever discovered at Saratoga, produces water very similar in con- and has now been put on new pressure system was devised and installed, and the Orenda water now appears in the bottle naturally carbonated and entirely free from sediment. The scheme used is original, tents to that of the old Congress spring, the market. A and although probably no similar device part of the world, A No. it is in use in any other has proved entirely successful. is now being installed at the Coesa and Hathom by means of which the waters from these springs similar plant 2 springs, will be carried througli where they wooden pipe lines to the will be bottled, naturally carbonated. Geyser building, These mechanical appliances have been so designed and assembled that the water �State liESEifVATioN at Saratoga Springs 46 may carried great distances without any change in l)e its natural condition. A number of changes were found necessary ing in order to increase the efficiency of the jdant. Geyser Iniikl- A new in the boiler has been installed this year to furnish hot water for sterilizing the bottles and steam for the heating plant. In order to insure the use of natural gas for recarbonating, a gas container was constructed in the building, and it is now possible to supply all the natural gas needed for the extra carbonation of the Minnonebe and Geyser waters, which some regular customers demand. All iron pipe in the building has been replaced with copper and a glass storage tank has been ordered near future. New noi'th rooms. It and will be set up in the very concrete floors have been placed in the two seems clear that the Commission can now right- fully enter the field of CO2 gas supply, and I suggest that plans be prepared for conserving and utilizing the gas now going to waste, and put into operation at an early date. Development of the Soft Sweet Spring From the beginning of the study of the hydraulic problems of the Reservation it has been evident that a pure sweet spring water was most desirable; but so many details required attention that it was not until August that I was able, with the co-operation of the chemist, to A water. make a full investigation of the resources in fresh systematic survey has since been sweet water springs in Geyser Park. fifteen different springs of still The tory. results cipal of the many water and analyzed in our labora- were exceedingly favorable. to dryness, all of the waters made Samples were taken from showed Upon less total solids evaporation than the prin- still waters. The spring showing the smallest was found located near the Willow Gate of Geyser a very picturesque ravine, and it has been chosen for marketed pure total of solids Park, in development. After making personal inspection of the most improved plants, was designed and approved by the State Architect and is now being erected under your directions. This will be promptly equipped for the bottling of tliis water, which has been a bottling plant named " Saratoga Soft Sweet Spring Water." This bottling plant �Report of the Commissioners is located on tlie 47 The bank of the ravine near the Willow Gate. building will have a floor area of about nineteen hundred square feet, and it will be divided into live parts bottling room, a sterilizing shower baths and a reception room, a and washing room, and an toilet, : The oflice. room containing room will be a boiler placed adjacent to the main building, and will have a floor area of four hundred square feet. The reception room is so designed that the public bottling operations through plate glass partitions, sterilizing that the and filling of the bottles. workmen first The may view the and observe the halls will be so arranged enter the shower baths, where street clothes and after the bath the}' will clothe themselves and white rubber boots before they enter the bottling will be discarded, in white suits room. None of the equipment is over elaborate, but it has been so designed that complete sterilization and absolute hygienic con- from the spring ditions will exist, The spring to the bottle. itself will be carefully lined with polished white marble and surmounted by a plate glass dome, the dome being hermetically sealed to any possible chance of pollution. The water will be taken from the spring to the bottling works by means of a silver plated pump, through block-tin-lined pipe to a the marble prevent to glass storage tank. From the glass tank, in the building, the water by gravity through glass pipe to the filling machine. Before being filled, the bottles will be washed in a soda solution, rinsed with clear water, subjected to live steam for eight minutes will flow and then sprayed with a jet of boiling water. Arrangements be provided for properly sterilizing the crowns to be used in will seal- ing the bottles. All of these precautions have not so far as know been taken in No we detail has been too trivial for careful consideration, for the plant should and must any other bottling The work be completely sanitary. and the plant in operation by the plant. is first expected to be completed of March. Lincoln Bath House When the European war developed as an immediate problem the question of the available bathing facilities, a careful study of the Saratoga institution was made. It was found that, by the ex- �48 State Resekvatiok at Saratoga Springs penditure of a moderate sum money of changes in the Lincoln Spring building, it for improvements and could be converted into a good bath house. This building is one of the structures taken by the State, and was originally used for the securing and market- CO2 ing of gas obtained from the spring waters. Designs were perfected for installing thirty-eight bathrooms and fifty-six dress- ing booths; two compartments being set aside for neuro-vascular training, two rooms devoted massage and four rooms equipped to for colon irrigation, ample rest rooms and a reception hall being provided and arrangements of the Eeservation as may made to serve such medicinal waters The be desirable. contracts for the construction were prepared and are being carried out. In the rearrangement of this building, very little expense has been incurred for ornamentation, the bulk of the effort and ex- pense being devoted to the mechanical appliances, in order to give the establishment its maximum more that no spa abroad has given efficiency. It may be said attention to mechanical detail than will be given to the mechanical system and appliances to be used in this building. All of the most improved foreign apparatus has been installed, and practice has been improved upon it is believed that the foreign in several minor details. All power, storage and air compressors are installed in duplicate; 50 per cent, of the apparatus being driven by steam and 50 per cent, by electricity. into an electrical The bath house power system has been divided and steam unit, capable of running the bath house should An each complete in itself and if for anv reason the other fail. interesting and important feature has been added outlay, consisting of two outdoor swimming pools, dense shubbery, a grass lawn and a sand court. at small surrounded by The pools will be equipped with diving towers, spring boards, and an unique system of filtration, installed to insure pure water. A com- prehensive system has been planned for Lincoln Park in connection with this bath house. Many of the roads and paths have already been constructed and several thousand trees planted in the park. �Keport Development of A great number 49 THE Commissioners 01* a Fkesh Water Supply of complaints were made during the year re- garding the condition of the water furnished to the Reservation by the village water system. repulsive, owing to The water during August was indeed an odor and taste generated by algse which and develop under certain conditions in so many reservoirs. Arrangements were therefore made and designs perfected by the Engineer to connect the supply of fresh water, necessarily dethrive veloped in Lincoln Park for use in the plant equipped there, with the park and Reservation buildings in the village. This pure water on the Lincoln tract analyses made showing in our laboratory parts per million. This is soft is in character, total solids of only 145 an unusiuilly good water and com- pares favorably with the waters placed on the market by drinking The water companies. State has a very large supply of this water, and the plant has been designed to deliver 30,000 gallons per day. At a very small expense the capacity of this plant can be increased to 100,000 gallons per day when the projected new and elaborate State bath house is is constructed and a consequently larger made upon the water supply system. The plant as designed is a hydro-pneumatic demand system, the pressure in the system being secured with a Clayton air compressor. The water to be used will be forced into a hermetically sealed tank by means of two large Worthington pumps operated by steam, This water capable of delivering 200 gallons per minute each. will be connected with the Reservation buildings in the village by 9,000 feet of 4-inch wooden pipe. The pipe used in this instal- lation effects a great saving over the iron pipe used for work of this kind, for the following reasons: (1) Iron pipe costs 50 to 59 cents per foot. 33 cents per Wood pipe costs foot. (2) This special wood pipe is practically indestructible when placed in the ground and kept full of water. Iron pipe laid in the vicinity of the Lincoln building where the ground saturated is with mineral water, cannot be kept in repair over fourteen months, and cases have occurred where iron pipe has been entirely destroyed in less than that time. (3) The cost of laying machine-made wood pipe is far less �State Reservation at Sakatooa Springs 50 than that of any other class of pipe, owing joints have to be The (4) muddy made cost of transporting roads wood pipe over rough country same reason it can be unloaded from the of a derrick and by a small gang of men. Wood (5) two feet or cars without the use pipe, being a nonconductor of heat underground instead of damage by freezing no because of the lightness of the pipe, and for is less the laid to the fact that np. of tlie water in it, and cold, can be without fear of five feet thus saving a great deal in the cost of trenching. As the value (6) its of a pipe line investment delivery capacity, because wood pipe proportional to is of necessity has to be chosen, has been found that the roughness of the inside of wood it pipe varies from .0096 to .01 JO while for iron pipe the roughness varies from .0115 to .02. This wood pipe, used under the same conditions subject these pipe lines, has, period of we twenty-seven years, faults occurring in the line, find, which we to proved satisfactory after a without disintegration or other and without giving a taste to the water. Rearrangement of the IIathorn Building for Use A Drink Hall as Since the Commission at present has neither a satisfactory for a new drink a structure, Hathom it hall, nor was found necessary building so that it site funds with which to erect such sufficient to remodel the interior of the might, as far as possible, meet the immediately pressing demands for a more modern and conveniThe building has been painted ently furnished drink hall. inside and out, in white trimmed with green, and of interest have been added to the building to in some principal respects new the well-equipped several features make it suggest abroad. drink halls The feature will be a large multiple drinking fountain, constructed of burnished copper. It is so designed that a of patients can individually and simultaneously with different mineral waters. The fountain fill is number their glasses 24 feet in diameter, and will have a rack effect constructed of copper pipe, standing 4 feet high and capable of serving 24 patients per minute. �Kepokt of the Commissioners system of expansion tanks and pressure regulators will be A 51 in- stalled so that the In addition water will be served naturally highly carbonated. drinking fountain a warming table to the multiple will be placed in the drink hall, so that the be served warm upon mineral waters the physician's prescription. A more may suit- able fountain has been designed to replace the rather primitive Hathorn No. 1 spring. An ornamental parhas been designed and is now under construction to enlarge now one tition in use at the and afford better facilities to visitors at the free entrance. This will also improve the other portion of the building, to which an admission fee of five cents is charged. Drawings are now being made and methods worked out to replace some of the other unsightly features. All this work should be completed and the apparatus in operation by the spring months. Park Develoriment Work My investigation of the various European spas convinced me that no bathing resort can attain to a proper financial success unless it is surrounded by parks, properly designed and made ex- tremely attractive. due not only The value of the mineral water treatments is to the curative properties of the waters, but also to the change of air and the release from home, professional and which are secured by social duties a visit to a health resort. psychological aspect must be considered and provided for. State Reseiwation The The when Commission undoubtedly realized this its unique and beautiful park they caused the village to provide in the heart of the village, vation the Park its and when High Eock Park, it included within the Reser- as yet quite too small, the Lincoln of 60 acres and the larger Geyser Park of 250 acres, with exceptional natural advantages of scenery and varied foresta- would not be effective to make great changes in Geyser Park, and all work done there has been conceived with the idea of intensifying the present natural beauties and making them more evident. To the present plantation has been added the foltion. It lowing trees way : 40,000 white pines, ?.0,000 Scotch pines, 8,000 N"or- spruce, 1,400 native shrubs and 4,000 arbor vitae. In order to beautify the grounds adjacent to the Lincoln bath house, considerable planting has been done recently and 5,000 �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 52 new walks and 5,000 feet of driveway have been conThe following trees have been planted: 25,000 Scotch feet of structed. pines, 4,500 JSTorwaj spruce, 2,000 populars, 1,600 red cedars, 1,800 white cedars, 2,500 native shrubs, 900 rock maple, 40 dwarf evergreens, 31,000 white pines and 5,01)0 larches. About 250 arbor vitae trees have been Park, and 250 in the Lake Avenue plot, the United States and Pavilion Springs. set out in in High Rock which are situated Scientific Observations, Tests and Experiivients The experiments begun in 1911 ing and occurrences following its to determine the effect of pump- cessation, as indicated in wells and springs on the properties owned by the Reservation, have The been continued throughout the year 19J4. levels indicate that practically all their maximum charts of water of the springs have reached flow and pressure. I should say, judging from these charts, that the springs regained their full strength about six months ago. amount No Tests that time. changes in water levels have been noted since made at the various wells to of free gas available now determine the to indicate that the gas con- greater than at any time since the cessation of tent is ing, and perhaps In springs. seem fact, I have found a few cases where the gas content seems to be greater than ago, so far as the pump- as great as at an}' period in the history of the at the time pumping started, some years meager records may be relied upon. In order to keep down the expenses of the State for improvements, careful investigations were some made to discover if possible, and phosphor-bronze. Dr. from Kissingen, recommended that these metals be used for all metal pipes and reservoirs coming into suitable substitute for copper Haertl, the expert This requires an enor- actual contact with the mineral waters. mous expense where larger copper for the installation of a plant pipes and tanks are to be used. Careful tests show that steel tanks and largo iron pipes, properly coated with a preparation derived from the fractional distillation of coal tar, enable a saving in cost over copper. all small metal pipes made It is still deemed desirable of copper, to gi'eat have but larger installation should consist of pipes treated as just stated. �Report of the Commissioners 111 63 order to assist iu completing the geological charts and data Museum Department under the direction John M. Clarke, the State Geologist, we have taken samof Dr. ples of drillings every ten feet in the bores we are making with These samples are analyzed and a the new Keystone driller. published by the State complete record of to rock encountered all is made, to be forwarded Dr. Clarke. A experiments has been carried on to determine the series of most advantageous pressures and strength of carbonation These used in bottling certain mineral water. tically tests to be are prac- completed and furnish some very interesting and illumi- nating facts. Summary and Recommendations It we hope, apparent from is, the above that during the period covered by this report the engineering staff has progress in the development vation, and in made steady the varied problems of the Reser- preparing new designs and carrying on construc- However, tion work. of* we have simply made at this writing, a substantial start. There very is much more done before to be approach the splendors of the European spas. this resort can I venture to sug- gest that future development be directed along such lines that the following results A may be accomplished: new and properly elaborate bath house, carefully designed and completely furnished, is essential to the successful development of the Spa.. A large and complete drink hall will need to be constructed, and ground for its location must be secured. There are so many waters of merit within the boundaries of the Reservation that a central bottling works will need to be designed in due time, to be so developed that notable exhibits of the world. it would become one of the I earnestly be worked out for such an establishment. cost a large that plans development would would pay for itself handthe State and the people. amount of money, but somely, and permanently profit recommend Its it Geological examinations and surveys of underground waters should be made along more tainly the State is to extensive lines than before. Cer- be congratulated upon the amount of data �State Resekvation at Saratoga SrRiNGS 54 aud statistics wliicli have been cuinpiied, but because of the con- ditions that have lieretoforc existed this information must be con- sidered as somewhat suj)erticial and sliould be regarded as only a foundation upon which to build our future investigations. understood by those who have studied the problem that a It is park system represents a very slow growth. park are cumulative, and be made from year to I suggest a The beauties of every plan for improvements to year at the Lincoln, Geyser and High Rock parks. The number of wells drilled into the mineral water reservoir before the formation of the Resei*vation, by competing exploiters of mineral waters and individuals and corporations seeking sup- was so unreasonably great that an important part of the work now confronting the Commission is the selection of the best wells and the permanent restoration of the plies of carbonic acid gas, situations of the others to conditions as closely approximating original, natural conditions as possible. The right foundation is so surely here, Saratoga are so great, and so deem it much the opportunities at has been accomplished that I proper to write, in view of my study of the problem in Europe, that Saratoga Springs ought rightfully the greatest Spa in the world, but it to cannot be nntil be classed as much larger plans are prepared and generously executed. Respectfully submitted, CHAS. G. ANTHONY, Consult inrj Exr/uieer. �Report of the Chemist the IIonoralAe Conwiissionert> of the Sarcdoga Reservation: To Gentlemen: first my i>j reason of my having so recently as October received the appointment to take charge of your laboratory, observations will be largely suggestive of what might be done and of improvements, which I think ought to be provided by your Commission, to insure sufficient facilities to accomplish all that is possible The but it and desirable. history of the laboratory dates back only to is now fairly sanitary control of all last, equipped to maintain a thorough well the springs of the Reservation. It is already making frequent analyses of the waters of the different mineral springs to determine their exact mineral content, medical profession June may so that the be thoroughly informed of the constituents of those that are of medicinal value. There are also additional springs to be studied with reference to further increasing the variety of waters offered. The plan of the State Health in carrying on weekly partial analyses of Department of all the springs has been adopted in order that any serious departure from ordi- nary conditions may be immediately detected. able to supervise and inspect all The laboratory is waters bottled and placed upon the market for sale. The Saratoga Soft Sweet Spring Through the establishment of the laboratory, possible to cooperate with the engineering effectively extensive tests of by the 'State, and thereby soft water, that will staff' it has been and made to carry on numerous fresh water springs owned to locate a plentiful supply of pure undoubtedly prove to be a source of large revenue and marks a decided step forward in developing the re- sources of the Reservation. Development of this water, that meets a long felt need, is now made and it will be distributed under the name of " The Saratoga Soft Sweet Spring Water." Tt is already in demand being ; locally. f55] �. ; . State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 56 The spring is wooded finelj located in a thickly ravine, extend- ing from the Willow Gate to the heart of Geyser Park. Along this ravine an attractive footpath will prove most inviting to visitors who will be impressed by the copious supply of cool refreshing The surroundings insure the continuance water. of the fine sani- tary qualities of the water with the proper protection as planned and the great flow of the water during the extreme drought of the summer vouchsafes past The a permanent and plentiful supply. from minerals, as the upper stratum of sand is entirely sealed off from the more soluble rock below by an impervious table of clay and the water bubbles forth from the sands which are siliceous and very insoluble in water. In this we have a spring water that is surpassed by none of those on the market in purity, and equalled by few in softness. The following is the analysis of the Soft Sweet Spring water Saratoga Soft Sweet Spring is quite free ; made at the Resei-vation laboratory: The results are expressed in parts per million. Chemical combinations Ions: 15.65 Silica Sulphuric acid radicle 9 . 59 Bicarbonic acid rad- Nitric acid radicle.. .71 . Nitrous acid radicle. trace 4.00 Chlorine Iron and aluminum oxide Potassium chloride 19.30 Magnesium 3.08 Potassium Sodium 6.25 . . . . 10.71 . 2.94 .97 . trace 14.98 78.04 ate Calcium bicarbonate. Iron and aluminum .50 oxide .16 Ammonium .31 6.35 Sodium chloride Sodium sulphate Magnesium sulphate Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite .... Magnesium bicarbon- .50 Calcium trace chloride . 71.33 icle Ammonium 15.65 Silica .006 Total solids in solution, The computed . . 130.45 bacteriological examination shows the absence of the B. Coli typo of organism and a total count on gelatine of five per cubic centimeter. The laboratory has approved a temporary method for the proper bottling of the water to supply a per- �:: : Report sistent op' the Commissionees 67 immediate demand, until the permanent bottling house can be completed, and will maintain a strict sanitary supervision of all the water dispensed to the public. Observations on Mineral Springs Made at the Laboratory The of made indicate that many now at the height of their vary much from analyses made for results of the complete analyses these springs are practically mineralization, as they do not a period of one year and a half previous, and during that time were showing concentrations equal however, exhibits a marked The partial analyses to the present. The Orenda, increase in gas pressure. made weekly show results that bear out the expressed opinions of the Commission, the Consulting Engineer and Dr. Haertl that, under proper also gradually attain their care, the older springs will former values. A tabulation of some of these results shows a gratifying increase in mineralization, and bears out the supposition that the springs will attain a still greater value. Results in Parts Per Million Spring pnd Date r ''VioTYTrM*/->TT ATrw ^^UdUipiOn Chlorine July Alkalinity in ot Calciurn C arbonate 1055 1180 960 1584 1510 SodiuHias • 1 August 5 September Chloride 640 1 ±^0. 1. Chlorine terms 1500 2473 1840 October 21 1720 2838 November 27 2080 3432 1950 2100 1 1340 2110 September 2 1420 2341 2700 2800 November 27 Minnonebe 1520 2508 2850 July 22 1080 1780 2350 September 21 1320 2178 2650 November 11 1360 2244 2600 520 857 1650 1980 1380 9 Geyser July Awassa July 1 August 5 November 27 1000 1200 1100 1440 �State Ri';sekvation at Saratoga Spkings 58 In making the above tabulation, the date showing the lowest was selected and then the dates on which there were marked increases were noted until we reached the highest minei'alization concentration vet obtained. It will be observed that the pion has increased from month to month, until more than 300 per concentration only up five its months before. cent, has reached a higher than that shown This remarkable increase has brought mineralization nearly to that shown in the last tests on it Cham- HathoTn No. showing 1 Hathom 1, While other 2360 parts per million and an alkalinity of 2450. springs have not exhibited such No. a chlorine content of marked improvement, they are on the upward trend and give every indication of continuing The springs throughout the progress. village are showing a fairly constant mineralization, there being no great changes recorded. Sanitary CJontrol of the Springs The sanitary qualities of district justify all village springs, with the exception of the use of vi'hich Park the springs in the Geyser our expectations, and the same may be said of the two Red Springs, the has been discontinued, owing to their close prox- imity to the brook that Hows through the heart of the village and necessarily contaminating influences. encounters Analyses the fresh water supply on the north side of C'anfield Park, on November 16th, show a very low bacterial count, the B. Coli type of organism not appearing. specially important as this water who of the village, their homes and carry is away it of made per cc, This work was used extensively by the people in large quantities for use in offices. C^EOsiNG OF Springs There are nearly two hundred wells on the Reservation property and of this number only thirty are allowed to run. are hermetically sealed and others are filled with clay. Some This has been done in accordance with the policy to conserve the gas and to prevent the wells unnecessary depletion of the mineral water basin. now flowing, a complete study. few will probably be closed Of upon more �Report of the Commissioners 59 Testing of Materials The laboratory has tested chemically materials to be used in the construction and maintenance of the Reservation buildings, such as cement and painting materials. It has tested the crowns used in bottling the waters and phosphor-bronze with reference to its Owing use in the tubing of mineral wells. of testing many to the necessity of the building materials physically, as well as chemically, to insure the best selection for future construction, it is important that certain physical apparatus be now installed. The nature of this should be determined in consultation with the The amount of construction work planned for the coming year makes the purchase of this apparatus important from the economic standpoint also. engineer. Researcif Problems There are now under way in the laboratory the complete analyses of samples of rock strata taken from the new iCongress bore at different levels as the drilling proceeds. determine scientifically the nature plot accurately the depths encountered. The object of this of the geologic fault, is to and to and the extent of the different strata This method will be followed for each new bore The laboratory will take up an extensive mental work on alloys, for the purpose of finding a made. line of experisuitable, cheap metal, that will withstand the action of the mineral waters and All prob- can be used for mineral water tanks and for piping. lems of research are interesting and more or less valuable. will be the policy of the laboratory, therefore, to take problems of research as are It up such most necessary and of immediate value to the Reservation Commission. Radio-Activity It is advisable to install now the necessary apparatus for the determination of the amount of radio-activity in the Saratoga Springs. vation by Radio-activity has been found in the waters of the reserIT. S. Government chemists, and it is important that the State develop all the knowledge, possible as to its extent and therapeutic value. This can only be done by making an exhaustive study of the subject in this laboratory springs. and at the �State Resekvation at Saratoga Springs 60 Total Tests Since the establishment of the laboratory last June there has been a total of 1,500 chemical and bacteriological determinations made. Respectfully submitted, HERBERT ANT, January 1, 1915. Chemist. �Report of the Secretary January To the Honorahle, the Gentlemen May last, I : 1, 1915. Commissioners of the State Reservation: was appointed secretary to your Commission in my duties on June 1st, since which time I keep in hand the manifold details which the de- entering upon have endeavored to velopment of the Reservation has produced. am I familiar with some of the requirements which such an important development suggests, inasmuch as I have had several years' experience in the marketing of waters sold for drinking purposes. fore, as directed I have, there- by you, given constant thought to that aspect making of the problem in your hands, time as careful study as would allow of the various questions connected with the in cathartic waters and carbonated table waters. traffic Since the de- velopment of the Saratoga Soft Sweet Spring Water, which is so exceptionally promising as a marketable table water, I have per- haps the more readily been able to associate this problem with my previous experience. I realize, of course, that in many particulars, the it was not possible methods used at the to plants for bottling the waters of the Reservation. as anticipated, that a proper and keep up-to-date, numerous I isolated have found, full consideration of these ques- tions will suggest important economies in the administration of the water problems and should facilitate the preparation of this product of the Reservation to properly meet a constantly increasing demand, and also should indicate the true and very great possibilities of the waters when properly exploited. The matter I deem of first importance is the introduction of more modern and riygienic methods of bottling and the installation of machinery and other equipment for a more satisfactory performance of certain operations heretofore done by manual labor. These improvements should result not only in a reduction of operating expenses but in the production of the finest quality of waters. [61] �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 62 Some of these iuiprovements have been made during the year and within the limit of available funds; others are now in progress and being planned. In view, however, of the present unsuitable and inadequate buildings, such improvements must of be partial, reserving the larger and more up-to-date necessity appliances for installation in the new State should erect in the near future, mit of the bottling therein of Carrying of all all waters in pipes bottling plant which the — one large enough to per- the waters of the Reservation. to, and the bottling of same one building will reduce greatly the in, initial cost to the State of providing more sanitary methods for the bottling of its various waters. The Hathom No. piped the Geyser building, which has been remodeled to a cer- to tain extent making it improved Orenda and Coesa waters are now 2, and additional machinery and appliances possible for us now installed, to bottle in that building, sanitary conditions, the five under mineral waters heretofore Aside from the advantages and general increased efficiency, this bottled in three separate buildings. of improved bottling methods centralizing of our bottling in the largest convenient building owned by the State, but which sult in a reduction in operating expenses of about In September last I made 40 per cent. among acquaintin New York City a personal canvass ances and important business houses and hotels dealing in such waters. now is still not large enough, will re- All expressed approval of the State's acquisition of the mineral springs now under its control and offered their full support to the efforts of the Commission, con- upon the State's first securing through adverand otherwise the renewal of a general demand for these restored waters, as the call for them has naturally well nigh vanished during the years of their absence from the market, I beg, therefore, to emphasize the vital importance of your approditional, however, tising priating sufficient funds for advertising the advantages of the State waters and the fact of their availability to the public through the medium of bottles filled and sealed under sanitary precau- The same advertisements could set forth further their modern use in the State bath houses at Saratoga Springs, conThe adducted under the supervision of the iState Commission. tions. vantages now assured cannot fail to produce confidence because of the official stafF composed of expertf �63 Report of the Commissioners I would respectfully suggest to the Commission that serious consideration be given to the matter of establishing for a period of one year, for more effective advertising, suitable headquarters in the uptown ing if section of possible New York windows facFifth Avenue, in which to City, with display upon Broadway or exhibit bottled waters, photographs, models of our natural spout- ing springs, bath houses, etc., and for the proper conduct from same of a vigorous campaign in the Health Resort. as a The cost of interest of Saratoga Springs maintaining such an office in City for the next year need not exceed $10,000, dependSuch an expenditure ing, of course, upon the location selected. New York would assist greatly in establishing the business on a permanent would not be advisable for the Commission to make a lease of the marketing privileges of these waters for a period of years until such necessary advertising shall have been done. Through the immediate prosecution of such a campaign it is safe basis. It Commission would be in position to enter into such an arrangement at the end of the year 1915. In conducting its advertising campaign next year the Commission should lay great stress upon, and make most emphatic to say that the announcement to the public that all of the mineral waters offered for sale under the State seal are natural mineral waters, with natural carbonic acid gas, to which no ingredients whatever have been added, and thus correct a misunderstanding of the facts that now exists in the minds of many. Respectfully submitted, LOUIS W. NOLAND, Secretary. �. State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 64 PAYMENTS FROM SARATOGA SPRINGS RESERVATION FUND UNDER CHAPTER 394, LAWS OF 1911, AND CHAPTER 239, LAWS OF 1913 $950, 000 00 Appropriation, purchase of land FINANCIAL STATEMENT CHAPTER 239, LAWS OF 1913 (Re-appropriation of Balance from Chapter 394 of 1911.) Balance, January Feb. 5. $399,353 28 1914 (per last report) 1, Emily H. Hathorn, of Hathorn & Co., Florence Hathorn and A. L. Alleradministratrices of estate of dice, Frank H. Hathorn, deceased, for $225,000 00 40,125 00 8,500 00 Amy A. Clark, for property 1 ,279 25 Amy A. Clark, interest 332 50 C. S. & C. C. Lester, l^al services.. 7,000 00 Ida E. Traver, for property 1 113 00 Ida E. Traver, interest 4 750 00 Fred Dingman, for property property Emily H. Hathorn 19. March 20. May 27. et al., interest... , , June 3. J. Mott & Son, S. services as civil 75 82 engineers & C. S. July 3. Edward Croker, Edward Croker, 16,000 00 for property 2, 122 67 interest 1,199 00 596 00 Charlesanna L. Huston, for property and surveys, etc Charlesanna L. Huston, interest. 5,679 75 . 126 85 J. B. Bailey, services as appraiser.. 20 00 L. M. Jones, services as appraiser 20 00 40 00 83 00 . 27. C. S. 31. . Oct. 884 95 & C. C. Lester, legal services. & C. C. Lester, legal services.. C. S. Aug. C. C. Lester, legal services.. 1. W. Lefler, S. . . . services as appraiser.. Willard Lester, services as appraiser of Saratt^a Springs, for property Village of Saratoga Springs, interest 28. Village C. S. & C. C. Lester, legal services.. Balance, January 1, 1915 5,000 00 348 33 778 50 $321,074 62 78,278 66 �Report of the Commissioners CHAPTER 547, LAWS OF 65 1912 Secretary's Salary Balance, January $566 68 1914 15, 2. I. G. Rouillard, services, January 25. I. G. Rouillard, services, February.. 20. 1. March April Rouillard, G. . . . $200 00 200 00 March, services, 166 68 partial $560 68 Secretary's salary for balance of year paid from Chapter 252, appropriated for General Expenses. CHAPTER Jan. 435, LAWS OF 15. Balance $5,716 62 High Rock and Geyser High Rock and Geyser Payrolls, High Rock and Geyser Parks Aird-Don Co., pipe Betts, well drilling 22. Payrolls, Parks Feb. $228 85 11. Payrolls, Parks Marcii 1913 General Expenses 1914. 2. L. 211 30 159 77 62-53 375 00 Buhring Water Purifying Co., sup- 164 90 plies A. Churchill, L. receiver taxes, of 68 50 taxes M. Collins, furniture C. H. R. Compton, operation netic Baths 32 50 C. Eddy & Sons, grass D. A. Dr. W. Ferris, of Mag236 33 35 05 seed medical expert, 916 66 7 90 services H. Gleason, plumbing Mangelsdorf seed bags J. J. 47 28 , J. S. Mott & Son, surveys and maps. National Express Co., expi-ess N. Y. Telephone Co., telephone and telegrams 43 76 26 24 25 76 Commissioner G. F. Peabody, office expenses 70 52 Commissioner G. F. Peabody, travel.. G. Rouillard, secretary, travel .... The Saratogian, printing 54 08 H. B. Settle, photographs G. F. Shelvin Mfg. Co., labor Sun Printing Co.. printing - 17 64 I. 30 40 Ten Eyck 23 30 3 Co., travel 17 50 19 80 15 82 �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 66 1914. Marcli 2. Van Voast & Leonard, insurance. & Son, wooden pipe. A. Wyckoff High 16. Payrolls, Rock and ... $4 50 ... 14 71 Geyser Parks G. Anthony, consulting engineer, services and expenses Farmers' Hardware Co., supplies 196 50 25. C. Dr. A. W. Ferris, medical expert, services W. M. Ingmire, plumbing National Express Co., express.. N. Y. Telephone Co., telephone and telegrams E. R. Todd, supplies Wittemann Bros., supplies 31. Payrolls, field forces April 16. and laborers. Payrolls, field forces and laborers. Balance 238 15 �. Eeport of the Commissioners 67 1914. April 20. Ten Eyck Co., travel Towne-Koblee Hardware Co., supplies W. Winship, improvements, G. (con- 26 10 crete) & Son A. Wyckoff 24. Payrolls, office May 8. 20. $56 50 10 76 Payrolls, office Co., and and wooden pipe.. field forces forces field 8 62 282 38 758 70 G. Kouillard, secretary, services and I. travel, April 204 36 Anthony, consulting engineer, services and travel, April 293 15 A. Bensel, State Engineer, surveys. B. Brunner, stationery .supplies 213 44 128 87 C. G. J. W. ( J. & Case Son, improvements carpentry) & Collins 106 00 Spencer, improvements (plumbing) Crosby Steam Gage Co., supplies .... John W. Emery, supplies 72 05 Ermold Co., supplies Farmers' Hardware Co., supplies.... 26 08 31 88 Goulds Mfg. 12 15 E. A. Dr. W. Co., supplies Ferris, medical 916 67 Hennessy, county clerk, services Hoyt Bros. Co., supplies 1 00 68 00 U. T. Hungerford Co., copper pipe C. J. Lundgren, supplies National Express Co., express N. Y. Telephone Co., telephone, tele. . grams T. C. 7 50 expert, services J. F. 4 69 730 83 8 10 20 79 39 95 20 25 Schallehn, improvements Stone & Morris, livery Sun Printing Co., office printing .... W. P. Tarrant, plumber, supplies and 8 00 50 00 86 83 services H. H. Tedford, improvements, Geyser Park Roblee Hardware Co., supplies Commissioner B. F. Tracy, travel.... ToAATie, A. Wyckoff & Son Co., wooden pipe.. & Packing Co., supplies X. Y. Belting 21. Payroll, May 1-15, May 16-30, office and field and field 872 24 forces June 10. Payroll, 230 00 13 26 37 78 33 03 22 80 forces office 552 00 8,259 37 Balance $2,592 05 �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 68 CHAPTER 252, LAWS OF Expenses and General 1914 Land Acquisitions $235,000 00 2,592 05 Appropriation Balance transferred from Chapter 46, Laws of 1914 $237,592 05 1914. June June 26. Payrolls, 1-15, office and field $492 00 forces C. Anthony, consulting engineer, services and expenses, May G. 240 00 12 50 3 45 Burdick, insurance J. I. E. B. Davis, rodman, travel Eddy & Son, Inc., supplies Farmers' Hardware Co., supplies .... 12 00 D. Dr. W. A. Ferris, 28 30 medical expert, May services, 833 33 9 15 L. O. Hall, trees Hartwell & Shackelford, insurance... U. T. Hungerford Co., copper pipe. 115 99 706 02 . C. S. & C. C. Lester, legal services, and expenses 4, Manglesdorf, seed bags J. D. McNulty, insurance National Express Co., express J. 266 47 20 00 438 98 8 40 N. Y. Telephone Co., telephone, tele- grams Commissioner 40 81 G. F. Peabody, office expenses G. Rouillard, secretary, travel.... Security Steel & Iron Co., supplies. I. . 7 00 photographs G. F. Shelvin Mfg. Co., supplies H. B. W. J. Settle, 4 05 Thompson, chemist, travel .... Ingham, White & Co., insurance. ... Van Voast & Leonard, insurance.... G. W. Winship, improvements (con6. 27 75 Payrolls, June 16-30, office and field forces 21. 665 37 50 38 38 crete) July 49 00 30 45 25 04 511 05 • Payrolls, July 1-15, office and field forces Anthony, consulting engineer, services, Jime Adirondack Electric Power Corp., sup- 30. C. 260 00 7 81 plies Argus J. 582 50 G. Co., stationery, supplies 50 00 A. Bensel, State Engineer, services, expenses Bernard Brunnor, stationery supplies.. 256 45 41 23 �1 69 Repokt of the Commissioners 1&14. July 30. Buhring Water Purifying sup- Co., $70 00 758 50 plies Cook Motor Co., gasoline engine Harry Crocker, improvements (car- 506 93 30 50 pentry) E. C. Eaton, trucking C. B. Elmore, services and travel, June Eimer & Amend, laboratory supplies. The Fairbanks Co., supplies A. Dr. W. 94 65 62 34 6 09 medical expert, Ferris, 833 33 37 10 services, June Gage & Perry, travel Gallagher Bottle Machinery Co., sup35 00 546 00 plies Goulds Mfg. Co., machinery 4 80 C. E. Hall, well expert, travel U. T. Hungerford Brass copper pipe Koven L. O. C. Lester, C. & Copper Co., 952 88 58 00 Bros., supplies legal and services ex- penses 1 Wm. C. 9 00 McQueen, well drilling N. Y. Telephone Co., telephone Commissioner G. F. Peabody, travel. Commissioner G. F. Peabody, office expenses Christian Pederson, services and supPeterson, Materials Scientific Co., 233 19 90 00 119 50 5 50 10 45 laboratory 406 supplies Sherin & Son, improvement 1 (electri- 51 65 cal) F. Shelvin Mfg. Co., improve140 18 ments D. Stever, trucking Stone & Morris, livery W. P. Tarrant, improvement (plumbing) Wm. 22 53 gardener, landscape services and travel Reeves-Reagan Co., improvements... Saratoga Coal Co., svipplies T. C. Schallehn, improvements Geo. 305 00 30 35 8 45 plies John ,509 65 15 00 Mangelsdorf, seed bags John McNeary & Sons, livery J. J. Thompson, chemist, travel... J. S. Turner, supplies 98 50 4 00 179 02 12 60 2 60 �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 70 1914. July Aug. 30. 5. Western Union Telegraph Co., grama A. Wyckoff Son Co., wooden pipe Payroll, July 16-31, office and laborers, forces, Aug. 20. Payroll, tele- $12 77 178 21 field 685 33 etc 1-15, office and field 656 forces 26. Adirondack Andrus, A. Corp., current electric E. Power Electric repaired roof and painted, 3 years' guarantee G. C. Anthony, consulting engineer, and expenses, July services liaker & Co., Inc., laboratory supplies F. E. Brickner ( & Co., improvements electrical ) Burleigh Lithographing Co., printing. Bernard Brunner, stationery supplies, Harry Crocker, improvement (carpentry) Crown Cork & Seal Co., supplies .... Elvin C. Eaton & Son, trucking Arthur K. Eaton, livery Excelsior Wrapper Co., supplies Farmers' Hardware Co., supplies .... Earl B. Davis, rodman, travel Dr. A. W. Ferris, medical expert, 833 33 services & Gaifney B. ( Sons, Improvement, concrete) General Carbonic Co., supplies improvement, Handy, Frank H. ( painting) Hartwell & Shackelford, insurance... Ingham White & Co., insurance Lewis M. Jones Co., insurance Carl J. Lundgren, improvement J. Mangelsdorf seed bags National Express Co., express N. Y. Telephone Co., telephone Commissioner G. F. Peabody, office , ex- penses Commissioner G. F. Peabody, travel John Peterson, landscape gardener, services and travel F. Rattipjan, Warden, Auburn C. . Prison, supplies Reeves-Reagan Paint Co., signs . 25 50 7.') 20 30 00 �Repokt of the Commissioners 'J'l 1914. An». 26. James improvement, Ryall, A. (plumbing) Sherin $235 61 • Son, improvement, & (electri- 24190 trical) 26 50 Geo. F. Shevlin Mfg. Co., improvement Material Co., laboratory Scientific 9720 supplies Stone & Wm. , 8 00 Morris, livery improvement, Tarrant, P. 832 30 1 70 (plumbing) Wm. J. Thompson, chemist, travel. .. Towne-Roblee Hardware Co., supplies West Disinfecting W. George 23 84 5 00 supplies Co., improvement Winship, 99 62 52 00 (concrete) Sept. 3. John McNeary & Sons, livery Van Voast & Leonard, insurance Western Union Telegraph Co., telegrams 16-31, office and Payroll, August field Oct. 7- 680 65 1-15, September office and office and 7G4 72 forces Payroll, September 16-30, " field 5. 2 81 forces 23. Payroll, field 27 75 Adirondack tion, I'^^l 07 forces Electric electric Power Corpora32 12 current Charles G. Anthony, consulting engineer, The Argus Co., 240 30 52 80 5 00 August services, supplies P. Blakistons Sons & Co., supplies.. Bernard Brunner, stationery supplies A. L. Churchill, receiver of 27 32 taxes, taxes 90 69 47 25 The Crown Cork & Seal Co., supplies. E. C. Eaton & Son, trucking Eimer & Amend, laboratory supplies.. Cyrus B. Elmore, travel 77 18 Federal Printing Co., printing Dr. A. W. Ferris, medical expert, services The Goulds Mfg. Co., machinery Charles E. Hall, well expert, travel Frank H. Handy, supplies Hoyt Bros. & Co., supplies Samuel J. Mott, blue prints, etc John McNeary & Sons, livery Wm. McQueen, well drilling N. Y. Telephone Co., telephone . . 4 00 65 00 833 33 260 25 3 90 2 70 14 00 7 31 6 00 100 "5 12 07 �$5 �73 Report of the Commissionees 1914. Oct. 29. N. Y. Telephone Commissioner $26 24 Co., telephone Geo. Foster Peabody, Foster Peabody, 1^5 98 expenses office Commissioner Geo. 1 travel John Peterson, landscape 50 gardener, 73 50 services and travel James A. Randall, Syracuse Fair Ex265 85 hibit The Reeves-Reagan Paint sup- Co., 22 50 13 35 plies Ross-Ketchum Co., supplies improvements, Ryall, A. James (plumbing) Materials Scientific 61 62 Co., laboratory 16 50 supplies H. B. Settle, Ill 55 photographs 498 00 5 00 A. Sigsby, painting Stone & Morris, livery J. Wm. Tarrant, improvements P. and 285 37 supplies Co., Inc., sup- Underwood Typewriter 87 08 plies 18 45 insurance.... Van Voast & Leonard, 31. Payroll, October 1-15, office and field 1'731 89 forces Nov. 11. Pavroll, October 16-31, and field office and office 1-877 94 forces November 21. Payroll, 1-15, 2,037 18 field forces Dec. 3. Adirondack Electric Power Corporation, electric Charles 56 99 current Anthony, consulting enservices and travel, October G. f^ineer, The Argus Co., stationery supplies. 377 41 31 86 .. Berkefield Filter Co., supplies 17 50 Davis Bradley, trucking Bernard Brunner, stationery supplies H. H. Coots, trees Harry Crocker, improvements, (car- 9 50 13 46 1 pentry) Eaton & Son, trucking Elvin C. Daniel Eddy & Sons, supplies Eimer & Amend, laboratory supplies John W. Emery, supplies August Erickson, trees The Farmers Hardware Co., supplies Dr. A. 42 78 W. Bervices Ferris, medical and expenses ,098 34 24 00 10 56 68 23 8 00 108 38 9 23 expert, 929 02 �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 74 1914. Dec. 3. The Goulds Mfg. Co., machinery George Groff, trees W. & L. E. Gurley, field equipment. Charles E. Hall, well expert, travel . $147 24 17 50 158 10 . 2 30 . Hayes & Prescott, signs 33 30 D. H. Henry, trees 240 00 Kewanee Private Utilities Co., ma- chinery 742 00 Keystone Driller Co., drill and ma- chinery L. O. Koven & town Leonard, P. 2,019 24 116 00 Bro., supplies superintendent, 3 00 services John McNeary, 16 50 livery National Express Co., expressage. N. Y. Telephone Co., telephone The New York Times Co., 8 76 ... 15 68 advertis- ing 175 50 Clarence K. Parmenter, improvements ( 185 92 carpentry) James Paul, trees John Peterson, landscape gardener, services and expenses Commissioner office Geo. Foster 403 50 104 00 Peabody, 404 80 expenses Robson & Adee, furniture Ross-Ketchum Co., supplies James Ryall, improvements A. (plumbing) Saratoga Coal 62 00 11 555 80 31 50 Co., supplies The Saratogian, printing Henry Senecal, trees E. D. Starbuck & 114 00 23 16 54 00 22 30 14 74 Co., supplies State Insurance Fund, insurance The Sim Printing Co., printing Sun Printing & Publishing Co., ad- 180 00 vertising Wm. 23 61 P. Tarrant, supplies The Tribune Association, advertising. R. H. Thompson, painting Wm. J. Thompson, chemist, travel... 175 00 388 09 1 40 T. Tooley, trucking 12. 8 00 44 78 Towne-Roblee Hardware Co., supplies Western Union Telegraph Co., telegrams Fred C. White, supplies Payroll, November 16-30, office and field forces 10 12 97 28 56 2 224 41 , �»5 Report OK the Commissioners 1914. Dec. 23. Payroll, December l-lo, office and field $2,900 60 forces 1915.. Jan. 6. 84 12 Co., printing Charles G. Anthony, consulting engi- The Argus neer, services Spa Ballston Mack and travel Garage Co., 367 IS IVi-ton truck, with specially designed 2,549 00 top Ballston Spa Garage Co., trucking ... 47 40 The Blake & Knowles Steam Pump Works, machinery 364 00 51 11 Chas. A. Brassier, services F. W. Brownell, travel F. W. Bro\vnell, trucking F. F. W. W. 8 00 40 50 29 25 22 50 23 96 Brownell, trucking Brownell, supplies Bernard Brunner, supplies C. P. Coleman & G. M. P. Murphy, ceivers, machinery re- 223 00 91 86 145 74 274 21 H. H. Coots, trees Harry Crocker, improvements Delaware & Hudson Co., freight 15 E. E. Dennin, services Henry Dooney, fence wire E. C. Eaton, trucking B. Elmore, travel 1 C Albert Warren 8 00 Ferris, 259 95 441 00 8 34 medical 833 33 65 54 725 90 expert, services Dr. Albert Warren Ferris, travel The Goulds Mfg. Co., machinery 8 00 Will W. Gregory, supplies Hartwell & Shackelford, insurance... D. H. Henry, trees U. T. Hungerford Brass & Copper Co., 3 30 30 00 463 56 84 20 copper pipe Independent Coal Co., supplies Ingham, White & Co., insurance. ... Wm. H. Lane, supplies H. E. Lesan Adv. Agency, Inc., adver- ^ tising C. S. & J. ." C. C. Lester, legal services 220 80 and 1 Lundgren, improvements John McNeary & Sons, 71 82 25 00 . expenses Carl 50 5 70 John W. Emery, supplies August Erickson, trees Edward Ermold Co., labeling machine The Farmers Hardware Co., supplies. Dr. 00 14 40 livery • 505 37 17 00 3 75 �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 76 1915. Jan. 0. James Morrissey, improvements .Samuel J. Mott, blue prints, etc. National Express Co., express . . $95 73 24 12 ... 7 75 16 25 N. Y. Telephone Co., telephone Louis W. Noland, secretary, travel ... James Paul, 23 26 Ill 60 trees 7 50 F. H. Partridge, lire extinguishers... Commissioner Foster Peabody, Foster Geo. Peabody, 161 55 expenses office Commissioner Geo. 15 35 travi'l Peterson, Jolin landscape gardener, landscape gardener, 69 00 services John Peterson, 130 00 supplies The Reeves-Reagon Co., improvements painting) Ross-Ketchum Co., Inc., supplies 438 ( Irving G. Rouillard, special services. James . improvements, Ryall, A. plumbing) Salem Glass Works, bottles Saratoga Coal Co ( H. B. Settle, photographs Sherin & Son, improvement (electri- cal) Geo. F. Shelvin Sigsby, A. J. JNIfg. Co., supplies .... improvement, (paint- ing) Oscar R. Stenstrora, bath master, services & Stone Wm. Morris, livery P. Tarrant, improvement, plumbing) E. R. Todd, supplies ( T. J. Totten, Inc., supplies Van Voast & Leonard, insurance Western Union Telegraph grams Fred C. White, bottles Geo. Geo. W. Winship, W. Winship. Co.. tele- supplies concrete swimming pools A. \^'yckoff Son Co.. wooden pipe A. WyckofF Son Co., wooden pipe. 8. . . . Henry R. Worthington, machinery... Payroll December 16-31, laborers. . 19. C. . . Anthony, consulting engineer, services and travel G. Argus Co., printing �Report of the Commissioners $3 77 �State Eesekvation at Saratoga Springs 78 1915. Jan. 19. H. B. Settle, photographs Sherin & Son, supplies E. D. Starbuck & Co., supplies $53 30 3 05 70 00 15 25 Stone & Morris, livery Wm. P. Tarrant, improvements, plumbing) Wm. H. Thomas Monument Co., marble 430 00 ( 150 00 Towne-Roblee Hardware Co., supplies Commissioner B. F. Tracy, travel S. Twitchell Co., storage 48 01 28 63 780 00 tanks Western Union Telegraph Co., telegrams Geo. W. Winship, improvements, 7 04 325 17 (concrete) Wittemann 12 90 Bros., supplies Herbert Ant, chemist, travel 20. Payroll, December 16-31, 2 20 office and 738 89 field forces $79,508 99 Balance, January 20, 1915 cember $158,083 06 J'eceipts to March (after paying De- bills) December '31, 1914 $110 00 25. E. C. Eaton, sale of building April 4. May 2. June 10. 4. Wallace White, rent (February, March and April) H. H. Tedford, rent (February 1 to March 15) J. G. Foulkes, rent (February and March) Wallace White, rent (May) Arthur G. Qua, iron pipe B. Gordon, scrap iron Wallace White, rent (June) 26. Leslie A. Cook, bottle caps July 3. July 31. Phineas Smith, hay Wallace White, rent (July) Adirondack Elec. Power Corporation, 4 Wm. Aug. Sept. Oct. Sept. Sept. Oct. C. Ehn trees McQueen, pump barrel Wallace White, rent (August) Davis Bradley, 1 out-house September) 6. Wallace White, rent Elvin C. Eaton, sale of Congress Spring pavilion. 17. Elvin C. Eaton, Sale of Dingman house 28. 31. 2. ( 9. 16. Nov. 3. Oct. 6. A. Lavine, sale 2 buildings Abe Cooper, scrap iron and old belting Wallace White, rent (October) Receiver of Taxes, over-payment of water tax (High Rock Bath) 18 00 9 00 20 00 6 00 1 1 60 17 00 6 00 10 30 7 00 6 00 14 00 10 00 6 00 2 00 6 00 50 00 225 00 212 50 188 00 6 00 20 18 �Report of the Commissioners Nov. 28. Wm. C McQueen, 1 3-inch x G-inch 79 strainer, 1 6- inch X 6-inch atrainer $16 40 34 69 H. Partridge, Commission on sanitary cup sales F. H. Partridge, 2 5-gal. demijohns crated Robson & Adee, Commission on sanitary cup sales Nov. 30. F. Dec. 12. 2 00 71 66 $1, Remittances 1914. April 4 May 5 Aug. Nov. 11 Dec. 18. 5 to Comptroller 085 �State Eeservation at Saeatoga SrEiKGS 80 STUDY OF THE HYDRAULICS OF THE MINERAL WATER SYSTEM AT SARATOGA SPRINGS By Charles C. Lester, A.M., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. Counsel to the Commissioners of the State Reservation Prefatory Remarks, is It may seem presiimj^tiious for one who by profession neither a chemist, geologist nor hydraulic engineer upon a subject that involves the to express opinions science of each of these professions, and has given rise to profound conflicts of opinion. It happens, however, not infrequently, I think, that an indifferent mind, by utilizing facts furnished by others and acquired by a special skill and knowledge beyond its own, may reach correct conclusions which those whose vision is habitually restricted to the horizon of a single branch of learning much slower in reaching or perhaps It is the business of a and it lawyer may never reach at may be all. to co-ordinate conflicting opinions, should be his highest aim from a multitude of such opinions to learn wisdom. It is in this spirit I have taken up the study of the present subject. If further apology should be needed, the fact that for a long period of years it my might be found in attention has been drew the so-called antipumping law in 1908 (Laws 1908, chap. 420) at the request of the " Citizens' Committee," an organization whose object was to rescue the mineral springs of Saratoga, which its members rightly esteemed one of the great natural resources of the State, from specially directed to threatened extinction. this subject. I advocated I its passage before legislative committees and before the Governor, and have participated in all the litigation which followed and which involved the question of and in the courts of had an opportunity to meet, confer with and question many very eminent experts who have expressed opinions upon the subject, when I encovmtered them upon the its constitutionality, both in the State courts the United States. I have thus witness stand and in private conference. As counsel to the missioners of the State Reservation, after the State came Cominto possession of the mineral water springs and wells at Saratoga, �Report of the Commissioners 81 I gave general directions as to the collection of scientific data lelating to the mineral water supply which I thought might he of service to them later, that, besides the deep and I have had the satisfaction of knowing scientific interest that attaches lo the data thus obtained, they are likely to serve the main pur]30se for which they were collected. Topography. In studying the hydraulics of the mineral water system that supplies the springs and wells of Saratoga, it is necessary to consider briefly the topographical features of the districts in which the springs appear, as the topography has much do with the location of the springs and to always involved in is every discussion of the phenomena. The Saratoga Plateau. connection is The thing to be noted in this first upon which a large and which extends, every direction but the north from the existence of an elevated plain part of the village of Saratoga Springs for a considerable distance, in This plain the Congress Spring. is built about forty feet above the is point of overflow of the Hathorn Spring, and a height above the water courses which bound the mouths of many of the wells in the it much greater on the south and Coesa valley. The northern boundary of this elevated plain or plateau, from a point at or near the Red Spring to a point beyond the Eureka Spring, a distance of approximately a mile and a half, may be considered to be the water course known as the " Village Brook ;" the eastern " boundary, the low lands known as the " Great Bear Swamp through which the Village Brook flows as turns southward, upon it which boundary the plateau fronts for a distance of three or four The southern boundary is the valley of the Kayaderosseras miles. and the western boundary the valley of the Coesa and its northern Tributary, Slade's brook, which sweeps around to the creek, eastward, as you ascend boundary. the Red Spring, there part of the village and is it, thus forming part of the northern But, between the head waters of the Slade brook and is a higher elevation Woodlawn park on which the northerly are found. This elevation the southernmost and lowest hill or mountain in the Palmer- town range. This plateau, everywhere above the water courses and lowlands which we have mentioned as forming its boundaries, connects �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 82 nowhere with higher lands, except on the north a portion, only, of its is and that for northern boundary. This elevated area, which Saratoga plateau, side, we may for convenience the call properly connected by Doctor H. P. Gushing, and by the northerly portion of the valley of the springs and the village brook; and the whole is described by Dr. Gushing as a " tremendous sand terrace " (New York State of Cleveland, with a similar area lying to the north of separated from Museum it it Bulletin No. 169, page 14). The Valley of the Springs. Saratoga famous were all The natural made springs which discovered in the valley of the village brook, which rises within the boundaries w(} have described and flows northeasterly, through a valley which it has eroded within the area embraced by these boundaries, from a point near the Gongress Spring to the northern boundary of the plateau near the Red Spring. The course of this stream practically marks the we have mentioned, which might well be called the Saratoga mountain, and it is along this eastern edge that the geological fault is found through which, it has long been the opinion of many w^io have given attention to the subject, the mineral waters flow up from great depths where southeastern edge of the hill or mountain they have been thought to obtain their content of chlorides and carbon dioxide. Depletion of Mineral TV'aier Head in the Plateau. It was in the middle of the Saratoga plateau that the Lincoln Spring Com- pany and the Natural Carbonic Gas Company built their plants and drilled artesian wells out of which they obtained the supplies of carbon dioxide w^hich they required for the prosecution of their business. In the early summer of 1911, the Commissioners of the State Reservation at Saratoga Springs acquired the property of the Natural Carbonic Gas Company for the Saratoga Reservation, but permitted the former owner to continue its the property until the 21st of October following, upon pump- operations when the deep wells which penetrated the rock was stopped. Immediate observations of some of the wells in operation were then taken and it was found that the level of the mineral water ing of in all its them was from 150 to 180 feet below the surface of the ground �83 ime to ; jlve 3ral bad of 3 •iug the 'ace in r ly's •ells In at I fter dng tlie at I the ere- the tely -act r be low 3 to leir 3ral 3ral :ace per rses ;hat de- ��tS.-h.uyl.-rvilteJ �82 noA ai Sai of sep spr Cu Ml Sa] bro flo^ the Co: Ee sou wh thi itl the the car the par an( of the Re Na bu1 the in^ Im the in �83 Report of the Commissioners At the same or at a point only about 150 feet above sea level. standing in driven wells contiguous to time ground water was at only twelve the premises of the Natural Carbonic Gas Company day the mineral or fifteen feet below the surface. The following had water levels in the well which showed the greatest depletion risen to 120.4 feet below the surface. On the 21st of October, when the pumping of the deep wells of the Natural stopped, other wells, on neighboring considerable distance, showed a depletion of the Company was properties, at a the surface mineral water head to a point iiearly 100 feet below in ground and, when the pumping was stopped, the water of the ; these wells, as well as in those property, began at once to On upon the Natural Company's rise. the 6th of November, the pumping of four shallow wells was discontinued. In area at December, the water stood in various wells over a wide ground and thereafter from 80 to 100 feet below the level of the which did not extend down to the rock ; at a constantly decreasing the water continued to rise in them, but years after the pumping of the rate, until, in October, 1913, two head stood at Natural Company was stopped, the mineral water feet below the about 20 35 feet below the surface of the ground, or levels in contiguous driven wells. ground water thereHydraulic System in the Plateau. It is apparent, Double system of fresh ground water and the are not intimately deeper system of mineralized ground water not sensibly re-act connected through the Saratoga plateau and do This may easily be upon each other within short periods of time. about fifty feet below accounted for by the fact that at a depth of quite impervious to is a heavy deposit of clay, fore, that the superficial the surface there waters and prevents their water, which sustains the upper ground lower strata where the mineral readily passing down into the the gas and mineral waters are found, and also tends to confine their coming to the surface water in the lower strata and prevent upper with the upper fresh ground waters. The and mingling the water courses ground waters are constantly running off into which bound the plateau on every side. well established proposition that It appears, therefore, to be a of the plateau may be dethe mineral waters within the area �84 State Resekvation at Saratoga Springs pleted by pumping them from affecting the upper ground water Double System in artesian wells without sensiblylevels. The double system Coesa Valley. ground of water receives further interesting illustration from the observed conditions in the Coesa Valley at the southwestern edge of the Saratoga plateau. The Coesa creek has here eroded a valley through the drift and underlying shales, the bottom of which is some eighty feet below the surface of the plateau, or twice as deep as the valley of the springs adjoining the northeasterly part of the plateau. All along the easterly side of the Coesa Valley, fresh ground waters are 'flowing out from the deposits of drift, and numerous wells have been sunk in the valley, penetrating the shale underlying dolomite to the depth of several hundred artesian, and the feet, where the strata carrying the corbonated waters are found. The Coesa Valley was also the scene of operation of companies The seeking the natural carbon dioxide for commercial purposes. State acquired these wells on the 26th of June, 1911. At this time the pumping was being done by the General Carbonic Company, a corporation formed by the consolidation of two pre- viously existing companies, and at the time of the acquisition of its properties was actively prosecuting its business, was pumpits wells and had reduced the level of its wells to from 150 to 170 feet below the surface^ it ing carbonated waters from the waters in (Report of Com- or to a point about 80 feet above the sea level. missioners of State Reservation for 1913, p. with the depletion of the mineral water head 14.) at the This compared Xatural prop- erty to a point about 150 feet above sea level shows a serious depletion in the Coesa Valley. much more The mineral waters Coesa Valley are encountered under a pi-essure which in the is sufficient, quite independ'jntly of any effect produced by the carbonic acid gas which they hold in solution, to cause the wells to spout to a considerable height above the upper ground water levels in the valley. This pressure is sufficient to raise the mineral water in a stand-pipe to a height of thirty or forty feet above the level of Coesa creek at the Champion wells. Artesian System. By opening these wells at the surface of the ground and permitting them to flow off freely, they will yield an �EePOBT of the S5 CoMillSSIOXIlBS immense quantity of water and rapidly deplete effect clearly observable in the valley of the springs four hours mineral water tlie extreme northerly edge of the plateau and produce an levels to the — thus illustrating still artesian conditions, more within twenty- clearly the existence of a flow of ground waters induced by a i. e.. remote head beneath impervious geological strata- These facts from a by the hydrostatic pressure of the ground water in immediate proximity to it and compel tis to go to a distance to hnd the ethcient head. also negative the theory that the liow of mineral water given well I am is to be accounted for aware that very competent experts have in the past ex- was not necessary to go to a distance to hnd a head for the mineral water springs and wells Hathom v. Strongs Sanitarium. Stem ^fin. p. 693 but this was at a time when the fact had not been demonstrated that the mineral water system was artesian and the normal engineer's ground water levels at the various wells had not become known. Dr. Henry M. Ami of Ottawa even then stated that the supply might come from a distance of scores of^mles (Idem pp. 3S9, 396 ). pressed the opinion that it ( ) As might be expected, opened and the water is when : wells in the Coesa Valley are permitted to flow freely from them, the effect observed bears a relation to the distance of the p3int of observation from the point of flow, the depletion of head at the Lincoln and Xatural properties in the central part of the plateau being much greater than the depletion observable in the valley of the spring within the same limited period of time. Progre^ toward normal from depletion. When the Commis- sioners of the State Reservation acquired the property lying in the Coesa Valley from the carbonic gas companies that had been operating there, the hydraulic conditions had been so far modified by such operation that conditions were. it was impossible Since then, to however, know what the the normal unnatural through the wells at that point by means of pumps and draft gas-lifts having been terminated and the wells so controlled that but a small quantity of water is delivered from them, the situation there has been gradually approximating that which existed before any of these wells were drilled and at a time when the springs in the valley of the springs at Saratoga were in their best estate; and, �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 86 since this unnatural draft was stopped, the springs in the have also been slowly improving and returning to their village former condition. Progressive dilution as indicating direction of flow. In drilling number of wells in the Saratoga mineral water the very large have produced saline carbonated water, this water has been encountered invariably in the strata of the magnesian limeIt has been found stone known as the Little Falls dolomite. tract that flowing so freely in these strata that it has come into the wells at the rate of several gallons each minute, sometimes in quantities as great as fifteen gallons and in one or two cases at a much higher rate. some geologists that the mineral waters obtain their carbon-dioxide and soluble chlorides first and, having thus by the presence of carbon-dioxide acquired the power to dissolve carbonates of calcium and magnesium, take up these carbonates from the magnesian limestone strata in which the It has been the opinion of waters usually have been found.* The amount different wells, of carbon-dioxide in the waters flowing which the chlorine content, is is from the way quite closely related to many analyses, which disclose shown by in a general the fact that the saline and gaseous contents are greatest in the wells "farthest south and quite constantly diminish as northerly direction. you go in a This appears from the following table in which the wells are stated in their order from southwest to northeast and the names of the springs or wells are given with the content of soluble chlorides in the waters of each expressed in parts per million: Parts per Million Hathorn No. 2 Hathorn No. 3 Adams (now Orenda) Hathorn No. Emperor Old Red 11,749.89 April 30, 1913 10,000.51 Feb. 5,928.81 May 6,282.51 Lincoln 1 Date of Analysis 3,567.60 2,664.44 382.27 1913 14, 1913 April 26, 1896 May 28, 1913 June 19, 1912 Aug. 14, 1912 6, — •Testimony of I'rof. C. F. Chandler in Hathorn v. Strong's Sanitarium Stenographer's Minutes, p. 289; John IT. Clarke, Idem p. 923. L. C. Beck's report of the Mineralogy of New York State. New York State Museiun Bulletin No. 159, p. 63. �: Report of the Commissioners The apparent general rule 87 failure of the Lincohi spring to conform to the probably due to the fact that the analysis of is waters employed in this comparison was made its sixteen or seventeen years before the analyses of the other springs and before the depletion to which the springs were subjected as to their all mineral content as well as their hydraulic head by the pumping of the carbonic gas companies. An analysis made at the present Adams time would probably place the Lincoln spring between the and Hathorn No. 1. This constant weakening of the waters as you proceed northerly from Hathorn No. 2, the southernmost, whose waters are the strongest of all in their chlorine content, suggests the probability movement of the waters is in that direction and that they become gradually weaker by the admixture of fresh ground waters that the the farther they traverse the strata of the dolomite.* hicreasing Alkaline Content as indicating direction of flow. If move in this direction, it would be natural to expect, the waters since they are not fully saturated with bi-carbonates of lime and magnesia,f that we should find the ratio of their content of these Such substances to their content of chlorine constantly increasing. expectation is fully realized by the facts, as by the following table, in which the of bi-carbonates of calcium and ratio, is strikingly shown expressed in percentages magnesium to total chlorides, is shown Hathorn No. 2 Hathorn No. 3 Adams (now Orenda) 64.6 per cent. Lincoln 87.9 per cent. Hathorn No. Emperor Old Eed 64.9 per cent. 81.2 per cent. 115.7 per cent. 1 117.8 per cent. 291.2 per cent. I have endeavored to illustrate this matter and by superimposing upon a at a glance chart, make it obvious showing the total chloride and total bi-carbonate contents of different wells between and the Red Springs, another chart, showing the between these two classes of salts in the different waters. Hathorn No. ratio * N. Y. State fldem, pp. 2 Museum 28, 57. Bulletin 159, p. 55. �88 State Reservation at Saratoga Springs The black figures at the left indicate parts per million; the total chlorides are indicated by a dotted line, the total bi-carbonates are indicated by a black line and the superimposed diagram, exhibit- ing the ratio of bi-carbonates to chlorides, expressed in percentages, is drawn in a broken line. The measureably regular rate of increase in bi-carbonates named in the springs that have been will be found not shown to obtain exactly in the case of every spring, some showing a greater or less departure from it, though not to a suificienr degree to impeach and the departures are doubtless due to the fact that the subterranean channels through which the waters flov/ are not like a direct and continuous pipe line but are more or less irregular, and that waters which come to the surface at points not distant from each other, may reach those points by the general proposition ; routes quites different in point of distance traversed. Except for the very great and quite unusual content of those salts found in the waters of the Eed springs, the bi-carbonates continues to the in a northeasterly direction Here Gurn same progressive increase of which lies seven miles spring, from the village of Saratoga Springs. Ave find a content of these salts equivalent to over 130 per cent, of the total chlorides. The exceptional content of the Red is probably due to and do not penetrate springs the fact that these springs are shallow ones the rock strata nor encounter the principal mineral water courses, but get their supply by a slow process of percolation through the The earth which overlies the rocks. flow of these springs is very scanty, and the waters stand for a long time in contact with the limestone before they find their way to the surface. Effect of flow at intermediate jjoints as indicating direction of The result of the experiment of opening the Champion floiv. them to flow is important as indicating the direction of the movement of the mineral waters in the dolomite strata. The wells to the north of the Champion wells were soon and greatly affected, but those to the south showed little effect. This might be expected if the waters are flowing northerly and wells and permitting the head that caused the flow water pipe has a greater it effect is to the south. upon the pressure in the direction of flow than at points between An orifice in a beyond and the head. at points it �: ) Repokt of the Commissioners So, too, its g9 withdrawing from a stream at any point a large part of little effect upon points above it on the stream. Its flow has greatest effect At is felt at points below. the period of the greatest depletion of the mineral waters from the pumping at the plants of the gas companies, springs in the village had all when the stopped and had apparently realized complete extinction, the Hathorn I^o. 2, the Coesa (then Carlsbad No. 2) and the Adams (now Orenda), all southern extremity of the mineral water apparently undiminished vigor. lying at or near the belt, were flowing with This could hardly have been possible if the depletion of the waters had taken place at a point in the mineral water channels above these springs. The result reached by Mr. Charles G. Anthony, the consulting engineer of the Connnissioners of the State Keservation, in his de- termination of the curve, formed by the intersection of the cone of depression at Lincoln park by a vertical plane running northerly and southerly, leads to the same conclusion. He found the curve to be flatter toward the north than toward the south, showing the former to be in the direction of the flow. This determination was reached by a computation based on data secured by measurements of the water levels in many wells on the Lincoln Spring and Natural Carbonic Acid Gas Companies' properties and in other wells in that neighborhood. A careful consideration of the facts stated impels us to the opinion that the direction of the flow of the mineral waters in the is from southwest to northeast for the whole Hathorn No. 2 and the old Ked spring. Carrying our computations based upon the increasing ratio strata of the dolomite distance between of the bi-carbonates of the alkaline earths to total chlorides a step further, we may infer that the percentage of these bi-carbonates increase in their ratio to the chlorides at the following rates for the distances traversed by the waters in passing between the fol- lowing points Distance From Hathorn Hathorn Hathorn Hathorn To traversed Distance for each increase of 1 per cent in ratio No. 2 Adams (Orenda 2,400 feet 144 feet No. 2 Lincoln 8,000 feet 343 feet No. 2 Hathorn No. Emperor 13,600 feet 266 feet 16,400 feet 808 feet No. 2 1. �: State Eeservatioin' at Saeatoga Springs 90 At Ballston, where there are two springs lying somewhat to the north of west and south of east and at a distance of 1,200 feet from each other, we find that the ratio of bi-carbonates of calcium and magnesium to chlorides is as follows Artesian Lithia Spring : total chlorides, 12,496 parts per million; bi-carbonates of calcium and magesium, 6,640 parts per million; ratio of bi-carbonates to chlorides, 53.1 per cent. Hide- Franklin or Comstock spring: per million; bi-carbonates of calcium total chlorides, 11,925. parts and magnesium, 6,829 parts per million; ratio of bi-carbonates to chlorides, 57.2. We also infer that the mineral water flows from the former to the latter and that the increase of the ratio of bi-carbonates to chlorides the rate of 292 feet for each is at tween Hathorn ]S'o ISTo. 2 more uniform and these and Hathorn increase, a result be- Iso. 1. rate of gain could, it seems, be expected some general conclusion results enable us to reach tive to the place 1% by similar computations quite comparable with that obtained where it is rela- probable the mineral waters enter the strata of dolomite. Probable distance in dolomite strata traversed by waters. If carbonated waters flowing through dolomite strata will increase their content of bi-carbonates from 64.6 per cent of the chlorine content to 115.7 per cent in traversing the distance between Hathorn ISTo. 2 and Hathorn ISTo. 1, the point where the saline carbonated waters enter the dolomite strata and begin to dissolve magnesium carbonates from these conditions, to be more than 3.25 miles out their content of calcium and rocks ought not, under like southerly from Hathorn Spring Xo. 2. If a similar computation should be based upon the increase of calcium and magnesium bi-carbonates between Hathorn Xo. 2 and Emperor spring, it would indicate that this point is 3.77 miles from Hathorn Spring Xo. 2. Applying the same method to the Ballston springs, we locate the point about 2.9 miles northwesterly from the Artesian Lithia the spring at Ballston. The point thus located will be found in a plateau described Doctor H. P. Cushing of Cleveland in the Museum Xew York by State Bulletin Xo. 169 at page 14 as a great sand terrace in �Eepoet of the Coinussio>*EEs 91 the town of Milton at a somewhat higher level than the Saratoga plateau and which still is at least 100 feet above higher above the wells at Ballston. Hathom Xo. 2 and This plateau or sand terrace connects immediately with the foothills of the Kajadeand with a still more elevated region that might head for such an artesian system as we have been rosseras range furnish a contemplating. The maps accompanying Xew York Museum State Bulletin Xo. 169 by Doctors Gushing and Euedemann show that west of and not far from this point there are f atilts through which waters holding carbon-dioxide in solution might come up from great depths and flow into the natural channels which the bedding planes of the Little Falls dolomite offer them and there begin the process of dissolving out of the rocks their constantly increasing content of bi-carbonates of calcium and magnesium. we Attention should be given to the fact that, after valley of the springs at Saratoga, a much more increase in the ratio between chlorides and bi-carbonates This may be due to the mineral waters the fact that, after the fault line making their escape into enter the rapid rate of is is realized. encountered, and mingling with the upper system of ground waters through the opportunity which the fault affords, the rapidity of the northward flow is greatly retarded and much more time is required for the flow of waters from Hathom Xo. 1 to the Red spring than for any equal distance between Hathom Xo. The absence 1 and Hathom Xo. 2. seem to have retarded the rate of flow north of Hathom Spring Xo. 1 would seem to indicate the possibility of a more rapid flow south of Hathom Xo. 2 and west of the Artesian Lithia spring in Ballston, before any waters have been tapped off by wells and springs and the head thereby reduced, and would also indicate a correspondingly greater distance traversed by the waters during the period of exposure to the dolomite of influences that strata requisite for the dissolving out the 64.6 per cent, of bi- carbonates of calcium and magnesium in Hathom Xo. 53.1 per cent, in the Aj^esian Lithia spring. move 2 and the This would tend to farther to the west the probable point where the saline car- bonated waters enter the limestone and locate Galway Cushinsr and Ruedemann. Rock City or East faults it nearer to the shown on the map of Doctors �: State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 92 Indication of chemical content of Ballston wells. The analyses of the Artesian Lithia and the Comstock mineral springs at Ballston, show that the ratio of bi-carbonates to chlorides does not continue to decrease from north to south between Hathoru ISTo. 2 and the latter wells according to the rule that applies to the wells north of Hathorn Xo. If the rule had held good, the 2. water at Ballston would have been found devoid of carbonates and We possessing a carbon-dioxid and chlorine content only. have seen, however, that the Ballston waters contain carbonates in a ratio slightly less than those of Contrary opinions as Hathorn ^o. 2. This theory as to to direction of flow. movement of the carbonated waters in the dolomite strata is at variance with some of the opinions that have been expressed by the scientific experts. In the case of Hathorn v. Dr. Strong's Saratoga Springs Sanitarium, the trial of which was begun in 1905 and concluded in 1907, experts for the plaintiff testified that, in their opinion, the waters of the experts may have Hathorn spring came to it from the east. The been influenced by facts that seemed to indicate upon the by the defendant's operations, and, perhaps, insensibly, by the stress of their case, which an efi^ect plaintiff's well demanded such a conclusion. Prof. James F. Kemp of ISTew York in the New York State Education Department Bulletin 517, published April 15, 1912, states that " William R. Hill, C, E., by a careful series of levelings upon the waters standing in the wells of the Natural Carbonic Gas and Lincoln Spring Companies at a time when no pumping was done and the waters had resumed their normal positions, and by determining the resultant of his observations, reached the conclusion that the natural flow was in a direction south 05 east, or 25 degrees south of east." Professor Kemp then adds : " While these expressions must be taken as general, they undoubtedly express the truth." It is sufficient to say of these statements that ever reached as that mentioned by Mr. Hill, no such time was when no pumping was being done and the waters had resumed their normal position, after the companies he names had begun their operations and prior �Eepobt of the Commissioners 93 Kemp's publication. The pumping was upon the properties of these companies until two to the date of Professor not all stopjDed days before such publication and now, at the end of three years from that date, the waters have probably not reached their normal position. Most of the pumping was indeed stopped in October, 1911, and from that time. During the first year there was a general rise of more than 100 feet in these wells and, the waters began to rise during the second year, a feet. rise of It is believed that the an additional twelve water levels are still to fifteen below their normal. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the present water levels m the wells can be depleted to the extent of nine or ten feet in twenty-four hours by simply opening wells in the Coesa Valley and permitting them to run off. Under such circumstances, any deductions from observed minand Lincoln properties before the operations of these companies were concluded and while the draft upon the mineral water supply was unchecked in the Coesa Valley, can be of little value, as the waters were never normal but always depleted by artificial causes, which were themselves coneral water levels at the N^atural stantly changing. The reasons heretofore urged in support of different theories as to the direction of the movement of the mineral waters in the dolomite seem inadequate and not at I have adduced above in support of all as my cogent as those which conclusion that the direc- from southwest to northeast. Origin of the sodium hircarhonate content. Prof. Kemp expresses the opinion, in 'New York State Museum Bulletin No. 159, at pages 63 and 64, that the source of the sodium bi-carbouate is deep seated. If such were the fact, the waters would already tion of flow is have acquired their supply of this substance when they entered the dolomite strata. We should then find a decrease from dilu- sodium bi-carbonate corresponding with that of the chloride of sodium as we proceed in a northerly direction. There does not seem to be any such correspondence, as will be seen by tion in the the accompanying graph which shows the total chlorides content, the sodium bi-carbonate content and the ratio between them in �State Eesekvation at Saratoga Speixgs 94 manner employed for the content of bi-carbonates calcium and magnesium. Xor is there the same regularity in the increase of sodium the same carbonate in proportion to the chlorine content which in the case of the bi-carbonates of calcium view of the fact that sodium carbonate of the dolomite, we is amount bi- observe and magnesium. In not one of the ingredients should hardly expect fluctuation in the relative we of it. The very great of this substance found in the waters seems to indicate the effect of local and varying conditions As as affecting the supply. local deposits of this substance or irruptions of waters heavily charged with we it do not seem probable, are rather forced toward the conclusion that secondary re-actions which Prof. Museum (N. Y. State I venture the quer)^ Kemp may have results from deems not improbable. Bulletin No. 159, p. 61.) whether the cause may be found in the flow of superficial waters carrying a content of they it in- H2SO4 which acquired from the pyrites that abounds in the shale that overlies the dolomite in The proportion which the mineral waters are usually sodium bi-carbonate seems to be unThese usually high in the Geyser and Hathorn No. 1 springs. springs were depleted to the point of temporary extinction by the pumping, and the presence of H^S was one of the principal found. results observed of from such depletion. It also resulted, in the case of each of these springs, in an increased proportion of bi-cai'bonate, to a degree that practically the water of the Geyser Spring. The sodium changed the character of latter effect is strikingly sodium bi-carbonate two springs with the quantities of that substance which they carried before such depletion began and when the earlier, normal conditions had not yet been disturbed. It will be seen, upon examining the charts, that there is no such shown by comparing the now relative quantity of in the waters of these correspondence between the sodium bi-carbonate and the chlorides as was shown to exist between the quantities of chlorides total carbonates. tween them. therefore, to and any relation at all besodium bi-carbonate does not appear, It is difficult to detect The quantity depend upon of the degree of dilution, nor the length of time the waters have been exposed to the action of the dolomite strata, but to be determined by some other factor, perhaps by thnt which I have suggested above. �: Eepoet of the Commissioners A 95 return of these waters to their original character may be realized with the restoration of original hydraulic conditions.* These circnmstanees, though not theory, may It should be stated explanation. that if rise to we sufficient, perhaps, to found a be helpful as pointing in the direction of a possible in this connection, however, should assume sulphuric acid to be the re-agent giving sodium bicarbonate, we should expect phates produced by the same chemical changes. to discover sul- We find, in fact, however, so small a quantity of sulphates as not to confirm such expectation. Mineral ivaters flow in subterranean streams. The waters upon the surface of the ground in the form of rain snow either pass back into the atmosphere by evaporation, or run off in the superficial water courses, or sink into the ground. The waters that enter the ground for the most part percolate downward and laterally and finally run off in springs and unite with the waters of streams discharging into the ocean. Through precipitated or the soil and deposits of sand and gravel they definite channels; but, we call rock, when they reach move slowly, without the consolidated strata they often, especially in a limestone country, collect in the natural and convenient channels afforded by the bedding by the waters themselves, and flow planes, or in channels eroded * A recent analysis of the Avater of the Geyser spring, made since the foregoing paragraph was written, upon comparison with earlier analysis shows that the possibility embodied in the foregoing suggestion is being realized. An analysis of water taken from that spring on the 3rd day of July, 1912, showed Total chlorides 2254.07 milligrams per liter. Sodium bicarbonate 2238.22 milligrams per liter. An analysis of water taken from the same spring on the 14th day of December. 1914, showed: Total chlorides, 2432.25 milligrams per liter. Sodium bicarbonate, 1607.15 milligrams per liter. This shows in a period of 2 years, 5 months, 11 days, an increase in chlorides of 178.18 milligrams per liter, a decrease of sodium bicarbonate of 631.07 milligrams per liter. This falling off in the sodium bicarbonate content of the Geyser water during the period mentioned is greater than the entire content of that substance in thirteen out of twenty springs whose waters have been analyzed by the State Department of Health since the Saratoga Reservation was established. An analysis of the waters of the Minnonebe spring, taken December 14, 1914, gives similar results, though the increase in chlorides is greater and the loss of bicarbonate of sodium is less. It also shows a rapid approximation of Minnonebe M^ater toward Geyser water since the last previous analysis. The two springs are near each other, the relations between them appear to be very intimate and their waters are now practically the same in their mineral contents. �— State Resekvation at Saratoga Springs 96 Such streams are often Howe's cave in Schoharie in subterranean streams or water courses. encountered in natural caves, as in county and the Mammoth cave in Kentucky. Percolating waters no doubt pass by insensible gradations into subterranean streams, but a distinction has been made between the former and waters flowing in subterranean water courses; and different rules of law have been established for the regulation of the rights in the two classes of waters of the owners of the lands through which they pass. The movement of percolating waters is relatively slow, narily not more than 5 or 10 feet each day; and, when a quantity of ground water some device for source, is ordi- large sought to be obtained from such a necessary, such as hori- its collection is zontal galleries, or a system of many driven wells. In the case when of the carbonated waters of Saratoga, however, the water bearing strata are pierced, a copious flow at once appears sometimes a very large flow, as in the wells known as Champion and N'os. 2 3, which gallons per minute. will discharge water at the rate of over 100 It is inconceivable that a single well only would produce such a flow of percolating waters it could only be obtained from a subterranean stream. The subject is capable of further and striking illustration by six inches in diameter ; a comparison of the relative effect of pumping the deep which penetrate the rock and the shallow wells, wells which terminate in a deposit of coarse gravel overlying the rock, in which, as shall see, we mineral waters are percolating, at the property of the Natural Carbonic Acid Gas Company in the Saratoga plateau, between the months of July and November, 1911. During this period shallow and deep wells of the Natural Company were pumped for the same period of time, at the same rate and by precisely the same devices. From 3 to 5 pumps were operating in shallow wells, and from 11 to 17 in deep wells; the pumped during the entire period The average number of deep wells, 14.1. average number of shallow wells being 3.6(1, and the shallow wells yielded on an average 3.2 gallons per minute and the deep wells 14.1 gallons per minute, or nearly five times as much. About the same time, two wells th'it were being pumped on �Repokt of the Commissioners tlie Lohnas tract, not far 97 away, produced, one of them only 1.665 gallons per minute, and the other 0.868 gallons per minute, less much than the average amount produced by the shallow wells on the Natural Company's property. had been encountered in a more compact and finer grained deposit than the coarse gravel in which they were found, the amount yielded by the shallow wells would have been much less than that which was in fact produced. If the mineral waters These results emphasize the opinion already expressed that the quantities realized from the flow of many deep wells and pumps operated in others have been greatly in excess of what could have been obtained from a supply of percolating waters. Another reason for concluding that the mineral waters in the dolomite exist as streams rather than as percolating waters is the fact of the great rapidity with which a depletion at a given point By opening up whose very large flow has already been mentioned, an eft'ect can be produced within a few hours at the Natural and Lincoln properties more than a mile away, and the mineral water head there depleted to the extent of several feet in such a period of time. Such a prompt effect could not be observed is communicated ihe Champion to another point at a distance. wells, at so great a distance in a maximum As rate of system of percolating waters whose movement would not exceed a few feet in a day. superficial water courses frequently overflow shallow areas along their margins and form swamps or marshes that extend to considerable distances from the channel, so that the subterranean stream may it is quite conceivable flow off laterally in the bedding planes or into other openings to a distance from its channel. The from the line of the main channel of the mineral waters, which is indicated by tlie freely flowing wells and is practically a straight line from the Red Spring to Hathorn No. 2, seem to have a restricted flow or quickly fail, fact that wells at a considerable distance as in the case of the old Carlsbad, the new Shonts, the Strong well and others, would seem to indicate some such subterranean conditions. Equally demanding consideration is the escape from the rocks underlying the Saratoga plateau of the mineral waters flowing in the dolomite strata and their percolation through the deposit 4 �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 98 of gravel above the rock and below the The connection between the mineral waters in the dolomite iixipervioiis strata of clay. those in the gravel are close and an overdraft in either deplete the other. For two and may years, a depletion in the gravel has been in process of restoration, and normal conditions will not be fnlly reached until such restoration is complete. The hydrostatic pressure of these percolating waters will then prevent further outflow from the rocks and the head in the valley of the springs will reach the normal, provided no other disturbing factors are introduced. In this connection it is worthy of note that, if a line be drawn from the Old Ked Spring to Hathorn No. 2, a distance of three or four miles, it would be found to pass very near to the many natural springs and artesian wells that produce or have at any time produced mineral waters. This same line, prolonged in either direction, would ("(nnic "t !lio springs at Ballstnii with Gurn spring, nearly or quite 15 miles distant from each other. This is more suggestive of a subterranean stream or water course than of a body of water diffused over a large area. Contrary opinions. In the case of Hathorn v. Strong's Saratoga Springs Sanitarium, reported in 55 Misc. 445, the court in its opinion said, at page 447, " Without discussion, it may be premised that none of the waters of Saratoga belong to this class," i. e., the class of flowing waters. This premise seems to 'ave been too hastily assumed and without adequate consideration. At least, the facts now known point to a different conclu- sion. In the case of Hathorn reference has been made, v. Strong's Sanitarium, to which much time was consumed in the con- sideration of the character of the rocks underlying the mineral water zone of Saratoga. The geological experts agreed that the bedding planes of the limestone formations were natural water- ways and natural channels for water and cited instances of the existence of water courses of great extent in such formations in other places, but expressed the opinion that such a flow of mineral waters in the strata of the magnesian limestone at Saratoga, not- withstanding the remarkable power of waters holding COo in and bedding planes l)y dissolving the rocks through which they pass, was not probable. solution to enlarge the openings in joints �Repokt of the Commissioners 99 Tliey ussigued, liowever, no siibstautiai reasou as a basis for such opinion, iu spite of the recognized existence of conditions likely to give rise to such water courses; and their attention was not directed by counsel to the facts to indicate the existence of such we have mentioned, which seem water courses. (See Stenogra- pher's Minutes, Testimony of Prof. Chandler, pp. 312, 322; F. Henry M. Ami pp. 351, 371, Kudolph Hering, p. 668; John H. Clarke, p. 935; David H. Newland, p. 1113.) Prof. James F. Kemp, when examined as an expert on behalf of the defendant in the case of the People v. The jS\ Y. Carbonic Acid Gas Co., testihed on cross-examination, in response to my H. K. Merrill, pp. 345, 347, 351; 379, 391, 408, 427; interrogatories, that the bedding planes of rock formations very often offer a convenient passage for subterranean waters and that it is common for waters to How along such passages for a con- siderable distance and that, except that the bedding planes are not particularly abundant or pronounced in the rock in and about Saratoga, he knew likely to offer a barrier to the flow of waters M., p. Beekmantown would be of nothing that through them. (S. 380.) Office of the Fault Kemp's Bui. p. 51. been an object of great interest to so The many fault, which has men and scientific has been generally supposed to be the natural pathway of waters emerging from great depths freighted with their content of bon-dioxide and sodium chloride, or the laboratory carbon-dioxide was produced by chemical reaction,* does not perform so important an supposed. office which probable as has been generally If the foregoing suggestions are well founded, the fault merely affords an outlet to the waters strata in m it is car- from the dolomite which they have been flowing for a long distance. As these strata have here practically reached their northern limit and die out here upon the Laurentian beach, the waters would probably reach the surface near the same place without the help of any rending of the strata by natural convulsions such as the fault suggests. * Testimony of Prof. Chandler in Hathorn v. Strong's Sanitarium, Stenographer's ]\lin\ites. p. 289; testimony of Dr. John H. Clarke, Idem, pp. 922, 946 testimony of Prof. Kemp in People v. N. Y. C. A. Gas Co., Stenographer's Minutes, pp. 354, etc. ; �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 100 In this coiinection, attention should be given to the fact that the temperatures of the waters, so near to the mean annual tem- perature at the surface, indicates that the waters have not come through the fault directly from great depths; for, if such were the case, they would possess thennal characteristics that are lack- The temperature ing. of the waters, wherever encountered, is nearly uniform, showing that they have been moving in strata not near enough to the surface to be affected by the seasonal variactions of temperature, nor deep enough to acquire a much greater degree of heat than the For these make reasons, their escape it mean annual temperature.* seems probable that the waters merely from the dolomite strata at the well known fault line, after flowing through those strata for a distance of miles from the place where they emerge from greater depths. DesirabiUty of tem.perature observations. A careful series of observations of the temperatures of the waters for a considerable period of time would throw additional light upon the subject. It not improbable that they might show variations of temper- is ature in the weaker waters at the northerly part of the mineral would tend to establish the theory o± progressive from surface waters, by exhibiting higher temperatures summer and lower in winter. water tract, that dilution in Interaction between two systems in mineral waters in tlie at or about the fresh valley of springs. The valley of the springs flowed to the surface ground water Congress Spring was levels. discovered in the channel of the village brook and lost for a time beneath its waters. It was found again only after the stream had been diverted and an excavation eight feet in depth had been made. The waters of the Pavilion spring were found boiling up in a swamp and Avere secured only by the construction of a coffer dam to hold back the surface waters, while an artificial channel was constructed through which the mineral waters might reach the surface without mingling with the fresh water. Similar con- were found at most of the other springs. would seem probable, under such circumstances, since the mineral water head is so little different from that of the fresh ditions It * Testimony of Prof. Minutes, p. 301 ; Kemp N. Y. State in People v. Museum N. Y. C. A. Gas Co., Stenographer's Bulletit ^ :>. l.'^Q. p. 41. �Report of the Commissioners water that at times of liigh water, when 101 the ordinary ground water has been raised by heavy rains or melting snow, by its superior hydrostatic pressure, stop the mineral water from the orifices out of which it might, movement of the flows to the sur- it face and even reverse the current in some channels and cause a flow of fresh waters into the channels usually occupied by min- Again, when eral waters, thus effecting a dilution of the latter. the superficial or fresh ground water head was abnormally low, the more constant mineral water head w^ould be relatively more vigorous and force out from and replace the fresh waters in the cavities into which they had flowed when the conditions were re- versed; and the mineral waters would flow out upon the surface in a less diluted condition. by the Such an seems to be indicated effect results of analyses of the waters of springs taken at times of high ground waters in the spring and fall and again during periods of dry weather More when the ground waters were low. exact knowledge of the conditions that may lead to such action and re-action between the fresh water and mineral water heads will soon be obtained from a series of observations that are to be made at my suggestion in the High Rock pit gives an unusual opportunity to obtain park, where cir- The High Rock cumstances are favorable to the undertaking. an accurate knowledge of the variations in the mineral water head, while the level of the adjacent fresh ground waters can easily be measured here. By a careful series of measurements here, where the heads of the two systems approximate closely may to each other, it be found that each at times rises above the other and that this alternating superiority gives rise to the process of dilution and recovery which T have described. And at this point attention should be called to the conditions in the Saratoga plateau actual or possible and in the Coesa valley as indicating the interactions there between the superficial ground waters and the artesian mineral water system. In the plateau, the head of the mineral waters flowing and percolating through the rocks and gravel below the impervious clay strata having been enormously depleted by the being still there must pumping and below the levels of the upper fresh ground waters, be, to the extent to which there is communication be- �; State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 102 two systems through the clay, a continual dilution of This may be increased by the artificial openings the fonner. tweeii the made by in the clay the multitude of drilled wells. This may account, at least in part, for the present low mineralization of Hathorn No. 1 and other springs in the Saratoga valley. It is being gradually reduced by the rising mineral water levels in the plateau and would be stopped entirely if the mineral water head should rise In the Coesa above that of the fresh waters. an opposite valley, however, whenever communication effect At water system and the superficial ground waters. the head of the artesian system is, is produced that point, as has been stated, 30 or 40 ground waters. feet higher than that of the fresh former is opened between the artesian mineral is Whenever the punctured, the mineral waters rush out of it with great force and mingle with the fresh surface waters and flow off in The the adjacent water courses. effect of this is to rapidly deplete the mineral water head, and such effect is communicated with great rapidity in the direction of the valley of the springs at Saratoga. In consequence of these conditions, the normal relations of the heads of the two systems are continually liable to disturbance and, whenever the mineral water head falls below that of the adjacent fresh ground waters, the latter tend to flow into the channels of the mineral water system and to dilute the former and carry in any substances which the latter hold in solution. this to In way, no doubt, waters holding in solution sulphureted hy- drogen find their way into the mineral water wells times and at impair them. Agency of COn in raising the mineral waters. The mineral water head, as we proceed Bui. p. erly from Hathorn form 40. rate, jSTo. 2, falls oft' at a very gradual and uni- while the superficial ground water levels fluctuate greatly with the contour of the surface. water level Kemp's northeast- is The superficial ground probably higher at Hathorn No. 2 than the mineral water head and ccntinues so until the when the former falls the Coesa vallev. Adams spring is reached, far below the latter and so continues across Then it rises once more above the mineral �Report of the Commissioners 103 water head and so continues across the Saratoga plateau, falling again when we Xo. the mineral water head 1 enter the valley of the springs is sufficiently ; until at Hathorii above the fresh water head, except during flood conditions, to allov/ the mineral water to flow out freely and run the adjacent water course. off into Under the circumstances, it is evident that, for distance, the mineral water would never make the surface unless brought up by other than mere hydrostatic pressure. the carbon dioxide dissolved in pump a much or by the water, of at sume agency found in which there is This agency '^' of this appearance its is always enough to supersaturate the water at the normal atmos- Kemp Prof. pheric pressure. has estimated the amount at 5.4 volumes at the atinospheric pressure in the most strongly carbonated waters he found in any of a number of wells he examined, f This would all be held in solution in water subjected to the hy- drostatic pressure height in due addition to a to column of water about 150 the atmospheric The waters pressure. standing at that distance below the water level in feet in all wells would be subjected to such a pressure, and all the gas the waters contained would therefore be in complete solution below that depth. As carbonated waters rise in such a well, after reaching that point they begin to give up the gas held in solution in the form of minute bubbles, which constantly increase until the top of the well is reached, when in size and number the water appears and the gas rapidly passes off into the atmosphere. In this frothy or foaming condition the specific gravity of the water is much below^ that of water in its normal condition and be- frothing, low that which it has in the lower part of the well, and the result enable the hydrostatic pressure under which water seeks is to to enter the well to support a column of such foaming water much higher than a column of water unmixed with gas and high enough to flow out upon the ground. by the following simple diagram, This may be illustrated • Testimony of Henry M. Ami, Hathorn v. Strong's Sanitarium, Stenographer's Minutes, p. 436.' Testimony of Prof. Kemp in People v. N. Y. C. A. Gas Co.. Stenographer's Minutes, p. 27S. Stenographer's t Testimony of Prof. Kemp in People v. N. Y. C. A. Gas Co., Minute's, p. 210; also N. Y. State Museum Bulletin No. 150. p. 40. �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 104 <^y<i>i///^J//f^?l, -' " j^ This figure represents a well 170 feet in depth, into the Ijottom of which the water flows under a pressure (p) of 70 pounds to the inch. This head will, under ordinary conditions, support a column of water in the well approximately 160 Under But if the water contain 5 volumes of COo, mately at the point (b) begin to give up that as it feet in height. these conditions the water will stand at the level its specific its it will COo with (a). approxithe result gravity will grow less and less above the level (b) Assuming ascends the well. of the frothy water is that the mean specific gravity only one-half as great as the water below the point (b), or the plane of saturation, the pressure (p) will then sustain a column of the lighter water twice as high as the distance between (a) and (b), or extending 130 feet above the mouth of the the mouth of well. In other words, it will eject the water the well with a force equivalent to a pressure of about 30 pounds to the square inch at that point throw it from high into the — sufficient to air. This principle wag correctly stated by Prof. Chandler in his testimony in Minutes, p. Hathom v. 'Strong's Sanitarium (Stenographer's 320), and afterwards explained more in detail by Rudolph Hering, C. E., in the same case. (Idem. pp. 663, 699.) �Repokt of the Commissioners 105 It should be observed iu this counectiou that the Ami which Dr. said was imparted to the waters ''buoyancy" by the gas only occurs above the plane of saturation where the gas begins to come below that the gas probably increases the specific gravity of the water, already greater than that of fresh water by (See testimony of H. M. reason of its content of soluble salts. out of solution ; Ami, Hathorn v. mony Kemp, People of Prof. Strong's Sanitarium, Sten. Min. p. 541. v. I^. Testi- Y. C. A. Gas Co., Sten. Min. 372.) p. principle has been applied in what The air lift, is known as the from a well by pumping a device to raise water a point considerably below the surface of the water, it at accomplishes the same result as that produced by the of the CO2 Pohle air into in which many mineral water wells at Saratoga, whose waters would otherwise remain below the surface and would call for the aid of a pump to raise them. This has given rise to the notion that the waters are, in their natural condition in the rocks, confined under a great pressure, exerted by the carbon-dioxide, in the same manner water in a siphon, and that they are ready to wherever a vent is actual conditions. in the earth given.* This is fly as carbonated out in an instant a misconception as to the It is true that the gas is frequently confined under pressure, but the pressure is caused by and can be nowhere greater than the hydrostatic pressure, which, as has been stated, is generally insufficient to raise the water to the surface of the ground, except down to a of which much the when it is possible for us to get lower level than the general level of the surface, Coesa Valley is an interesting illustration, the mineral water head there coming up in the wells through the superficial it. At ground water system and towering 30 or 40 feet above this point the mineral waters have no need of the aid of the natural gas lift to reach the surface, the hydrostatic pressure being ample to cause the wells to spout. however, made to flow Some of the wells are, more vigorously than they otherwise would do in consequence of the decrease of the specific gravity of the waters flowing from them for a considerable distance below the surface of the ground. * Testimony of Prof. Chandler, Hathorn v. Strong's Sanitarium, Stenographer's Minutes, p. 312; Frederick H. K. IMerrill, Idem, pp. 347, 384. �: State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 106 Sealing off flowing wells. close counectiou with the sub- Iii ' performed by carbon-dioxide in causing the flow of mineral water from wells is the phenomenon which is generally spoken of as the sealing olt of wells. If the How of mingled water ject of the office and gas from a well under the inlluence of the gas lift be checked for a few moments hy placing a cap on the top of the well tube, or even by holding the hand upon it when the pressure is not too great, the gas bubbles will separate from the water and, rising to the top of the well, will pass off into the atmosphere; and water unmingied with gas of this water, being The specitic gravity a water column of less height remain in the will much greater, than the top of the well tube often well. hold back the car- suffices to bonated waters seeking to enter the bottom of the well, and an equilibrium is established. The flow of the well is thus stopped for the time, and the well said to be sealed is not be resumed until the water standing in as to admit carbonated water at the Its How will pumped out, so off. it is bottom and bring it to a point above the plane of saturation, where the gas coming out of solution may to raise it lighten the mass and enable the hydrostatic pressure The above the mouth of the well. again and continue to do so as long as it is well will then flow adequately supplied with sufficiently carbonated water, or until the process of sealing off is repeated. Efficiency of the gas gas lift, In wells operating naturally by the lift. a gas pressure has been frequently recorded at the sur- face of the ground, and it is evident that such pressure varies with the amount of gas in the waters. ated the waters are, in solution i. when they e., the greater the enter tlie The more highly carbonamount of gas they hold bottom of the pressure will be developed at the surface lift is when well, the greater this natural gas in operation. For the purpose of computing the efficiency of the gas lift and the pressure at the surface due to different amounts of gas in solution, let us designate the number of volumes of gas at atmos- pheric pressure dissolved in the waters by And the distance from the hydraulic plane of saturation by " H ": '' N " level of the well to the �Report of the Commissioners ^' mean will then represent the or averag.^ 107 number of volumes volume of free gas in the well above the plane of saturation to each of water. If the water below the plane of saturation contains three volumes, then the mean number of volumes of free gas above the ^ plane of saturation will be volume of free gas for or one each volume of water through the whole distance " If the water contain four volumes of gas, H we have ''. ^= 1^- ^^^ volumes of free gas for each volume of water through the dis- H ". tance " Assuming now, for convenience of calculation, that a column of water 33i/o feet in height exerts a pressure of 15 pounds to the square inch, and that this pressure, In the we the equivalent of the atmospheric is obtain the following results: first case, where the water contains the plane of saturation will be G6% feet 3 volumes of below the hydraulic gas, level. Disregarding the weight of the gas, we shall have the weight of the mingled column of gas and water above the plane of satura tion equal to one-half that of a at the column of water feet); i. (66% column (equivalent the gas and water 331/3 alone, thus giving hydraulic level the hydrostatic pressure due to tion above the plane of saturation feet 66-/3 e., — its eleva- feet) less the weight of column of water alone of to a 33i/i • feet = 331/3 f eet = 15 pounds. when there are 4 volumes of gas, " H " will The average w^eight of the column of gas and In the same way, be equal to 100. water for that distance will be equal and the resultant head at the =-27 pounds. From the foregoing to 2/5 of a water column hydraulic level will be 100 — 40=60 feet Ave may derive a formula for calculating the resultant head at the hydraulic level of the well from the operation of the gas lift due N + 1 From this v\'e quantities of gas in from the well, and find compute the following table: ^ ^ solution in the water flowing ]i:^^xH. to different it to be �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 108 Table showiny resultant head and pressure at hydrostatic level due to different quantities of COo in solution. Equivalent Resultant Volumes of pressure in pounds to in feet. square inch 2 11.11 5 3 33.33 15 4 60 27 5 88.8 40 Head CO2 1 53.5 6 119 7 150 67.5 181 81.7 8 Relation of volmne of gas to volume of water. Since the volume of gas under varying pressures is inversely proportional to the := 8, the gas volume as compared with the water pressure, where N volume at diiferent depths in the well will be as follows: At a depth of 233^ 200 ft. �: Report of the Commissioners For example, where N 109 == 8, at a pressure of 7 atmospheres, we shall have: 8-7 1 7 7 Under a pressure of half an atmosphere, the gas volume will be 15 and under a pressure of of an atmosphere, 31, constantly i/j^ progressing toward infinity as the pressure approaches zero, at which point it will reach infinity. In like manner, to determine the pressure when the number of volumes of free gas to each volume of water is known, we have N Thus, where ume of water, N=8 we and there are have, y ^g|-^^ 3 2, volumes of gas to each vol- the pressure expressed in atmospheres. Graphic representation of increase in gas volume. this progressive increase of gas in a graph, we If we plot shall find that it does not proceed in a straight line but on a curve. This curve represents the effect of Boyles' law. The following graph OY may be OX will illustrate the proposition. taken as rectangular co-ordinate axes. The and abscissa of any point in the curve may be designated by x and the ordinate The foregoing formulae and computations will then be y. by applicable and problems involving the relations of pressures all and volumes may be solved by the application of familiar mathematical principles.* Relation of volume of ivater to each volume of mingled gas and ivater. If now we turn our attention to the water volume and consider its relation to the volume of mingled gas and water, we shall obtain the following results where N = 8. At the depth of 233 1/3 feet below the water level gas will all water which At the be in solution and the entire volume will be may of water 1/7 of a 8/8 be stated at the depth of 200 feet we volume of shall have for each volume gas, or 7 parts of water to 1 * This curve is a hyperbola, and the axes to which it is referred \\\ the graph are not the normal axes of the hyperbola. The .-r-axis is the asymptote of one of the branches of the curve. �: : State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 110 The gas of gas. ume At 1/8 of a given vol- will therefore equal and the water of gas and water 7/8 will equal we shall have 2/6 volumes volume (Q/Q) of water or 2 parts of gas to The water in each volume will therefore be. a depth of 166 2/3 feet, of gas to each 6 of water. 6/8 . At the depth of 133 1/3 The gas to 5 of water. So, at 100 feet, there will be 3 parts of 5/8 v/ater will then equal feet the v/ater will equal 4/8 feet the water will equal 3/8 33 1/3 feet the water will equal 2/8 66 2/3 At the water level or feet the water w^ill equal The next step in the progression would be the removal 1/8 of the atmospheric pressure, which would result in the expansion of the gas to an infinite volume. would be reduced As a necessary consequence, the to 0, or disappear, in an attempt water to state it in -rms of the combined volume of gas and water. If now we the progressive decrease in the volume of plot water as we ascend the well, wc shall obtain the following graph This diagram presents a simpler problem than the last and gives rise to a simpler equation as follows Let X = pressure expressed in atmospheres y == number volumes of of water to each volume of mingled water and gas N = number of volumes of gas to each Then x = The locus ratio of the decreases as Ny is at atmospheric pressure volume of water and y = x/l^. therefore a straight line and indicates that the water volume we ascend to the combined water and gas volume the well from the plane of saturation in arithmetical progression. Weight of gas and mineral content as affecting gas due lift. efficiency of In making our computation of the resultant pressure to tlie gas lift at the hydraulic level, we have considered the weight of the gas as negligible, basing our results solely on This we may do for all practical pur500 times heavier than COo at atmospheric the weight of the water. poses, since water is pressure. Yet, to achieve mathematical accuracy, the weight of the gas would have to be taken into account, the more so since it �Report of the Commissioners 111 increases rapidly in weight by reason of the hydrostatic pressure we descend as the well, being at the depth of 200 feet seven times as heavy as at the surface. The quantity of soluble salts in the water of a given well also water and would have to be taken affects the specific gravity of the into consideration Temperature the foregoing is where demanded. results of great accuracy are In also a factor to be taken into consideration. computations assumed is it to have remained constant. must be made because of the fact come out of solution in exact conformity with Finally, another correction that gas does not the theory supposed to govern its When behavior. the water flows from the mouth of the well Ave have assumed that it holds in solution but a single volume of gas at atmospheric pressure. Instead of this, it holds substantially more than a single volume, or, in other words, is supersaturated and gives up the gas that constitutes such supersaturation slowly, unless the water agitated, when the process accelerated, retaining is it is shaken or to a greater or less degree and for a longer or shorter period of time, depending, no doubt, upon the quantity and character of the mineral salts it in solution and the care taken to avoid violent agita- held by tion. This property supersaturated with is what makes carbonic it possible to furnish water acid gas for patient to absorb the gas into his circulation believed to be its ; baths and and for the this is generally most important therapeutical characteristic. Dr. Paul Haertl, of Bad Kissingen, probably the most accom- plished expert in the methods of drawing, storing and using car- bonated waters in the world, has invented a simple and convenient device to measure the degree of supersaturation and by it use its has been found that under favorable conditions the water may be supersaturated with gas to the amount of 85 per cent, of volume at atmospheric pressure. its It is quite obvious that this is a disturbing factor of substantial importance that tends to mini- mize the effect of the gas lift. To obtain an accurate result, there- fore, it is necessary to take into account this capacity of mineral water to hold in solution for a time more than the theoretical volume of gas. Percolating Mineral Water and Dry Gas Wells. Although it seems clear that the wells which have been drilled into the water bearing strata of the dolomite rock encounter a subterranean �f State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 112 stream of carbonated waters flowing northerly along the bedding planes which affords them a supply, it is none the less clear that the carbonated waters are found in places as percolating waters. This occurs in the Saratoga plateau, where they are found, after emergence from the rock, in a deposit of sand or gravel overlying the Hudson River shales and beneath impervious layers of clay This deposit in which the waters percolate, and quicksand.* much being so which less, nearer the surface than the dolomite strata out of tliey escape, and the pressure, consequently, being so much it up they cannot retain their full content of CO2, but give form of free in the gas, which rises to the top of the water and is entrapped by the impervious clay strata and collects beneath them. So it has happened that wells driven through the clay imme- diately encounter free gas under considerable pressure, rushes out of them with much which force, sufficient, it is said, at times, from the mouth of the well high into the air. In the natural course of events, this deposit of gas would be, after to eject stones exhausted a time, ; and, the pressure it exerted on the surface of the water being thus relieved, the water would rise in the well and act as a seal, and no more gas would escape from through the influence of the principle of the Pohle air we have it, except lift, which described. But, after the discovery of the dry gas wells, which were first found on the Lincoln Spring property, the natural course of events was disturbed by the operations of the Lincoln and ISTatural companies, both of which were continually seeking to increase ISTumerous wells were drilled through the their gas product. deposits in which the carbonated waters were percolating and into the rock strata, until the mineral waters were there encountered. The mineral waters came up through these wells naturally at and, when depletion had set in to such a degree that the hydrostatic pressure, aided by the natural gas lift we have mentioned, failed to produce them at the surface, the owners supplemented the forces of nature by a more efficient artificial gas lift, which brought them to the second stage of depletion. When this had been reached, deep well pumps were installed, the barrels first; * Testimony of William Minutes, IIG. t Tostimonv of Prof. pp. 217, 249. C. McQueen in Hathorn v. Strong; Stenographer's p. Kemp in People v. "NT. Y. C. A. Gas Co.: Sten. Min.. �113 Report of the Commissioners being submerged 150 feet below the surface; and, acquired the properties, in some, at when the State of these wells, least, the water levels had been lowered to a point below the pump barrels. The continuance of the process would undoubtedly have brought when the mineral water system to a third stage of depletion, deep well pumps, longer have reached the water and to lower the the aided by the atmospheric pressure, could no pump would have been necessary it barrels to a greater depth. This depletion had a curious effect upon the dry gas wells. The removal of so much water diminished the hydrostatic pressure to which the carbonated waters were subjected and this com- up pelled the waters to give a large part of their CO2 content which, rising and collecting beneath the clay strata, formed a continuous supply for the so-called dry gas wells, while the prevented the waters from rising and sealing them pumping off in the formed an immense natural separator in the deposit of gravel below the clay which separated the gas from the water and delivered the former free at manner we have the mouths of the dry gas When, by left to In other words, described. wells. the stopping of the pumps, the forces of nature were operate without interference from man, the mineral water levels at once began to rise and continued occurred which would have occurred the bottoms of the dry gas wells to much interference which has been mentioned do so until the event sooner, except for the — the rising water reached and sealed which they have yielded no gas at all. Extent of mineral water supply. There among it is off the gas, since general agreement experts that the mineral waters of Saratoga are found in the strata of the Little Falls dolomite underlying the Utica shales. This has also been established by the actual experience of well drillers. It is also established, experiments, that not mineral water. maximum Some all by many investigations and the strata of the dolomite are filled with are dry and others yield fresh water. aggregate thickness of the waters between the shale and the Potsdam sandstone not more than forty or fifty feet. The strata carrying mineral Assuming it to be is probably 45 feet and the beds capable of holding water to the extent of 10 per cent, of their volume, a capacity at least double that which has been attributed to the Potsdam sandstone, they would have a storage �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 114 capacity approximating area, 1,500,000 gallons per acre of surface The area or 960,000,000 gallons for each square mile. may beneath which it is in the rocks is measurable by miles and these figures possible mineral waters be thus stored may aid in forming a conception of the whole amount thus stored. This supply, large as it is, is by no means inexhaustible. Pumping from it at the rate of 500,000 gallons daily, a rate not much any beyond that sometimes actually reached when all the gas companies were operating, would entirely exhaust the mineral if waters in an acre of land in three days, or in 120 acres in a year, or in a square mile in 5 or 6 years. The operations of the gas companies were carried on, though perhaps not on so large a more than that period of time. Supply continually replenished. The great depletion wrought by the pumping, which served to reduce the mineral water head to the extent of more than a hundred feet over a large area, would have been permanent if there had been no source of supply other scale, for than the waters at the time stored in the strata of the dolomite. Some eminent geologists believed the depletion to be perma- nent and entertained the opinion that measures of conservation had arrived too late to be capable of valuable results. to their expectations, Contrary however, the mineral water head has con- made effective and end of the third year progress toward nonnal conditions tinued to rise ever since these measures were at the ; continues. must be assumed, therefore, that there is a continuous flow some point into the dolomite strata of saline carbonated waters, It at probably with a low relative content of calcium and magnesium carbonates or even without any of these substances, and that the carbonates are taken up from the beds of dolomite. It that the foregoing suggestions as to the direction of flow may be and the which the carbonates of calcium and magnesium are disfrom the rocks will aid in determining the location of the point where the emergence of the waters from other and probably rate at solved lower formations into the dolomite takes place. From the foregoing examination and study of the facts relating to the Saratoga mineral water system, the following propositions seem to have been established: �Report of the Commissioners There First. 115 at Saratoga Springs, a double hydraulic sys- is, tem of ground waters, the upper being the system of superficial fresh ground waters and the lower the system of saline carbonated mineral waters and the two systems are separated from each other by impervious strata of clay and rock. ; The lower Second. ted water system, or less distant is of these from the and wells of Saratoga are Third. two systems, or the saline carbona- an artesian system, actuated by a head more district in which the mineral springs situated. The carbonated mineral waters flow in a subterranean stream or streams in the bedding planes and other openings in the strata of the Little Falls dolomite; Hathorn No. 2 and Hathorn No. 1, and their course between a distance of three miles, is in a general northeasterly direction. Fourth. The Saratoga mineral waters probably enter the dol- omite strata with a content of carbon-dioxide and sodium chloride. As they proceed in their course from southwest to north- east, they are subject to dilution from the upper fresh ground water system, and their relative content of chlorides is con- stantly decreasing. The mineral waters acquire their content of bi-carbonates lime and magnesium from the strata of the dolomites through Fifth. of which they flow, and the ratio of their content of these bicarbon- ates to the chlorine content of the waters is continually increas- ing as the waters flow to the northeast. Sixth. The content of sodimn bicarbonate is not acquired from the same source as the chlorine content, nor is it obtained from the dolomite strata, but it is probable that it is produced by the action of some chemical re-agent which comes into the waters at different points and in an irregular way. Seventh. M'hich the The Saratoga fault is not the opening through waters come up from great depths bearing their con- and carbon-dioxide, but is probably a convenient which the mineral waters escape from the strata of the exit by Little Falls dolomite and flow to the surface as natural springs. Eighth. The point where the waters emerge from great and tent of chlorine unknown depths with is at a and carbon-dioxide content considerable distance from the valley of the springs, and their chlorine �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 116 probable that another fault west of the Saratoga fault af- is it fords the avenue by which they rise and flow into the dolomite strata. Advantages and Disadvantages of Well Pits The pit system, generally or universally employed in Europe for the use and control of wells yielding carbonated waters, is It consists of a pit about the well, usually cir- very important. cular in form, sunk to a considerable depth below the ground water table, the well The water flowing opening into the centre of the into the bottom of the pit height where a condition of equilibrium is fills pit. it up to the In the established. course of nature, where the waters are supersaturated with car- bon an dioxide, atmosphere of carbon dioxide accumulates upon the surface of the water in the pit, expelling the atmosThe waters may be perpheric air and filling the pit. mitted to flow oft' gently, at the highest level, so as to insure more highly carbonated waters at and to guard against deterioration from a constant replenishment of the bottom of the pit stagnation. The water standing loses a portion of its highest in the pit gradually carbon dioxide content until the point of complete saturation at the atmospheric pressure excess of gas rising to the surface of the water. the pit containing carbonated waters, protected atmosphere of carbon-dioxide. As we is reached, the We from the then have air by an proceed below the surface, the degree of carbonation increases, due to the increasing pressure of the superincumbent water. When we reach a depth of about feet, the water contains two volumes of carbon dioxide at 32 at- mospheric pressure. We may COo to imies at thus draw from the pit a water supersaturated with any desired point, up to a total gas content of two volthe atmospheric pressure, by drawing it from the proper Only enough water will flow out of the well into the pit to make good the quantity withdrawn from the pit, and its outflow will be accomplished in the most gentle manner possible, and agitation which might cause the water to give depth below the surface. up its carbon dioxide will be reduced to a minimum. In this way, unnocessarv drafts on the mineral water supply are avoided, and the storage of the waters in the system provided by nature �Report of the for the purpose mand Moreover, accomplished. is 117 Commissiojsteks if an occasional de- supply of water for a short period of time, arises for a beyond the normal flow of the well at the surface of the ground, there is no other way in which it can be met with as little depletion of the well or general disturbance of the hydraulic system. When the waters of the well flowing from the mineral water vein are highly carbonated and water is drawn from the rapidly than the mineral water vein can supply it, pit more a general cone of depression in the contiguous ground waters will result, These causing an inflow of waters that are not carbonated. mingling with the highly carbonated waters will take up part of their carbon dioxide content which would otherwise pass off into the atmosphere, thus increasing the quantity of water sufficiently carbonated for bathing purposes. If case it is at it any time desired, the well may be made to spout, in has a sufficient gas content to operate as a gas sealing into the well a small pipe through which the lift, by normal flow of the well will cause the waters to ascend fast enough to keep the waters and free gas commingled until they escape from the mouth This can be quickly adjusted and removed of the well. at pleasure. These are very great advantages where the demand lar and for a large quantity of water of a moderate is degi'ee of carbonation for a few hours, with considerable intervals, water, or a negligible quantity, is required. irregu- when no Such conditions at- tend the use of waters for bathing. If the demand is for more highly carbonated waters for drinkThere the use of the pit ing, these advantages are less obvious. might be fatal to the A accomplishment of the purpose. containing three volumes of CO2 at atmospheric pressure, for water which there exists a commercial demand, could not be supplied without artificial appliances be constructed. ; for a pit of sufficient depth could not well Moreover, in bottling waters the use regular, proceeding at a constant is more and moderate rate throughout the entire 24 hours. It and would seem, therefore, that for drawing waters for drinking bottling, the advantages of the pit system may not be so great; and one important consideration, due to conditions per- �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 118 haps peculiar this the springs at Saratoga, to connection as liable to in oil'sct, is some worthy of note in cases, possible all advantages. Attention has already been called to the fact that the mineral water head is artesian in character, and acts upon the head of the contiguous superficial fresh waters through the springs, and is in times turn acted upon by How may In this way surface waters it. into the mineral at water wells and springs, perhaps bringing in pathogenic germs ^vitl^ them. way we In this sup- H2S obtain entrance to the springs and imThese fresh or sulphur bearing waters probably gain pose waters carrying pair them. entrance to the wells in the upper part of them and are more likely to appear where the mineral water head is depleted or the fresh, surface waters are relatively high. The operation of the well imder the influence of the gas a great safeguard against pollution from such sources. readily be understood when we under such circumstances. taining five volumes of lift is This can consider the condition of the well In a well supplied by waters con- CO2 the plane of saturation encoun- is tered at a point about 140 feet below the level of the water in the well. At and this point below^ it, no difference whether tliere is the well opens into a pit or flows by the gas above there is lift ; but at a difl'erence, constantly increasing as points all you proceed toward the surface. Under the conditions represented page 104 the water level in a pit surface of the ground. in the well would stand ten feet below the Fresh or impure waters under above that would flow into the well at any point, opened into a pit — but if upon figured if head a the well the well were flowing by the gas lift, from a point not far above the plane of saturation the pressure within the well would be greater than that outside; and, if an opening existed anywhere above that point, the waters would it and waters outside could not flow in. such an opening should exist at " c " half way tend to flow out through If, for instance, between " a " and " b," and polluted waters outside stood there ready to flow in, and if their head was no higher than the ground water table about the well or below that point, their maximum inward pressure at " c " would be equal to a column of water 70 feet in height. The outward pressure on the well of the waters �Report of the Commissioners standing in the well, same the at same if 119 the gas seal was eifective, would be the under the same head. point, But, the if colimin of water in the well became lighter, in consequence of CO2 being given be reduced and " b "' so that its specific gravity at one-half, the pressure at " c," half way would, without allowance for friction, be at " b " only well off, a " should between '" a " '' less than that by the back pressure of a column of water inside the and below that point whose a,verage density or gravity would be less by bonated water, or % ^ of l/^ hea^'y as specific than the density of uncar- as uncarbonated water and capable of exerting a back pressure at " b " due to their weight, of Ys of the pressure of a nonnal water column of 70 feet in height, or equivalent to a normal water column 61.25 feet high, thus resulting at "c" in 140 — 61.25=78.75 head, feet as In against a head of 70 feet impelling water to enter the well other words, at '' c " waters outside the well could not flow into the well unless they had a head nearly 20 feet higher than the ground waters about the From well. this point to the surface the advantage of the pressure in the well for the exclusion of water tending to flow into would constantly increase, until, when the water table it was reached, the pressure in the well would be 35 pounds and the outside pressure zero. It is easy to see that this increase of pressure within the well may under certain circumstances, of the greatest benefit as a protection from contamination by surface waters and, in the be, ; Saratoga basin, from waters flowing in the shale and carrying sulphuretted hydrogen, which are into the upper parts of some of the Memorandum in all the time seeking to flow wells. Relation to the Drawing and Storage of Mineral Waters C^arbonates of lime, magnesia and iron are not highly soluble in water, but carbon dioxide dissolved in water increases to dissolve these substances and hold them in by This capacity amount of the carbon dioxide in come from a considerable depth, increases with an increase in the Mineral waters that capacity solution, doubtless converting them into more soluble bicarbonates. solution. its �State Rp:servation at Saratoga Springs 120 where they are under pressure and contain more than the amount of carbon dioxide which they are capable of holding in solution normal atmospheric pressure, often hold in solution these at the carbonates in quantities too great to be retained when, after having and the carbon been brought to the surface, the pressure is dioxide passes oif into the atmosphere. Accordingly, such waters, when brought relieved to the surface, first lose their carbon dioxide and then become turbid from the precipitation of a portion of their solid contents; and the substances thus precipitated and form a sediment finally sink bottom of the receptacle that contains at the the waters. The mineral waters of Saratoga illustrate this characteristic in Some of these waters hold in solution at the bottom of the wells as much as five and one-half volumes of carbon a remarkable way. dioxide at the normal When atmospheric temperature and pressure. they come to the surface, over eighty per cent, of the gas given off and the process of precipitation begins at once. has always made for bathing. to bottle the waters or to store it difiicult is This them If stored for the latter purpose in open tanks, they soon lose their gas and precipitate part of their mineral content and become muddy and less agreeable for use. In this particular The same trouble they do not differ from similar waters elsewhere. has been experienced at Nauheim. Where wells have a limited flow and, during that relatively brief part of the day rate than the when baths are taken, the water nonnal rate of necessary to meet the It therefore of the busy hours. becomes a matter of The it, method of obviating when mineral waters are stored. great importance to find some precipitation used at a greater during the is remainder of the day, or some part of demands is flow, the storage of waters the tendency to precipitation in storage tanks can be prevented by a system of storage under pressure. The waters can then be delivered to the bather with their entire mineral and gaseous content; and, although the process of precipitation will at once begin when the waters are drawn, yet as it is not an instantaneous process, the bather will have the benefit of a supersaturated solution and escape in a measure the unfavorable impression due to drawing muddy water for a bath. �Repokt of the Commissioners To water under heavy pressure store large quantities of and to obtain such for large tanks or receptacles, withstand heavy pressure from within make use is calls as are able to increasingly difficult as may therefore, be advisable of several smaller receptacles, which can be used as the size of the receptacle increases. to 121 It a unit and so arranged as to be as convenient as a single receptacle orf the aggregate capacity of The maximum amount all of them. of carbon dioxide in any of the Saratoga waters, according to Professor Kemp, The average amount, however, is five is less, and one-half volumes. perhaps not over three and one-half volumes, and to enable the water to hold this in solution, a pressure of about fifty pounds to the square inch required. a pressure will not only enable the water to hold in solution Such all its carbon dioxide, but will at the same time prevent the pre- and iron and be ade- cipitation of its carbonates of lime, magnesia quate for A is all purposes. cylindrical receptacle, four feet in diameter, will contain 93.456 gallons for each foot in length. The capacity in gallons of a cylindrical receptacle of any other size can easily be computed by multiplying the square of the radius of feet base expressed in its by the constant 23.56. In order to draw the water without admitting air, it will entirely out of the storage system, be necessary to employ the expansive force of carbon dioxide; and this can be done by first filling the system with carbon dioxide at the normal atmospheric pressure. If this is done and the carbonated waters are then pumped into the receptacle until a pressure of three and one-half atmospheres reached (or the normal atmospheric pressure plus 21/0 atmos- pheres), the gas in the receptacle will be compressed until occupies only two-fifths of its original space will be filled with water. is it volume and the remaining The capacity of a four-foot cylin- der for water will, therefore, under the conditions assumed, be 56.07 gallons for each lineal foot and the constant will become 14.14 instead of 23.56. The foregoing computations A ture of 18 degrees C. will make important are based on a uniform tempera- wide deviation from this temperature and to important to difi^erences in the pressure required maintain constant conditions in other respects it is �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 122 maiutaiii a constant temperature. This may be done by sinking the receptacles into the ground, bnt will lead to difficulties in management from the their tunately, same difficulty of access to them. For- nature has provided a method of accomplishing the result in a much more composed of shale or convenient manner in the high slate, at blnir's the Geysers, through which Coesa may be quarried an may be so installed as to accessible. Here they may be channel into which creek has eroded its ample chamber which the receptacles in render every part of them easily laid down on their sides the contents of may all and arranged one above another so that be drawn from the lowest of the series. The following diagram will manner illustrate the in which two receptacles may be arranged and the method of connecting them in order to accomplish the desired result. In filling the lower of two receptacles (A) the gas will be com- pressed and partly driven into the upper one (B) until the lower is half full of water. By this process, the pressure will be raised normal atmospheric pressure plus five pounds, or to a total pressure of twenty pounds. Continuing the process, the water to the will rise in escape, until, to the "A", sealing when off the gas and preventing further normal atmospheric pressure, the volume of gas in ''A" will be only one-third that of the water and " full its the pressure reaches fifteen pounds in addition of water. hydrostatic B " will be one-third (This disregards the slight difi^erenee due to pressure in consequence of one receptacle being elevated above the other.) In the same way, continuing the process until a ])rossure of 3V> atmospheres is obtained, we shall have a gaseous content of 2/7 the volume of the receptacle and water o(iual to �Repokt of the Commissioners 123 5/7 of the same, or a storage capacity for water equal to 66.75 gallons to each lineal foot of a cylinder four feet in diameter under that pressure. The amount stored is conreceptacle were employed and each of the result will be the same, so far as the if one large two smaller ones will have an adequate quantity of gas to act as cerned, as a cushion In and this connection, taining less by to expel than its expansive force the liquid content. should be considered that it volumes 31/2 of gas is if water con- pumped it may receptacle under a pressure of 31/2 atmospheres, solution the whole or part of the gas with were originally filled ; into the take into which the receptacles and the gaseous contents of the receptacles, required for elasticity, may thus be culty, provision should be made additional quantity of gas ; lost. To obviate this diffi- for supplying to the receptacle an and the receptacles should be provided not only with pressure gauges but also with water gauges, to enable the amount of water contained in them at all times to be seen. In this connection, ability of securing to the surface also, should be mentioned the obvious desir- and storing the carbon dioxide which comes with the waters. It w^ill be required, constantly, for use in connection with any storage system matter of no great difficulty to secure it ; and it will be a in sufficient quantities for use in connection with the waters utilized for l)athing, as well as the bottled waters. Closely connected with the question of storage is another ques- method of drawing mineral water from the well. As the water rises in the well and is permitted to flow under natural forces from the mouth of the tion of equal importance, viz., that of the well; it is, losing its for a considerable distance below the surface, constantly carbon dioxide and with When tion its solid content. it is it not in the same condition as has already suffered deterioration. can be effected by may be questioned. loss of its it its flows ability to hold in solu- from the mouth of the well, when stored in the rocks but Whether complete restoration its immediate recarbonation under pressure It seems certain that there will at least be a radium emanation when it loses its original gaseous content. It seems much more reasonable, therefore, to secure the waters �State Reservation at Saratoga Springs 124 by carbon dioxide and to place them immediately under pressure and keep them under pressure until delivered to the storage tank, thus affording no at a point below the plane of saturation opportunity for the escape of carbon-dioxide and no opportunity This for the precipitation of the solid contents. satisfactory accomplishment barrel will be submerged is capable of pump whose by means of a deep well 75 feet below the surface of at least the water in the well. By this means the waters may be secured and stored in their natural condition. To obviate the precipitation by bottled waters of their solid contents, recourse has been had in the past to different expedients. A device was invented for bottling the waters without permitting them to come into contact with the atmospheric air. This proceeded upon the theory that the precipitation was due to oxidation ; ment but its real efficacy depended upon the immediate confine- of the waters in bottles under a considerable pressure, which prevented the escape of their carbon dioxide content and preserved their power of dissolving the carbonates of the alkaline earths. Another expedient was injecting into each bottle a suffi- cient quantity of citric acid to convert the less soluble carbon- more soluble citrates. The waters of the Reservation are all bottled under the supervision of the State. Most of them are bottled in the condition in which they flow from the mouth of the well. The waters of two ates into springs, however, are permitted to precipitate the excess of solid carbonates which they are unable to hold at the normal atmospheric pressure before bottling. no loss of the loss, more In this soluble salts way is the water remains clear, and sustained principally of carbonate of lime. It ; is but there is a partial believed that this is rather an advantage than otherwise in the case of waters that are to be used upon the table and drunlc freely as a beverage. �INDEX Adams Spring: page Amount of soluble chlorides in waters Not affected by pumping operations Ami, Henry M. of 86 89 : Suggested artesian mineral water head Anthony, Charles G., C. E. 85 : Determination of " cone of depression " by, as indicating direction of flow 89 Anti-Pumping Law (L. 1908, chapter 429) enactment 80 Artesian Head: Of mineral water in Coesa valley 84 Artesian Lithia Spring: Relation between chlorides and carbonates in waters of 90 Artesian Wells: Drilled in Saratoga Plateau 82 Pumping 82 of deep wells stopped Different yield from pumping shallow and deep wells 96 98 All important ones near a given line Sealing off 106 flowing wells Ballston, Springs of: Relation between chlorides and carbonates in waters Near same line as those of Saratoga Beck, L. C: Report of the Mineralogy of New York State 90 of 98 86 Bottling Waters: Device for, designed to exclude air; after precipitation of Ca CO^; 124 various methods Boyle's Law: Graph illustrating Calcium Carbonate: Source of, in effect of, 109 upon gas volume 86 mineral waters Carbonates: 87 Ratio of, to chlorides in mineral waters Progressive increase in ratio to chlorides Rate of increase in ratio of, for distances traversed 87 89 by waters Carbon Dioxide: Obtained from artesian wells Mineral waters obtain, before 82 other ingredients; amount North of, in 86 waters of different wells decreases from South to 102 of, in bringing mineral waters to the surface Mineral waters supersaturated with; solvibility of under pressure.. 103 ; Agency [125] �Index ]26 — Carbon Dioxide (Conlinued) As diminishing specific gravity page : of water 103 Pressure exerted by, limited to hydrostatic pressure Volumes of free gas at diflferent depths 107 Weight 110 105 disregarded of, Desirability of storing for use 120 Escape 120 of, resulting in precipitation of salts Carlsbad Spring (Old) : Distant from main channels 97 Champion Wells: Effect of large flow from 88 Copious flow from, as indicating suterranean streams Prompt effect of flow from, Chandler, Prof. Charles F. Testimony of, in Hathorn Principle of gas Charts: Showing lift 96 at distant points 97 : v. Strong's Sanitariinn 99 105 stated by . Ratio of 87 ratio of carbonates to chlorides HNa CO3 to other salts 94 • 104 of well illustrating mechanical effect of free gas content. 109 Increase in gas volume above plane of saturation Decrease in relative volume of water above plane of saturation. ... 110 Diagram showing arrangement of receptacles for storage of carbon- Diagram 122 waters ated Chlorides . : Ratio of carbonates Rate to, in 87 Saratoga mineral waters 89 of decrease in ratio of, for distances traversed by waters Mineral waters obtain, before other waters of different wells Citizens' Committee: ingredients; amoiuit of, in 86 80 Efforts to rescue springs Clarke, Db. John M. Testimony of, in Hathorn : Clay v. 86 Strong's Sanitarium : 1 Impervious strata of CoESA Spring: Not affected by pumping operations 1" 89 CoESA Valley: Western boundary of plateau Eroded by Coesa creek; altitude of compared with plateau; double hydraulic system in; depletion of mineral waters in; mineral waters imder pressure in Hydrostatic pressure sufficient to cause flow of wells in Commissioners of State Reservation: Acquisition of Natural Company's property by: permitted continuance of pumping Comstock Spring: Relation between chlorides and ciirbonates in wafers of Congress Spring 81 84 106 ^- 90 : Situation relative to plateau Discovered in channel of brook 81 100 �Index CUSHING, De. H. p.: Describes Saratoga Plateau Describes sand terrace in town Depletion 127 page 82 of Milton 90 : Of mineral water head in plateau Eelative, of fresh and mineral waters Effect diminshed by distance; rapid communication points; progress towai'd normal Of water percolating in gravel Diagrams 82 83 of, to distant 85 98 : See Charts. Dilution: Progressive, as indicating direction of flow 86 Checked by fall of fresh water head Direction of Flow: Indicated by increasing alkaline content and by 101 effect of flow at in- termediate points 87 Conflicting opinions in respect to Opinion of Prof. 98 Kemp 99 Dolomite, Little Falls: Mineral waters encountered in 86 Distances traversed by mineral waters in point where mineral waters enter; bedding planes of, natural water ways 98 Northern limits of formation 99 Maximum thickness of strata of, carrying mineral waters 114 ; Double Hydraulic System: Accounted for In Coesa Valley Interaction of two systems 100 Observations upon, to be made in High Kock Park 101 83 84 Dry Gas Wells: How 112 Life of, 113 formed; how sealed by water how prolonged EMPE310R Spbinu: Amount of soluble chlorides in waters of Eureka Spring: 86 Situation relative to plateau 81 Faults, Geological: Location of fault at Saratoga Springs Others shown by Gushing Galway Office of of mineral waters Springs of, in Coesa valley Lift: Natural, operation of in wells Erroneous impression arising from Efficiency of, computed 82 fault; East 01 fault Saratoga fault in production of mineral waters Fresh Water: Head of, differs from that Gas & Ruedemann; Rock City 99 83 84 103 105 106 �Index 128 Gas Lift — (Continued) Table showing pressure at hydrostatic level due to Corrections to be made to computation of efficiency of gas Artificial, employed by well owners page : 108 110 lift. ... 113 Geyser Spring: Large content of sodium bicarbonate Probable return of waters to orignal condition Great Bear Swamp Boundary GuRN Spring: 94 95 : Saratoga Plateau of 81 Location and mineral content of waters Near same line as springs of Saratoga and Ballston 88 98 Haertl, Dr. Paul: Device of, to determine degree of supersaturation of water with CO;. Hathorn Spring No. Elevation of plateau above Amount Ill 1: 81 , of soluble chlorides in waters of Large content 8G of sodivmi bicarbonates; probable return of waters to 94 original condition Low mineralization of, result of Hathorn Spring No. 2: Amount of soluble chlorides in depletion in plateau waters by pumping operations Hathorn Spring No. 3: Amount of soluble chlorides in waters Not 102 86 of 89 affected Hering, Rudolph, ' 80 of C. E.: Explains natural gas 105 lift Hide-Franklin Spring: Relation between chlorides and carbonates in waters of 90 High Rock Pit: Offers facilities for observations on double hydraulic system Hill, William R., C. E. Supposed determination of direction of flow 101 : 92 Howe's Cave: 96 Subterranean water courses in Hydrostatic Pressure : Coesa valley water to surface at 102 Sufficient to cause flow in Insufficient to raise all points 103 Kayaderosseras Creek: Boundary of 81 Saratoga Plateau Kayaderosseras Range : Connects with sand terrace in Milton Kemp, Prof. James 91 E.: 92 Opinion as to direction of flow 93 Opinion as to source of sodium bicarbonate Opinion that bedding planes of dolomite are natural channels for ^^ water Maximum amount of COo in Saratoga waters as determined by.... lOH Lincoln Spring: Amount of soluble chlorides in waters of 86 �Index 129 Lincoln Spring Company: page Operations in plateau 82 Determinations from water levels at property of 92 Magnesium Carbonate Source : in mineral waters of, 86 Mammoth Cave: Subterranean water courses in McQueen, William Testimony of, in C. 96 : Hathorn v. Merrill, Frederick H. K. Testimony of, in Hathorn Strong's Sanitarium 112 : v. Strong's Sanitarium 105 Milton, Town of: Sand terrace in, described 91 Mineral Water Head: Depletion Rise in plateau of, 82 when pumping was stopped of, 83 Artesian head in Coesa valley Effect of rise of in plateau; conditions in Coesa valley affecting; differs from that of fresh waters 84 85 Mineral Waters: First obtain CO2 and chlorides 86 Direction of flow of 89 Probable distance in dolomite strata traversed by; point of entry into dolomite strata 90 Copious flow of, from wells as indicating subterranean streams 96 Escape of, from dolomite at Saratoga fault line 99 Extent of supply of, stored in dolomite strata 113 Source of, other than supply stored in dolomite strata 114 Storage of, xmder pressure; precipitation of salts by 120 Drawing of, from well 123 Minnonebe Spring: Waters of, approaching Geyser water in mineralization Natural Carbonic Gas 95 Co.: Operations in plateau; property acquired for reservation Determinations from water levels at Old Red Spring: Amount of soluble Palmertown Range: 82 89 chlorides in waters of 86 Relation of Saratoga mountain to Pavilion Spring 81-2 : Discovered boiling up in swamp Percolating Waters Distinguished from subterranean streams or water courses; movement of; do not supply the deep wells at Saratoga 100 : Depletion of in gravel Found in Saratoga Plateau slow 96 98 112 Plane of Saturation with Gas: Depth of, due to given amount in solution Water should be drawn from below 5 103 123 �Index 130 PoHLE Air Lift: page Operates on principle of natural gas Precipitation By waters 105 lift : of mineral content; interferes with bottling waters 120 Prevented, by storing water under pressure 121 Methods of preventing, previously employed Propositions Established: Double hydraulic system of groimd waters Mineral water system lower and artesian in character Mineral waters flow from Hathorn No. 2 northeasterly 124 115 115 115 Mineral waters in dolomite subject to progressive dilution and 115 diminishing chlorine content Mineral waters in dolomite constantly increase their relative con115 tent of carbonates of calcium and magnesium Source of sodium bicarbonate probably secondary chemical reactions 115 in dolomite strata Saratoga fault not opening from which waters emerge from great depths 115 Waters emerge from unknown depths and enter dolomite strata point west of Saratoga fault at a 116 Pumping from Artesian Wells: Effect of, and 82 cessation its In Coesa valley 84 Radium Emanation: Lost in escape of gas from water 123 Red Spring: High content of bicarbonates 88 Situation relative to Saratoga plateau 91 Ruedemann, Rudolf: Authorship in collaboration with Dr. Gushing of N. Y. State Bulletin No. 169 Museum 91 Saratoga Mountain: 81-2 Situation relative to plateau Saratoga Plateau: 81 Description and boundaries of Depletion of mineral water head in Saratoga Springs, Village of: Its situation relative to plateau and mountain 82 81 Shallow Wells: Pumping of, stopped Shonts Well (New) Distant from main channels Slade's Brook: Boundary of Saratoga Plateau Sodium Bicarbonate: 83 : Probable origin of Chart showing want of relation to other ingredients Perhaps resulting from secondary reactions; large content in Geyser and Hathorn No. 1; possible agency of HjSO, in producing 97 81 93 93 94 �Index 131 Specific Gravity: Of mineral waters reduced by action of COo Springs, Natural: Efforts of citizens' committee to rescue General location of page 103 80 82 Storage of Mineral Waters: How effected under pressure Capacity of receptacles 120 121 Strong Well: Distant from main channel 97 Subterranean Streams: Mineral waters flow in Found in Howe's Cave, N. Y., and Mammoth Cave, Ky Distinguished from percolating waters Setting back from main channels Adverse opinion of court in Strong case Bedding planes of dolomite are natural channels for Sulphates 95 96 96 97 98 99 : Absence of, from Saratoga waters 95 Sulphuretted Hydrogen: Appearance of, in Geyser and Hathorn No. 1 Gains entrance to mineral water channels, how; kept out by operation of gas lift Supersaturation 94 118 : 103 Of mineral waters with CO2 To be allowed- for, in computing efRciency of gas lift 110 Importance from therapeutical standpoint; Haertl's device to deter- mine degree Ill of Surface Waters: Contamination by, and protection of gas Temperature lift against 118 : Of mineral waters as indicating proximity to surface; desirability of further observations To be considered Terrace in storage of waters 100 under pressure 122 : In town Topography of Milton described 91 : Of mineral water basin 81 Valley of the Springs: Location relative to plateau and mountain 82 Village Brook: Boundary of Saratoga Plateau WooDLAWN Park: 81 Situated on Saratoga mountain 81 Water Levels: Observations begun at Natural property Relative, of fresh and mineral waters; rise 82 of, on cessation of pump- ing Fresh, not affected by pumping Mineral water levels depleted by permitting wells to flow 83 84 84 �Index 132 Water Seal: Operation Well page of, on wells flowing by gas lift 106 Pits: Description and manner of operation 116 Advantageous in supplying water for bathing Disadvantageous in supplying water for drinking and bottling 117 Lose protection of gas lift against pollution 117 118 ���������fq P^ ��m ����&H w ������������5rATe ffe.s£RVATiohi Commissioh UN asm THSDiREc nofA of the /aoo'' I" A-V^^ �������LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 014 224 401 9 � https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/d8b944b29402f9bce44f718b7450fd09.jpg f0b4d8158935ce34a506d36a4bfd7aeb https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/d1e4190cbd396b94352c7aad265a8b09.jpg 039256cfce743162383615bfc247ce24 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/19fb415d0f3d5670fc95b7225e670179.jpg 8a5cfee6b16986599eb8bbd3524b8ecd https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/8892ccedcbfc72f68cccd8e43d7f4572.jpg 2045cdab497d31a6c70df07839caa506 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/d5949c1d40d1156aaae17f4978fbebc2.jpg f4943c8f95609b94567cfcd1d337c488 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/957c670e6e10764061c94967739b948a.jpeg 972614891fec12b3652417d3db948843 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Report Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. Sixth in a series of reports by the Commissioners of the State Reservation at Saratoga Springs, now the state park. Reports included images (engravings, photographs), maps of the proposed land to be used in the reservation, including plots in downtown Saratoga Springs, and reports on aspects of creating the park. Multiple maps appear at the back of each report, usually showing the area of Saratoga Springs to be used in the park, a detail of downtown, and Geyser Park. Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Saratoga Room, Saratoga Springs Public Library Library of Congress Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Environment and Conservation URL <a title="6th Report (1915)" href="https://archive.org/details/report08newy">Library of Congress at Internet Archive</a> Related Item If the item is a part of a book or a manuscript or archival collection, that should be noted here. Think of this field as the "parent item" or "parent collection". Entries in this field should generally be written as full citations. This is one of a series of annual reports produced by the commissioners from 1910-192?. (VERIFY) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sixth Annual Report of the Commissioners of the State Reservation of Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1915 20th century maps mineral springs report Saratoga Spa State Park Spa State Park springs state government https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/161209c9ac45e077e58f2a670d5623e8.jpg de45bf0f5a9257d33f0631fd5400b8b2 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/bd58e0a43f0c0c9bc0ea1b9df23ef4f3.png cc5efe8b9d3e82f3389a1912b5040c2d https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/38db43bbf4da78c9028c3580f807ad65.png 64d95b85206051f6b0ffc21dd2c3d66b https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/cd6759695d215d34f916c91562a025bd.png 4cbcb5a41378f66053a724ccd482ca74 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/d77398b886b920bdf4c76d629a4cb8fe.png 6fc9ee2010b4b7e5dce59e51761d7ec9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data book Abstract (& Historical Note) Natural language description of the map itself, providing a general summary of the map and noting significant features. This is the place to introduce keywords and proper names that might be of interest to researchers, but do not warrant a separate subject heading of their own. Inset maps should also be described here, with their full titles given. Whenever historical or explanatory information is available, it should be included here as well. This includes information about items or events that are larger than just the map itself; for example, information about cartographers, a description of the map's historical significance (for example, "This is the first printed map of Saratoga Springs"), notes on the laws leading to a map's creation, descriptions of changes in state or county lines, information about the organization that created the map, how often maps were updated, and information about the map's creation and publication. Many State Archives maps have historical information in the catalog record -- that should be captured in this field. The 1915 edition of a series includes maps and stops located in a specific regions providing a guide for visitors in towns and cities. Visitors to Saratoga are led to the hotels, springs and Woodlawn Park. Subject - Details This subject field describes the amount of detail in a map. For maps: (or layers) included on the map itself. This field might denote that the map includes information about, for example, Mountains, Railroads, Soundings, Elevation, or Population. These are controlled-vocabulary terms developed locally. The cataloger should be generous in assigning these terms -- even if only one canal is visible on the map, it should receive a "Canals" subject in this layer. Some of these terms are less specific than others and may warrant expansion in the Abstract field. For example, the "Businesses" term might be included here while the Abstract notes that the map shows mills and stores. Multiple terms can be used in this field. transportation electric railroad Delaware and Hudson Railroad Corporation (D &H, R.R.) Boston and Maine Railroad (B&M Railroad) Subject - Geographic Library of Congress subject headings. For maps: for major geographic locations depicted on the map, followed, in nearly every case, by the "Maps" genre subheading. (For example, "Saratoga Springs (N.Y.) -- Maps.") This field will be especially important when the records from this collection are incorporated into larger databases and catalogs. Hudson River Valley (N.Y. and N.J.)--History New England Saratoga Battlefield (Saratoga Springs, N.Y.) Saratoga Lake (N.Y. : Lake) Ballston Spa (N.Y.) Champlain Canal (N.Y.) Hudson River (N.Y.) Theme For browsing purposes, we are borrowing and adapting themes from the Library of Congress's American Memory project. Travel and Tourism Transportation URL Available on <a title="1915 Trolley Guide" href="https://archive.org/details/trolleytripsthro01hart" target="_blank">archive.org </a>(along with other editions). Record Contributor Individual who prepared the item and/or edited it. Jordana Dym Elana Scaglia Record Creation Date Day/Month/Year of record creation/edit 8/17/2014 3/9/2015 Repository Name of the repository that holds the original item. Library of Congress Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trolley Trips through New England and Hudson River Valley, America's Playground Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1915 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hartford Press Language A language of the resource English Hudson River Valley transportation trolley https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/f86616207c8b517dd5cbd55bfbcbbf10.png ab7abb3e4dec2921d03484b10c3bd9df https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/d18f6e3e2749d1a150d180f27ca8fa9f.png 71a9ecf07835ba202a5a972fb115a27d https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/f0dd0867af3ff512b953c8049856cd10.png 969a27825d93ce4bbf9aa77ddd2100d6 https://www.ssmp.mdocs.skidmore.edu/files/original/2dbef0e4541e40c151833947d712f810.png 6c2a427bbcd9bff74e38020c39aabde6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Mapping Saratoga Springs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1700- Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Saratogian Articles, 1915, regarding the City Charter Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1915